EP0945184B1 - Ensemble de conditionnement et de distribution d'un produit liquide - Google Patents

Ensemble de conditionnement et de distribution d'un produit liquide Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0945184B1
EP0945184B1 EP98403342A EP98403342A EP0945184B1 EP 0945184 B1 EP0945184 B1 EP 0945184B1 EP 98403342 A EP98403342 A EP 98403342A EP 98403342 A EP98403342 A EP 98403342A EP 0945184 B1 EP0945184 B1 EP 0945184B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pump
packaging
assembly according
shaft
dispensing assembly
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98403342A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0945184A1 (fr
Inventor
Jean-Louis H. Gueret
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
LOreal SA
Original Assignee
LOreal SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by LOreal SA filed Critical LOreal SA
Publication of EP0945184A1 publication Critical patent/EP0945184A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0945184B1 publication Critical patent/EP0945184B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D47/00—Closures with filling and discharging, or with discharging, devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B11/00—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use
    • B05B11/0005—Components or details
    • B05B11/0008—Sealing or attachment arrangements between sprayer and container
    • B05B11/0013—Attachment arrangements comprising means cooperating with the inner surface of the container
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B11/00—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use
    • B05B11/01—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use characterised by the means producing the flow
    • B05B11/10—Pump arrangements for transferring the contents from the container to a pump chamber by a sucking effect and forcing the contents out through the dispensing nozzle
    • B05B11/1042—Components or details
    • B05B11/1043—Sealing or attachment arrangements between pump and container
    • B05B11/1046—Sealing or attachment arrangements between pump and container the pump chamber being arranged substantially coaxially to the neck of the container
    • B05B11/1047—Sealing or attachment arrangements between pump and container the pump chamber being arranged substantially coaxially to the neck of the container the pump being preassembled as an independent unit before being mounted on the container
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B11/00—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use
    • B05B11/01—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use characterised by the means producing the flow
    • B05B11/02—Membranes or pistons acting on the contents inside the container, e.g. follower pistons
    • B05B11/026—Membranes separating the content remaining in the container from the atmospheric air to compensate underpressure inside the container

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a set of packaging and distribution of a product, in particular liquid, and its use for the packaging and distribution of a cosmetic, pharmaceutical or dermopharmaceutical.
  • a distribution set of a product according to the the preamble of claim 1 is known from document EP-A-486,355.
  • the invention relates to a packaging assembly and distribution like those that include a volume tank variable, of the pocket or follower piston type for the product, integral with a base on which is fixed a manual pump surmounted by a push button equipped with a dispensing orifice.
  • manual pumps are crimped on a bottle, or on a neck, located at the top of a base covering a product reservoir.
  • a metal ring of crimping intended for fixing the pump to the neck of the base. Crimping of this metal ring on the neck requires free space around the neck to ability to crimp.
  • the present invention aims to simplify the mounting of the pump on the base, by eliminating in particular the transfer part, and thus aims to reduce the costs of manufacturing and assembly.
  • the invention further aims to provide a set of distribution which advantageously does not require a sealing part between the pump and the support on which it is fixed.
  • said chimney comprises means for fasteners capable of permanently deforming an area of the pump body to secure the pump in the chimney.
  • Another object of the invention consists in making, using said fixing means, a seal between the pump body and the internal wall of said chimney.
  • Another object of the invention relates to the use of such an assembly for the packaging and distribution of a cosmetic, pharmaceutical, or dermopharmaceutical.
  • the immobilization of the pump in the chimney is produced by radial deformation of the facing pump body said fixing means.
  • this radial deformation of the pump body is carried out by an annular profile carried by the internal wall of the chimney and located in the vicinity of one of the ends of said body of pump, either above or below, so as not to hinder the mobility of the rod valve, and therefore the operation of the pump:
  • the annular profile is in the form of a more or less lively or more or less rounded bead.
  • such a profile is formed by the end of an internal frustoconical portion of said chimney, the diameter of which preferably increases in the direction during installation of the pump.
  • the attachment and / or the tightness of the pump is ensured by deformation of an area of the body of pump into which the profile fits at least partially.
  • we preferably chooses, for the realization of the base, and therefore of the chimney, a thermoplastic material more rigid than the material constituting the body of pump. It is understood that said edge also, when mounting the pump, can undergo a deformation, so as to make up for defects in molding of the parts of the pump body cooperating with this edge.
  • the pump used is a commercially available pump.
  • the stamping of the pump body can be made so that the permanent deformation of the pump body occurs only in the thickness of the body wall of pump, without impact on the internal geometry of the pump.
  • location of the deformed area of the pump body can be anywhere which axial level of the body.
  • the deformation zone must be located either on the upper end or on the lower end of the body pump. Indeed, internal deformation in these places is not likely to block the movement of the moving parts of the pump, in particular, the stroke of the rod pump.
  • the transverse bottom of the base is connected to a peripheral cylindrical edge extending at least partially from the side opposite to the tank, the chimney having a height substantially equal to or less than the height of the peripheral edge of the bottom.
  • substantially the entire body of the pump is housed in said chimney.
  • the means of fixing also act as sealing means between the pump body and the fireplace.
  • the assembly of the invention is also equipped with a push button provided with a dispensing orifice and a connection means suitable for put the pump in communication with the dispensing orifice.
  • the push button may include an external skirt capable of sliding inside or at outside the peripheral edge of the base.
  • the outer skirt of the push button and the cylindrical edge of the base are concentric and located, from each other, at a small radial distance.
  • the reservoir is a deformable pocket consisting, for example of a sheet of a complex material, such as a sheet composed of a triple layer: thermoplastic layer / layer metallic / thermoplastic layer.
  • a pocket is advantageously fixed on a skirt carried by the base.
  • a deformable pocket advantageously, it can be placed in a rigid enclosure provided with a vent hole.
  • this enclosure is integral with the base.
  • the reservoir is formed by a rigid envelope cylindrical, the end opposite to the base is closed by a follower piston, axially movable and moving from the bottom of the tank to the pump, at as the tank is emptied.
  • the whole of the invention which has just been described is, in particular, usable for the packaging and distribution of a cosmetic product, in particular capillary, pharmaceutical, or dermo-pharmaceutical.
  • FIG. 1 we see a packaging and distribution unit, in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, generally designated by reference 1.
  • This assembly of axis X, comprises a deformable reservoir 2 containing a liquid or viscous product, such as a cream, gel, body milk or a lotion.
  • This reservoir 2 is housed in a rigid external enclosure 4.
  • the tank 2 is in the form of a pocket and consists of a sheet flexible plastic, for example polyethylene, or a complex formed by a metallic layer and at least one plastic layer.
  • the bottom 6 of the pocket 2 is closed by a weld line 6.
  • the bottom 8 of the enclosure is provided with a vent opening 10.
  • the enclosure 4 has a wall side 5 whose open end bears the reference 5a.
  • the free upper edge 12 of the pocket 2 is fixed, by gluing, welding or all other suitable means, on a peripheral skirt 14, formed by a base 16.
  • the cylindrical skirt 14 is provided with an annular projection 15, resting on the free end 5a of the enclosure 4.
  • the section of the peripheral skirt, perpendicular to the X axis, can be circular, oval, rectangular, etc.
  • the projection 15 then separates the peripheral skirt 14 into a lower portion 14a and a upper portion 14b, the latter ending in a rim 13 facing towards the X axis.
  • the lower portion 14a is provided with a first bead 14c, capable of cooperate with a complementary groove 5b provided on the internal wall of the enclosure 4, in the vicinity of its free end 5a.
  • the base 16 is in the form of a bowl provided with a bottom transverse 20 crossed by a cylindrical chimney 18.
  • This chimney comprises a first portion 18a extending in the tank 2, as well as a second portion 18b directed towards the outside of the tank and having a free end 18c.
  • the second portion 18b of the chimney has a height substantially equal to the height of the skirt 14.
  • the pump 26 comprises a rod actuation and distribution 32, the emerging end of which is engaged in a push button 34.
  • a removable protective cover (not shown) may be provided to protect the push button 34 from any actuation accidental.
  • the pump body 28 passes entirely through the chimney 18.
  • the portion 18a turned towards the reservoir is shaped like a truncated cone with the free end forms the small base 74 of the truncated cone.
  • the internal surface 73 of the portion in truncated cone is used to center the pump, when mounting the latter in the chimney 18.
  • the end portion 74 of the chimney 18 is provided with a cylindrical passage 75, the internal diameter of which corresponds substantially to diameter of the pump body 26.
  • This passage 75 is provided with a cord internal annular 72, capable of creating, by stamping, a deformation zone 70, on the pump body 28, thus ensuring the fixing of the latter in the base.
  • stamping is simple to perform, using for the manufacture of the base 16 a rigid material, such as is usually found among certain types of polyethylenes or polypropylenes, in combination with a pump casing 28 made of a less rigid material than the material constituting the base 16.
  • the pump also comprises a plate 46 of larger diameter than the body. 28 of the pump, located on the upper part of the pump and in contact with the free end 18c of the chimney 18.
  • the pump 28, according to the embodiment considered, includes a annular lip 64 extending from the plate 46 towards the reservoir 2.
  • the sealing lip 64 bearing against the internal wall of the end 18c of the chimney 18, makes it possible to perfect the tightness of the mounting of the pump.
  • This arrangement of additional sealing means makes it possible to satisfy extreme vacuum conditions which may prevail inside the tank 2.
  • the push button 34 has an upper surface 35 constituting an area support, on which the user presses to actuate the pump 26, in order to distribute a dose of product.
  • a distribution channel 36 connects the pump rod 32 to a dispensing orifice 38.
  • the push-button has a body 40 of general shape of a dome, the base of which has a projecting portion 44 towards the outside, the outside diameter of which is slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the peripheral skirt 14.
  • the embodiment which has just been described makes it possible to manufacture a set of packaging, aesthetic appearance, at a particularly attractive price. So, he it is possible to supply a tank surmounted by a dispensing head and with an "integrated" push button, particularly low installation. Thanks to the invention, such a packaging unit can be produced by simple mounting means.
  • FIG. 2 to 5 illustrate other embodiments of the invention.
  • the identical parts or playing a role similar to the mode parts of embodiment of FIG. 1 bear the same reference numbers. Their description will be used only partially.
  • a pump 26 having a cylindrical body 28 is forcibly mounted in the chimney 18.
  • the chimney comprises a bead 62 of small radial thickness, in practice of the order of some 100 th of mm, located in the upper part of the chimney.
  • an annular groove of shallow depth 66 is created in the external wall of the pump. This groove ensures both the fixing of the pump and the tightness of the assembly thus assembled.
  • the lower end of the pump is provided with a chamfer 67.
  • the pump body is made of polyethylene.
  • the base 16, and therefore the chimney is made of polypropylene whose rigidity is greater than the rigidity of the polyethylene constituting the pump body.
  • a pump 26 having a body 28 in two portions: a first cylindrical portion 28b forming the upper part of the body ; a second portion 28a forming the lower part of the body, of diameter smaller than the diameter of the upper portion 28b; a transition zone 28c located between the first and second portions 28b and 28a having a taper reversed at the taper of the first portion 28b.
  • the pump body is inserted in a chimney 18 forming part of a base 16 and whose internal wall is slightly conical in shape.
  • the free end 18c of the chimney has a internal chamfer to facilitate mounting of the pump 26 in the chimney 18.
  • a zone of smaller diameter 18d is formed in the vicinity of the chamfer 28c suitable for stamping the portion 28b of the pump body, which makes it possible to perfect the tightness of the pump in the base.
  • the transition zone 28c is partially engaged in the chamfered end 18c.
  • the pump body undergoes temporary peripheral deformation, sufficient to allow the portion 28b to pass.
  • the zone 18d made of a more rigid material than the material constituting the pump body, by stamping the material forming the pump body, for example polypropylene, deforms the portion 28b of the pump body so that this portion takes the form of the internal wall of the chimney.
  • this stamping causes a deformation of the pump body over a radial depth of some 100 th of mm. It should be noted that forging, in the place where it is carried out, does not cause the pump to malfunction. Indeed, the stamping is carried out in an area of the pump body, where no blocking of the moving parts of the pump can occur.
  • the body 28 of the pump is cylindrical.
  • a zone of smaller diameter 18d forming an edge annular, located in the vicinity of a chamfer 18c of the free end of the chimney 18 ensures, by stamping the body 28, both the attachment and the tightness of the pump in the chimney.
  • the assembly of this pump is similar to the assembly of the pump in figure 3.
  • Figure 5 shows a mounting method similar to the illustrated mounting mode in FIG. 3.
  • the free end of the chimney 18 does not have a chamfer, but a sharp annular edge 18d.
  • the chimney 18 has a slightly conical upper portion, opening in direction of the tank 2.
  • the taper of the chimney relative to the cylindrical portion 28b of the pump body, it is possible to secure the attachment of the pump by stamping the portion 28b of the pump body by the internal wall of the chimney, the portion 28b, at the end of assembly then having a shape frustoconical complementary to the taper of the internal wall of the chimney.
  • the seal between the pump and the chimney is obtained by stamping the upper end of the pump body by the edge 18d.
  • the lower portion of the pump body is introduced into the chimney 18, the frustoconical portion 28c resting on the free edge 18c of the chimney.
  • a temporary deformation of the pump body is caused, allowing the portion 28b to pass.
  • the annular edge 18d creates, in the vicinity of the plate 46, by permanent stamping, an annular groove in the pump body, the depth of which is some 100 th of a mm.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Packging For Living Organisms, Food Or Medicinal Products That Are Sensitive To Environmental Conditiond (AREA)
EP98403342A 1998-03-27 1998-12-30 Ensemble de conditionnement et de distribution d'un produit liquide Expired - Lifetime EP0945184B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9803831A FR2776628B1 (fr) 1998-03-27 1998-03-27 Ensemble de conditionnement et de distribution d'un produit liquide
FR9803831 1998-03-27

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0945184A1 EP0945184A1 (fr) 1999-09-29
EP0945184B1 true EP0945184B1 (fr) 2004-02-25

Family

ID=9524583

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98403342A Expired - Lifetime EP0945184B1 (fr) 1998-03-27 1998-12-30 Ensemble de conditionnement et de distribution d'un produit liquide

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US6073805A (ko)
EP (1) EP0945184B1 (ko)
JP (1) JP3095736B2 (ko)
KR (1) KR100312057B1 (ko)
CN (1) CN1102904C (ko)
AR (1) AR013025A1 (ko)
CA (1) CA2262135C (ko)
DE (1) DE69821912T2 (ko)
ES (1) ES2216258T3 (ko)
FR (1) FR2776628B1 (ko)

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AU2007205817B2 (en) * 1995-03-10 2010-06-03 Yoshino Kogyosho Co., Ltd. Pre-separation method for a peelable laminated container
DE69630822T2 (de) * 1995-03-10 2004-09-23 Yoshino Kogyosho Co., Ltd. Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Delaminieren eines aus laminiertem Material bestehenden Behälters
FR2767793B1 (fr) * 1997-09-02 1999-11-19 Valois Sa Dispositif de distribution a bague de fixation a emmanchage conique
FR2792295B1 (fr) * 1999-04-16 2001-06-22 Valois Sa Organe de fixation pour distributeur de produit fluide et distributeur comportant un tel organe
US7014068B1 (en) * 1999-08-23 2006-03-21 Ben Z. Cohen Microdispensing pump
US6394323B2 (en) 1999-08-24 2002-05-28 Owens-Brockway Plastic Products Inc. Dispenser package for fluent products and method of manufacture
FR2798366B1 (fr) * 1999-09-15 2002-01-18 Valois Sa Dispositif de distribution a bague de fixation emmanchee
US6364167B1 (en) * 2000-05-12 2002-04-02 Owens-Brockway Plastic Products Inc. Pump dispenser package
FR2809714B1 (fr) * 2000-05-31 2002-12-06 Valois Sa Distributeur a organe de fixation a etancheite peripherique
US6554160B2 (en) * 2001-03-22 2003-04-29 Valois S.A. Dispenser member such as a pump or a valve
DE10121232C2 (de) * 2001-04-30 2003-10-02 Braun Gmbh E Vorrichtung zum Verabreichen von Medikamenten
FR2825989B1 (fr) * 2001-06-14 2003-12-12 Valois Sa Distributeur de produit fluide
FR2840890B1 (fr) * 2002-06-14 2004-10-15 Valois Sa Organe de fixation et distributeur de produit fluide comprenant un tel organe de fixation
DE10234417A1 (de) * 2002-07-29 2004-02-12 Alfred Von Schuckmann Spender für pastöse bis fließfähige Massen
US7011236B2 (en) * 2003-04-03 2006-03-14 Rexam Beauty And Closure Inc. Assembly for securing and sealing a dispenser including a decorative collar to a flanged container
FR2853567B1 (fr) * 2003-04-09 2006-06-23 Rexam Dispensing Sys Pulverisateur comprenant une pompe formant bouchon
FR2857334B1 (fr) * 2003-07-10 2006-08-04 Valois Sas Procede d'assemblage de distributeur de produit fluide.
EP1714706A3 (de) * 2005-04-21 2009-12-09 Steven Padar Dosierpumpenanordnung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer befüllten Dosierpumpenanordnung
US20070080173A1 (en) * 2005-10-06 2007-04-12 Coe Matthew T Fluid dispenser with a safety dispensing actuator
US20070221685A1 (en) * 2006-03-24 2007-09-27 Wheatley Timothy C Liners for aerosol packages and articles comprising same
KR100923776B1 (ko) * 2009-03-09 2009-10-27 (주)연우 펌핑식 튜브용기
FR2951141B1 (fr) * 2009-10-12 2011-12-09 Rexam Dispensing Smt Systeme de distribution d'un produit fluide
WO2012006532A1 (en) * 2010-07-08 2012-01-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Device for dispensing material
GB2486711A (en) * 2010-12-23 2012-06-27 Unilever Plc An extraction assembly for extracting the contents of a sachet
KR101280934B1 (ko) * 2011-11-01 2013-07-02 강성일 진공용기와 그 제조방법
FR2997935B1 (fr) * 2012-11-13 2015-05-29 Aptar France Sas Distributeur de produit fluide.
FR3008078B1 (fr) * 2013-07-08 2016-04-01 Lablabo Dispositif a recipient rigide et poche cylindrique souple pour le conditionnement de fluides.
FR3008397B1 (fr) * 2013-07-11 2016-07-08 Inospray Reservoirs a poche pour boitiers distributeurs de produits sous pression et boitiers les comprenant
FR3016815B1 (fr) * 2014-01-30 2018-03-09 Lablabo Dispositif de conditionnement et de distribution de produits pateux
MX2016014914A (es) * 2014-05-22 2017-04-06 Colgate Palmolive Co Distribuidor de bomba y sistema que comprende un cartucho de relleno y el distribuidor de bomba.
FR3021881B1 (fr) * 2014-06-10 2018-03-09 Lablabo Dispositif de conditionnement et de distribution de produits pateux
FR3034407B1 (fr) * 2015-03-30 2018-03-16 L'oreal Tete de recipient a faces inclinees
IT201700082234A1 (it) * 2017-07-19 2019-01-19 Lumson Spa Dispositivo di erogazione di una sostanza fluida
TWI674998B (zh) * 2018-08-29 2019-10-21 黃偉倫 採用真空原理的環保汲取裝置
KR102385639B1 (ko) * 2020-12-23 2022-04-14 주식회사 삼화 화장품 용기
KR102572953B1 (ko) * 2021-12-31 2023-08-31 (주)성진코스메틱스 화장품 용기 및 화장품 용기용 펌핑부재
FR3141865A1 (fr) * 2022-11-16 2024-05-17 Aptar France Sas Dispositif de distribution de produit fluide comportant une pompe

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FR2658793B1 (fr) * 1990-02-28 1992-06-19 Oreal Ensemble de distribution d'un produit dans lequel le produit a distribuer est contenu dans une poche souple.
FR2669244A1 (fr) * 1990-11-16 1992-05-22 Oreal Distributeur de produit, liquide a pateux, et embase pour un tel distributeur.
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FR2706137B1 (fr) * 1993-06-07 1995-08-18 Oreal Tête pour distributeur de produit, en particulier de produit pâteux, et distributeur équipé de cette tête.
CA2107281A1 (en) * 1993-09-29 1994-04-30 Ivan Daniel Baghdassarian Combined gift box and display packaging
FR2719292B1 (fr) * 1994-04-29 1996-07-12 Valois Sa Dispositif et procédé de fixation d'un organe de dosage dans un récipient contenant du produit à distribuer.
FR2723356B1 (fr) * 1994-08-08 1996-10-18 Innovation Rech Plastique Sa Dispositif de conditionnement d'un produit avec pompe manuelle de distribution en doses unitaires
US5503306A (en) * 1994-10-19 1996-04-02 Aptar Group, Inc. Manually actuated pump

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2776628A1 (fr) 1999-10-01
CN1102904C (zh) 2003-03-12
CA2262135A1 (fr) 1999-09-27
DE69821912D1 (de) 2004-04-01
JP3095736B2 (ja) 2000-10-10
EP0945184A1 (fr) 1999-09-29
ES2216258T3 (es) 2004-10-16
AR013025A1 (es) 2000-11-22
JP2000025861A (ja) 2000-01-25
CN1230509A (zh) 1999-10-06
CA2262135C (fr) 2004-05-25
DE69821912T2 (de) 2005-01-05
KR19990077595A (ko) 1999-10-25
FR2776628B1 (fr) 2000-05-12
KR100312057B1 (ko) 2001-11-03
US6073805A (en) 2000-06-13

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