EP0946906A1 - Verfahren zum betreiben eines elektrografischen druckers oder kopierers - Google Patents
Verfahren zum betreiben eines elektrografischen druckers oder kopierersInfo
- Publication number
- EP0946906A1 EP0946906A1 EP97953644A EP97953644A EP0946906A1 EP 0946906 A1 EP0946906 A1 EP 0946906A1 EP 97953644 A EP97953644 A EP 97953644A EP 97953644 A EP97953644 A EP 97953644A EP 0946906 A1 EP0946906 A1 EP 0946906A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- toner
- layer
- receiving surface
- charge
- mass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
- G03G15/08—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
- G03G15/0806—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller
- G03G15/0808—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller characterised by the developer supplying means, e.g. structure of developer supply roller
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
- G03G15/08—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
- G03G15/0822—Arrangements for preparing, mixing, supplying or dispensing developer
- G03G15/0848—Arrangements for testing or measuring developer properties or quality, e.g. charge, size, flowability
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for operating an electrographic printer or copier, in which a layer containing toner particles, or toner layer for short, is deposited on a toner-receiving surface under the action of a force field. At least some of the deposited toner particles are transferred under the action of a second force field to a second toner receiving surface on which the transferred toner particles form a second layer.
- the toner particles are electrically charged in a toner storage container in which there is a toner-air mixture and then deposited as a toner layer on the grounded or potential-provided first toner receiving surface under the action of the first electrical force field.
- the deposited toner particles are guided past a transfer nip between the transfer roller and a developer roller by the rotation of a transfer roller, the outer surface of which just forms the first toner receiving surface.
- the second toner receiving surface is formed by the outer surface of the developer roller.
- the toner particles are transferred from the transfer roller to the developer roller, where they form the second layer.
- the toner particles of the second layer are guided past a developing nip between the developing roller and a toner image carrier by the rotation of the developing roller.
- the toner image carrier carries a latent charge image onto which toner particles are selectively applied at the development nip, whereby a toner image is formed.
- the toner image is then Image carrier with or without using an intermediate carrier applied to a final carrier, for example on paper.
- a disadvantage of the known method is that it is not possible to monitor the development process and in particular the amount of toner released by the developer unit. If the amount of toner per area is on one of the two toner receiving areas or the charge of the toner particles during development is below or above a predetermined target value or target range, the error is only recognized on the finished printed image. A response is therefore relatively late. The disturbances in the printed image are particularly noticeable in the case of large-area printed image elements in the printed image.
- Both dry toners and liquid toners are used as toners.
- liquid toners e.g. mechanical devices with electrical auxiliary potential used.
- the toners used can also be divided into single and multi-component toners.
- An electrographic printer is understood to mean in particular electrophotographic printers, ionographic printers and magnetographic printers. It is also known to use belts on which the toner layers are deposited instead of the developer roller or the transfer roller.
- the invention is based on the knowledge that parameters which determine the quality of the development process and thus essentially also the quality of the printed image must already be recorded during development and not only after the development process has been completed, in order to be able to react quickly to deviations of these parameters from target values .
- the average actual toner mass per surface section is recorded at at least one point in the first toner layer and / or the second toner layer.
- Each surface section means that a relatively uniform layer is assumed and the recorded toner mass is related to a defined surface section of the toner layer, e.g. 1 cm ⁇ .
- the total area of the respective toner layer is also used as a reference.
- the average toner mass per surface section is also a measure of the thickness of the toner layer in question.
- At least one of the force fields is changed in a control loop depending on the deviation of the actual toner mass per surface section from a predetermined mean target toner mass per surface section. If the actual toner mass is higher than the target toner mass, the force field is changed so that less toner particles are deposited on the toner receiving surface. If the actual toner mass is smaller than the target toner mass, the force field is changed so that more toner particles are deposited on the toner receiving surface. If the actual toner mass per surface section and the target toner mass per surface section match, the force field is not changed.
- the toner receiving areas are made of an electrically conductive material and if the force fields are generated on the basis of potential differences in which both toner receiving areas or at least one of the toner receiving areas is involved, then the potential of the second toner receiving area cannot be chosen arbitrarily if this toner receiving area is arranged on the developer roller .
- Changing the potential of the second toner receiving area would also affect the voltage in the development nip. However, it is not always possible or expedient to change this voltage. In this case, only the potential of the first toner receiving surface, i.e. the transfer roller, changed when regulating.
- the average actual toner charge per surface section is detected at at least one point in the first toner layer and / or the second toner layer.
- the charge of the toner particles of the layer in question is then changed in the control loop depending on the deviation between the actual toner charge per surface section and a predetermined target toner charge per surface section.
- the toner charge per surface section is recorded as an important parameter of the development process and adjusted to the value of the predetermined target toner charge.
- the actual toner charge is kept constant at the value predetermined by the target toner charge. The result is an improvement in the printed images created during development.
- the toner charge per surface section can be increased on both toner layers in order to compensate for charge losses during the transport of the toner particles on these layers. Is the installation space in the developer unit limits, only the toner charge of the first toner layer or the toner charge of the second toner layer is changed by a single charging device.
- the methods for regulating the toner mass per surface section and the toner charge per surface section are combined.
- the control procedures are e.g. combined in the manner of a cascade control or a ratio control.
- a control is also applied in which the toner mass per surface section and the toner charge per surface section are put in a relationship, so that the so-called mass-related toner charge is calculated as the control variable.
- a predetermined control strategy if the mass-related toner charge deviates from a predetermined value, the toner mass per surface section and / or the toner charge per surface section is changed.
- the mass-related toner charge is one of the most important parameters of the development process.
- the mass-related toner charge is kept constant during the entire development process, there is always an equal amount of toner particles available for development, the charge of which lies in a predetermined range.
- the toner particles thus adhere evenly to the locations of the toner image carrier to be developed during the entire development process. The result is a high quality printed image.
- the predetermined target toner charge per surface section is selected such that its magnitude is greater than the toner charge per surface section immediately after the application of the toner particles to the toner receiving surface, then charge losses of the toner particle charges during transport on the toner receiving surface can be compensated for, in addition to the regulation the toner charge the toner charge is increased in any case.
- the target toner mass per surface section and / or the target toner charge per surface section takes into account the voltage in a development gap. If the tension in the development gap is changed by an operator, for example when setting the contrast of the print image, then the target toner mass and the target toner charge must also be automatically adjusted in order to produce a high quality print image.
- the invention relates to a developer unit for an electrographic printer or copier, which is used in particular to carry out the methods explained above.
- a developer unit for an electrographic printer or copier which is used in particular to carry out the methods explained above.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a developer unit with a developer roller and a transfer roller
- FIG. 2 shows a developer unit with a regulating device for regulating the mass-related toner charge on the developer roller with the aid of a scorotron
- FIG 3 shows a developer unit with a control device for regulating the mass-related toner charge on the transfer roller with the aid of a corotron
- FIG. 4 shows a developer unit with a regulating device for regulating the mass-related toner charge, taking into account the potentials on the developer roller and the transfer roller.
- 1 schematically shows the structure of a developer unit 10, on which a photoconductor belt 12 is guided in the direction of an arrow 14. On the photoconductor belt 12 there is a latent charge image in the surface area facing the developer unit 10, in which the charges are distributed according to the image information of the image to be printed.
- the transport device for the photoconductor belt 12 was not drawn in Fig. 1 to simplify the illustration.
- the developer unit 10 contains a container 16 in which a toner-air mixture 18 is located.
- a toner-air mixture 18 In the mixture 18, toner and air are mixed approximately in a ratio of 1:10, as a result of which the mixture 18 behaves like a liquid.
- An interface 20 between the mixture 18 and the air contained in the developer unit 10 is relatively smooth.
- An ultrasonic sensor 22 above the surface 20 detects a fill level H of the mixture 18.
- the mixture 18 is produced from solid toner particles with an average size of approximately 10 ⁇ , which are supplied to the toner-air mixture 18 in defined quantities by a toner metering device 24.
- a toner particle supply 26 is located between inclined side walls 28 of the toner metering device 24, so that the toner particles are fed to a metering wheel 30 in a funnel shape.
- the metering wheel 30 has cutouts along its circumference, into which the same quantities of toner particles are received. By rotating the metering wheel 30, toner particles are fed from the inside of the toner metering device 24 to the toner-air mixture 18 as soon as the ultrasonic sensor 22 registers a decrease in the interface 20 below a predetermined target height.
- An air-permeable plate 32 made of a porous polyethylene material is arranged in the bottom area of the developer unit 10, through which air spreads over a large area from a chamber 34 located under the plate 32 into the toner-air mixture 18 flows in. Air is constantly supplied to chamber 34 through an air supply connection 36.
- corona wires 38 and 40 which have a voltage of approximately -8 kV and negatively charge the toner particles of the mixture 18 in their environment.
- the corona wires 38 and 40 run across the entire developer unit in a length that corresponds approximately to the extent of the photoconductor belt 12 transversely to its transport direction 14.
- a transfer roller 42 is arranged above the corona wires 38 and 40 and above the interface 20, the axis 44 of which runs parallel to the corona wires 38 and 40.
- a conductive surface layer 46 has a potential of approximately -0.9 kV so that the negative toner particles generated over the entire length of the corona wires 38 and 40 due to the action of the electric field between the corona wires 38, 40 and the transfer roller 42 be deposited on the surface layer 46.
- the transfer roller 42 rotates in the direction of an arrow 48, the deposited toner particles are transported in the direction of an opening 50 of the developer unit 10 for the discharge of toner particles.
- the transport path of the charged toner particles for the section through the developer unit 10 shown in FIG. 1 runs along the outer radius of the transfer roller 42 from a point A to a point B.
- the toner particles are transferred to a conductive surface layer 52 of a developer roller 54, which rotates in the direction of an arrow 56, under the action of a further electric field.
- the further electric field lies between the surface layer 46 and the surface layer 52 charged to a potential of approximately -0.5 kV.
- the axis 58 of the developer roller 54 is arranged essentially parallel to the axis 44. For the section shown in FIG. 1, the toner particles are transferred along the outer radius at point B through the developer roller 54 the developer roller 54 to a point C in the opening 50.
- Scattered toner particles that have not been transferred from the transfer roller 42 to the developer roller 54 are removed from the surface layer 46 with the aid of a scraper 60 before the respective area of the surface layer 46 is covered again with new charged toner particles.
- the stripper 60 runs over the entire length of the transfer roller 42 and is held by a stripper holder 62.
- the latent charge image of the photoconductor tape 12 is developed in that toner particles from the surface layer 52 accumulate in charged areas of the photoconductor tape 12.
- Toner particles remaining on the developer roller 54 are removed by a further wiper 64 from the surface layer 52 before new toner particles are applied again by the transfer roller 42.
- the scraper 64 extends over the entire length of the developer roller 54 and is held by a further scraper holder 66, which at the same time is also a guiding device for the toner particles detaching from the developer roller 54.
- the toner particles removed by the wipers 60 and 64 fall back into the mixture 18.
- a toner supply device 68 supplies toner to the developer unit, which replaces the toner particles consumed during development.
- FIG. 2 shows the developer unit 10, but a latent charge image is developed on a photoconductor drum 12 ′, which is arranged on the developer unit 10 instead of the photoconductor belt 12 (cf. FIG. 1).
- the photoconductor drum 12 rotates in the direction of an arrow 14 '.
- a control device 100 is arranged on the developer unit 10 and predefines a desired toner charge via a line 102 which, for example, relates to a specific surface section of a toner layer 104 on the developer roller 54.
- a target toner mass for the surface section of the toner layer 104 is also specified to the control device 50 via a line 106.
- the control device 50 also receives signals from an optical sensor unit 110 via a line 108.
- the optical sensor unit 110 contains a light transmitter, a light receiver and an evaluation unit. The light emitted by the light transmitter is remitted by the toner layer 104 to the light receiver.
- the actual toner mass per surface section in the toner layer 104 is determined in the sensor unit 110 on the basis of the reflectance behavior of the toner layer 104, which is dependent on the actual toner mass per surface section.
- the instantaneous value of the actual toner mass is sent via line 108 to the control device 100, in which the difference between the target toner mass and the actual toner mass is formed in a subtractor 112, a toner mass error signal being present at the output of the subtractor 112.
- the sensor unit 58 can also contain a capacitive sensor, with the aid of which the actual toner mass per surface section is determined by detecting the change in the dielectric properties of the toner layer 104 when the toner mass per surface section changes.
- a potential sensor unit 114 is also arranged near the surface 52 of the developer roller 54 covered with the toner layer 104 and is connected on the output side to the control device 100 via a line 116.
- the potential sensor unit 114 contains an electrode on which a potential is influenced, which is determined by the potential of the developer roller 54 and by the totality of the toner charge which is located in the field region of the electrode on the surface of the developer roller 54.
- the potential sensor unit 114 also contains an evaluation unit which determines the actual toner charge from the influenced potential. The difference between the target toner charge and the actual toner charge is formed in a subtractor 118, which is contained in the control device 50. A toner charge error signal is present at the output of subtractor 118.
- the two error signals of the subtractors 112 and 118 are fed to a controller 120 which e.g. contains two PI controllers, one of which generates an actuating voltage USTELL1 on an output line 122 of the control device 100 depending on the toner mass error signal, which is applied to a controlled power supply unit 124.
- the controlled power supply unit 124 generates a voltage U3 at its output, which determines the potential on the corona wires 38 and 40.
- the voltage U3 is set depending on the control voltage USTELLl.
- a first control loop I thus contains the optical sensor unit 110, the control device 100, the power pack 124 and the corona wires 38 and 40. With the help of the control loop I, the toner mass per surface section of the toner layer 104 is regulated by, if the toner mass is too low Surface portion, the potential of the corona wires 38 and 40 is increased so that more toner particles are deposited on the surface 46 of the transfer roller 42.
- the toner mass per surface section of the toner layer 104 ultimately also increases. If the actual toner mass is above the value that is predetermined by the target toner mass , the potential of the corona wires 38 and 40 is reduced. The result is that fewer toner particles are deposited on the surface 46 of the transfer roller 42. Correspondingly fewer toner particles are then transferred to the developer nip 54 at transfer nip 125. Ultimately, with the help of control loop I, the actual toner mass per surface section can be achieved to keep constant on the surface 52 of the developer roller 54 according to the predetermined target toner mass per surface section.
- the second PI controller contained in the controller 120 Depending on the toner charge error signal of the subtractor 118, the second PI controller contained in the controller 120 generates an actuating voltage USTELL2 on a line 126 and an actuating voltage USTELL3 on a line 128, the actuating voltage USTELL3 essentially being changed during regulation.
- the control voltage USTELL2 is applied to a controlled power supply unit 130 which, depending on the value of the control voltage USTELL2, generates a voltage U1 at the output which influences the charge behavior of a scorotron 132.
- the control voltage USTELL3 is present at the input of a controlled power supply 134, which generates a voltage U2 at its output depending on the value of the control voltage USTELL3, which is present at a control grid 136 of the scorotron 132.
- the charge behavior of the scorotron 132 can be better controlled via the control grid 136 than via the voltage U1.
- the second PI controller therefore essentially specifies the control voltage USTELL3 in such a way that the error signal of the subtractor 118 is reduced in magnitude and finally has the numerical value "0" until disturbance variables lead to a new control process.
- a second control circuit II thus contains the potential sensor unit 114, the control device 100, the power pack 130 or 134 and the scorotron 132. If the actual toner charge per surface section on the toner layer 104 drops, the voltage U2 is set such that increases the charge behavior of the scorotron 132. If the actual toner charge per surface section of the toner layer 104 exceeds the predetermined target value, the voltage U2 is changed so that fewer charges are applied to the toner layer 104 by the scorotron 132.
- the control circuit II enables the actual toner charge per surface section to be kept constant during the development process in accordance with the predetermined target toner charge per surface section.
- the control device 100 is given a mass-related target toner charge instead of the target toner charge per surface section and the target toner mass per surface section.
- the mass-related toner charge qT is calculated using the following formula:
- QT is the toner charge per area and MT is the toner mass per area.
- the predetermined mass-related target toner charge is compared with a mass-related actual toner charge, which is determined from the actual toner charge and the actual toner mass using the formula given above.
- a predetermined control strategy of the control device 100 ultimately keeps the mass-related toner charge qT on the toner layer 104 constant during the development process.
- FIG. 3 shows the developer unit 10 with a control device 100 'for controlling the mass-related toner charge qT on the transfer roller 42 with the aid of a corotron 150.
- the control device 100' is constructed like the control device 100 (see FIG. 2), but contains instead of the Controller 120 a controller 120 ', which has only the two output lines 122 and 126. This is due to the fact that the corotron 150, which is of considerably simpler construction than the scorotron 132 (see FIG. 2), has no control grid, so that the voltage U2 generated by the power supply 134 is eliminated.
- the optical sensor unit 110, the potential sensor unit 114 and the corotron 150 are now arranged near the transfer roller 42, so that parameters of a toner layer 152 on the surface 46 of the transfer roller 48 are detected or influenced.
- the regulation of the toner mass per surface section in the control circuit I takes place as explained above with reference to FIG. 2.
- To regulate the toner charge per surface section only the control voltage USTELL2 is specified by the control device 100 '.
- the control voltage USTELL2 is selected such that the actual toner charge per surface section of the toner layer 152 adjusts to the value predetermined by the target toner charge per surface section.
- control device 100 ′′ which is essentially like the control device 100 (cf. Fig. 2) is constructed. Instead of the controller 120, however, the control device 100 ′′ contains a controller 120 ′′, which also takes into account the instantaneous potential of the developer roller 54 and the transfer roller 42 when regulating. These potentials arise e.g. from the contrast value that an operator of the printer has chosen.
- control device 100 ′′ is connected to a controlled power supply unit 172 via a line 170 and to a controlled power supply unit 176 via a line 174.
- a bias signal BIAS1 is transmitted on line 170.
- a voltage U4 is generated in the power supply unit 122 and is applied to the conductive surface 52 of the developer roller 54.
- the respectively selected value of the potential on the developer roller 24 influences both the control circuit I and the control circuit II, since it also determines the value of the target toner charge and the target toner mass.
- a further bias signal BIAS2 is transmitted on line 174, which determines which voltage U5 is generated at the output of power supply 176.
- the voltage U5 determines the po- potential on the surface 46 of the transfer roller 42.
- the potential on the transfer roller 42 also influences both control loops I and II.
- the difference between the voltages U5 and U3 determines the toner mass deposited on the transfer roller 42 per surface section and to a certain extent also the toner charge per surface section.
- the difference between the voltages U4 and U5 determines the toner mass transferred from the transfer roller 42 to the developer roller 54 per surface section.
- the difference between the voltage U4 and the potential on the surface of the photoconductor drum 12 ' determines the toner mass transferred from the developer roller 54 to the photoconductor drum 12' per surface section in areas in which toner particles are deposited during development. Because of the image-like charge distribution on the surface of the photoconductor drum 12 ', the coloring with toner particles is determined for each pixel of the latent charge image by the respective potential difference between the voltage U4 and the local photoconductor potential.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
- Control Or Security For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Dry Development In Electrophotography (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19652843 | 1996-12-18 | ||
| DE19652843 | 1996-12-18 | ||
| PCT/DE1997/002959 WO1998027469A1 (de) | 1996-12-18 | 1997-12-17 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines elektrografischen druckers oder kopierers |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0946906A1 true EP0946906A1 (de) | 1999-10-06 |
| EP0946906B1 EP0946906B1 (de) | 2002-02-20 |
Family
ID=7815245
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97953644A Expired - Lifetime EP0946906B1 (de) | 1996-12-18 | 1997-12-17 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines elektrografischen druckers oder kopierers |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6253040B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0946906B1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE59706459D1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1998027469A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20040175197A1 (en) * | 2002-07-02 | 2004-09-09 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Image forming apparatus and method of controlling developing unit thereof |
| US7546047B2 (en) * | 2002-07-02 | 2009-06-09 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Image forming apparatus and method of controlling the same having fixed developing apparatuses |
| JP5637025B2 (ja) * | 2011-03-18 | 2014-12-10 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 湿式画像形成装置 |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5521070A (en) | 1978-08-02 | 1980-02-14 | Toshiba Corp | Toner density control device in dry type developing apparatus |
| JPS58121050A (ja) * | 1982-01-13 | 1983-07-19 | Canon Inc | 現像方法及び装置 |
| US5006897A (en) * | 1990-07-02 | 1991-04-09 | Eastman Kodak Company | Determination of charge-to-mass ratio |
| US5532100A (en) * | 1991-01-09 | 1996-07-02 | Moore Business Forms, Inc. | Multi-roller electrostatic toning |
| US5235385A (en) * | 1992-04-15 | 1993-08-10 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method and apparatus for controlling toner image density |
| US5285243A (en) * | 1992-06-12 | 1994-02-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method and apparatus for determining toner development rate |
| JPH0667527A (ja) * | 1992-08-20 | 1994-03-11 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 現像装置 |
| US5339140A (en) * | 1992-11-04 | 1994-08-16 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method and apparatus for control of toner charge |
| US5463449A (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1995-10-31 | Eastman Kodak Company | Reduction in metallization of a piezoelectric sensor for a xerographic development process to increase sensitivity of the sensor |
| US5781827A (en) * | 1995-08-22 | 1998-07-14 | Minolta Co., Ltd. | Developing device having a bias-controlled toner discharging member |
| US5734955A (en) * | 1996-01-11 | 1998-03-31 | Xerox Corporation | Development system |
| US5742885A (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1998-04-21 | Xerox Corporation | Development system employing acoustic toner fluidization for donor roll |
-
1997
- 1997-12-17 DE DE59706459T patent/DE59706459D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-17 EP EP97953644A patent/EP0946906B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-17 WO PCT/DE1997/002959 patent/WO1998027469A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1997-12-17 US US09/331,141 patent/US6253040B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO9827469A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE59706459D1 (de) | 2002-03-28 |
| US6253040B1 (en) | 2001-06-26 |
| EP0946906B1 (de) | 2002-02-20 |
| WO1998027469A1 (de) | 1998-06-25 |
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Legal Events
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