EP0937821A2 - Security barrier - Google Patents

Security barrier Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0937821A2
EP0937821A2 EP99109720A EP99109720A EP0937821A2 EP 0937821 A2 EP0937821 A2 EP 0937821A2 EP 99109720 A EP99109720 A EP 99109720A EP 99109720 A EP99109720 A EP 99109720A EP 0937821 A2 EP0937821 A2 EP 0937821A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
locking arm
drive shaft
shut
horizontal
column
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP99109720A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0937821A3 (en
Inventor
Wolfram Kocznar
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Skidata AG
Original Assignee
Skidata AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Skidata AG filed Critical Skidata AG
Publication of EP0937821A2 publication Critical patent/EP0937821A2/en
Publication of EP0937821A3 publication Critical patent/EP0937821A3/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F13/00—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions
    • E01F13/02—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions free-standing; portable, e.g. for guarding open manholes ; Portable signs or signals specially adapted for fitting to portable barriers
    • E01F13/028—Flexible barrier members, e.g. cords; Means for rendering same conspicuous; Adapted supports, e.g. with storage reel
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F13/00—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions
    • E01F13/04—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions movable to allow or prevent passage
    • E01F13/06—Arrangements for obstructing or restricting traffic, e.g. gates, barricades ; Preventing passage of vehicles of selected category or dimensions movable to allow or prevent passage by swinging into open position about a vertical or horizontal axis parallel to the road direction, i.e. swinging gates
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05F—DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F1/00—Closers or openers for wings, not otherwise provided for in this subclass
    • E05F1/08—Closers or openers for wings, not otherwise provided for in this subclass spring-actuated, e.g. for horizontally sliding wings
    • E05F1/10—Closers or openers for wings, not otherwise provided for in this subclass spring-actuated, e.g. for horizontally sliding wings for swinging wings, e.g. counterbalance
    • E05F1/12—Mechanisms in the shape of hinges or pivots, operated by springs

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a shut-off device for a lane, with a pedestal, with a locking arm arranged on a horizontal drive shaft, which with a Provide lighting and between a horizontal locked position and after above release position is pivotable, and with a rotary actuator.
  • shut-off device in the form of a rail barrier is for example in of US-A 4090685.
  • Lamps placed on the outside are for parking garages or the like, in which the lighting conditions are often not particularly good, unsuitable, so that the invention Shut-off device is characterized in that the locking arm from a transparent material and has an internal lighting device.
  • a particularly simple embodiment provides that the lighting device has a light source arranged at the end region of the drive shaft, which light source Lock arm illuminated.
  • the locking arm itself can therefore be easily removed and be reassembled.
  • a shut-off device for a lane for example a barrier in one Parking garage or the like.
  • the drive shaft 2 carries on her from the column head 30 protruding end by means of a quick release 12 attached locking arm 9, the quick release 12 removing the locking arm 9 allowed in case of power failure or other malfunctions.
  • a compensation spring element 8 supporting an electric motor 6 is the Drive shaft 2 assigned so that in a relaxed zero position 0 or in the In the middle of a relaxed zero position range of the locking arm 9 that shown in FIG. 1 Occupies a position below about 45 ° to 60 ° upwards.
  • the Compensating spring element 8 supports and accelerates the opening movement of the Lock arm 9 to the relaxed zero position 0 and dampens the subsequent one Movement to the upper end position F.
  • the closing movement is also in the upper end position F biased compensation spring element 8 to the zero position or the zeroing range accelerated and then braked.
  • the locking arm 9 is in particular made of two half-profile parts 54 formed of light-conducting material, between which in the connection area the drive shaft 2 has a reinforcing, in particular likewise a two-part core 51 is provided.
  • the two half-profile parts 54 are in a support flange 23 of the quick-release fastener 12 embedded and covered to the outside by a cap 48.
  • the Support flange 23 has a ring of locking elements 44, in particular balls, which snapped into a ring of bores 43 in the end region 47 of the drive shaft 2 are, wherein they are acted upon radially to the drive shaft 2 by springs 45.
  • the Ball locking shown between the support flange 23 and the drive shaft 2 allows both the simple removal of the locking arm 9 in the event of faults as well Rotation for obstacles in the swivel path, for example one on the Vehicle standing in lane.
  • the drive shaft 2 has an axial bore 46, so that in the central region of the Carrier flange 23 an only schematically shown lighting device 50 can be placed which illuminates the locking arm 9.
  • the light-guiding material of the half-profile parts 54 let the locking arm 9 appear as a luminous bar, the two half-profile parts 54 can also be colored differently.
  • the power supply is via a cable 49 fed into the axial bore 46.
  • the locking arm 9 is formed in two parts, since the lane is available standing height is too low, then the flange 23 that can be connected to the drive shaft 2 provided on a first part with which a second part is articulated. At Opening the locking arm 9 kinks the free part approximately parallel to the horizontal locking position from. In order to achieve this parallel position, a bearing pin 52 for a rope pulley 53 may be provided, over which a rope 32 is guided, the end 31 emerges from the locking arm 9, as can be seen in FIG. 2, and on the column head 30 or the column 1 is fixed. If the locking arm 9 is formed in two parts, then at least that part of the locking arm which can be connected to the flange 23 of the drive shaft 2 9 illuminated by the lighting device 50.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Refuge Islands, Traffic Blockers, Or Guard Fence (AREA)
  • Power-Operated Mechanisms For Wings (AREA)
  • Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Push-Button Switches (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Operating, Guiding And Securing Of Roll- Type Closing Members (AREA)

Abstract

The barrier arm (9) is mounted via a horizontal driving shaft (2) in a column(1), and swings upwards from the horizontal blocking position into the opening position. The counterbalancing spring (8) aiding the opening movement has an unstressed neutral position (0) between the blocking (S) and opening (F) positions. The neutral position can be between angles of 30 and 40 deg., and the spring can have outer and inner bodies on the column and turning with the shaft respectively, with an elastic insert between them. The inner body and the outer one enclosing it can have the same number of corners which are offset.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Absperreinrichtung für eine Fahrspur, mit einer Standsäule, mit einem auf einer horizontalen Antriebswelle angeordneten Sperrarm, der mit einer Beleuchtung versehen und zwischen einer horizontalen Sperrstellung und einer nach oben gerichteten Freigabestellung verschwenkbar ist, und mit einem Schwenkantrieb.The invention relates to a shut-off device for a lane, with a pedestal, with a locking arm arranged on a horizontal drive shaft, which with a Provide lighting and between a horizontal locked position and after above release position is pivotable, and with a rotary actuator.

Eine derartige Absperreinrichtung in Form eines Bahnschrankens ist beispielsweise in der US-A 4090685 beschrieben. Auf den Sperrarm sind mehrere elektrische Lampen aufgesetzt, die die Sperrstellung optisch verdeutlichen, wobei die Lampen unterschiedliche Signale abgeben können.Such a shut-off device in the form of a rail barrier is for example in of US-A 4090685. There are several electric lamps on the locking arm put on, which visually illustrate the blocking position, the lamps different Can give signals.

Außen aufgesetzte Lampen sind für Parkgaragen od. dgl., in denen die Beleuchtungsverhältnisse oftmals nicht besonders gut sind, wenig geeignet, sodaß die erfindungsgemäße Absperreinrichtung dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß der Sperrarm aus einem transparenten Material besteht und eine innere Beleuchtungseinrichtung aufweist.Lamps placed on the outside are for parking garages or the like, in which the lighting conditions are often not particularly good, unsuitable, so that the invention Shut-off device is characterized in that the locking arm from a transparent material and has an internal lighting device.

Eine besonders einfache Ausführung sieht dabei vor, daß die Beleuchtungseinrichtung eine am Endbereich der Antriebswelle angeordnete Lichtquelle aufweist, die den hohlen Sperrarm ausleuchtet. Der Sperrarm selbst kann daher problemlos abgenommen und wieder montiert werden.A particularly simple embodiment provides that the lighting device has a light source arranged at the end region of the drive shaft, which light source Lock arm illuminated. The locking arm itself can therefore be easily removed and be reassembled.

Nachstehend wird nun die Erfindung an Hand der Figuren der beiliegenden Zeichnungen näher beschrieben, ohne darauf beschränkt zu sein.The invention will now be described with reference to the figures in the accompanying drawings described in more detail without being limited thereto.

Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 eine schematische Seitenansicht einer Absperreinrichtung,
  • Fig. 2 einen Horizontalschnitt durch die Absperreinrichtung in Höhe der Antriebswelle, und
  • Fig. 3 den Befestigungsbereich des Sperrarmes an der Antriebswelle.
    • Show it:
  • 1 is a schematic side view of a shut-off device,
  • Fig. 2 is a horizontal section through the shut-off device at the level of the drive shaft, and
  • Fig. 3 shows the fastening area of the locking arm on the drive shaft.

    • Eine Absperreinrichtung für eine Fahrspur, beispielsweise eine Schranke in einer Parkgarage od. dgl. weist eine Standsäule 1 mit einem Säulenkopf 30 auf, in dem eine Antriebswelle 2 in Lagern 7 drehbar gelagert ist. Die Antriebswelle 2 trägt auf ihrem aus dem Säulenkopf 30 vorstehenden Ende ein mittels eines Schnellverschlusses 12 befestigten Sperrarm 9, wobei der Schnellverschluß 12 die Abnahme des Sperrarms 9 bei Stromausfall oder anderen Störungen erlaubt.A shut-off device for a lane, for example a barrier in one Parking garage or the like. Has a standing column 1 with a column head 30, in which a Drive shaft 2 is rotatably supported in bearings 7. The drive shaft 2 carries on her from the column head 30 protruding end by means of a quick release 12 attached locking arm 9, the quick release 12 removing the locking arm 9 allowed in case of power failure or other malfunctions.

    Ein einen Elektromotor 6 unterstützendes Ausgleichsfederelement 8 ist der Antriebswelle 2 so zugeordnet, daß in einer entspannten Nullstellung 0 bzw. in der Mitte eines entspannten Nullstellungsbereiches der Sperrarm 9 die in Fig. 1 gezeigte Lage unter etwa 45° bis 60° nach aufwärts gerichtet einnimmt. Das Ausgleichsfederelement 8 unterstützt und beschleunigt die Öffnungsbewegung des Sperrarmes 9 bis zur entspannten Nullstellung 0 und dämpft die anschließende Bewegung in die obere Endstellung F. Die Schließbewegung wird durch das auch in der oberen Endstellung F vorgespannte Ausgleichsfederelement 8 bis zur Nullstellung bzw. dem Nullstellungsbereich beschleunigt und anschließend abgebremst.A compensation spring element 8 supporting an electric motor 6 is the Drive shaft 2 assigned so that in a relaxed zero position 0 or in the In the middle of a relaxed zero position range of the locking arm 9 that shown in FIG. 1 Occupies a position below about 45 ° to 60 ° upwards. The Compensating spring element 8 supports and accelerates the opening movement of the Lock arm 9 to the relaxed zero position 0 and dampens the subsequent one Movement to the upper end position F. The closing movement is also in the upper end position F biased compensation spring element 8 to the zero position or the zeroing range accelerated and then braked.

    Fig. 3 zeigt einen Axialschnitt durch den vorderen Endbereich 47 der Antriebswelle 2 mit montiertem Sperrarm 9. Der Sperrarm 9 ist insbesondere aus zwei Halbprofilteilen 54 aus lichtleitendem Material gebildet, zwischen denen im Verbindungsbereich mit der Antriebswelle 2 ein verstärkender, insbesondere ebenfalls zweiteiliger Kern 51 vorgesehen ist. Die beiden Halbprofilteile 54 sind in einem Tragflansch 23 des Schnellverschlusses 12 eingebettet und nach außen durch eine Kappe 48 abgedeckt. Der Tragflansch 23 weist einen Kranz von Rastelementen 44, insbesondere Kugeln auf, die in einem Kranz von Bohrungen 43 im Endbereich 47 der Antriebswelle 2 eingerastet sind, wobei sie radial zur Antriebswelle 2 von Federn 45 beaufschlagt sind. Die gezeigte Kugelverrastung zwischen dem Tragflansch 23 und der Antriebswelle 2 ermöglicht sowohl die einfache Abnahme des Sperrarmes 9 bei Störungen als auch dessen Verdrehung bei Hindernissen im Schwenkweg, beispielsweise bei einem auf der Fahrspur stehenden Fahrzeug.3 shows an axial section through the front end region 47 of the drive shaft 2 with mounted locking arm 9. The locking arm 9 is in particular made of two half-profile parts 54 formed of light-conducting material, between which in the connection area the drive shaft 2 has a reinforcing, in particular likewise a two-part core 51 is provided. The two half-profile parts 54 are in a support flange 23 of the quick-release fastener 12 embedded and covered to the outside by a cap 48. Of the Support flange 23 has a ring of locking elements 44, in particular balls, which snapped into a ring of bores 43 in the end region 47 of the drive shaft 2 are, wherein they are acted upon radially to the drive shaft 2 by springs 45. The Ball locking shown between the support flange 23 and the drive shaft 2 allows both the simple removal of the locking arm 9 in the event of faults as well Rotation for obstacles in the swivel path, for example one on the Vehicle standing in lane.

    Die Antriebswelle 2 weist eine axiale Bohrung 46 auf, sodaß im Mittelbereich des Tragflansches 23 eine nur schematisch gezeigte Beleuchtungseinrichtung 50 plazierbar ist, die den Sperrarm 9 beleuchtet. Das lichtleitende Material der Halbprofilteile 54 lassen den Sperrarm 9 als leuchtenden Balken erscheinen, wobei die beiden Halbprofilteile 54 auch verschieden eingefärbt sein können. Die Stromversorgung erfolgt über ein in der axialen Bohrung 46 zugeführtes Kabel 49.The drive shaft 2 has an axial bore 46, so that in the central region of the Carrier flange 23 an only schematically shown lighting device 50 can be placed which illuminates the locking arm 9. The light-guiding material of the half-profile parts 54 let the locking arm 9 appear as a luminous bar, the two half-profile parts 54 can also be colored differently. The power supply is via a cable 49 fed into the axial bore 46.

    Wenn der Sperrarm 9 zweiteilig ausgebildet ist, da die der Fahrspur zur Verfügung stehende Höhe zu gering ist, so ist der mit der Antriebswelle 2 verbindbare Flansch 23 an einem ersten Teil vorgesehen, mit dem ein zweiter Teil gelenkig verbunden ist. Bei Öffnen des Sperrarmes 9 knickt der freie Teil etwa parallel zur horizontalen Sperrstellung ab. Um diese Parallelstellung zu erreichen, kann im Kern ein Lagerstift 52 für eine Seilrolle 53 vorgesehen sein, über die ein Seil 32 geführt wird, dessen Ende 31 aus dem Sperrarm 9 austritt, wie in Fig. 2 ersichtlich ist, und am Säulenkopf 30 bzw. der Standsäule 1 fixiert ist. Wenn der Sperrarm 9 zweiteilig ausgebildet ist, so wird zumindest der mit dem Flansch 23 der Antriebswelle 2 verbindbare Teil des Sperrarms 9 von der Beleuchtungseinrichtung 50 beleuchtet.If the locking arm 9 is formed in two parts, since the lane is available standing height is too low, then the flange 23 that can be connected to the drive shaft 2 provided on a first part with which a second part is articulated. At Opening the locking arm 9 kinks the free part approximately parallel to the horizontal locking position from. In order to achieve this parallel position, a bearing pin 52 for a rope pulley 53 may be provided, over which a rope 32 is guided, the end 31 emerges from the locking arm 9, as can be seen in FIG. 2, and on the column head 30 or the column 1 is fixed. If the locking arm 9 is formed in two parts, then at least that part of the locking arm which can be connected to the flange 23 of the drive shaft 2 9 illuminated by the lighting device 50.

    Claims (4)

    Absperreinrichtung für eine Fahrspur, mit einer Standsäule (1), mit einem auf einer horizontalen Antriebswelle (2) angeordneten Sperrarm (9), der mit einer Beleuchtung versehen und zwischen einer horizontalen Sperrstellung (S) und einer nach oben gerichteten Freigabestellung (F) verschwenkbar ist, und mit einem Schwenkantrieb, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sperrarm (9) aus einem transparenten Material besteht und eine innere Beleuchtungseinrichtung (50) aufweist.Shut-off device for a lane, with a pedestal (1), with one on a horizontal drive shaft (2) arranged locking arm (9) with a Provide lighting and between a horizontal locking position (S) and an upward release position (F) is pivotable, and with a swivel drive, characterized in that the locking arm (9) consists of a transparent material and an internal lighting device (50). Absperreinrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Beleuchtungseinrichtung (50) eine am Endbereich (47) der Antriebswelle (2) angeordnete Lichtquelle aufweist.Shut-off device according to claim 1, characterized in that the lighting device (50) one on the end region (47) of the drive shaft (2) Has light source. Absperreinrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sperrarm (9) hohl und von der Lichtquelle ausgeleuchtet ist.Shut-off device according to claim 2, characterized in that the Locking arm (9) is hollow and illuminated by the light source. Absperreinrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sperrarm (9) aus einem lichtleitenden Material besteht.Shut-off device according to claim 2, characterized in that the Locking arm (9) consists of a light-conducting material.
    EP99109720A 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Security barrier Withdrawn EP0937821A3 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (3)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    AT48695 1995-03-20
    AT0048695A AT402311B (en) 1995-03-20 1995-03-20 SHUT-OFF DEVICE
    EP96905582A EP0760034B1 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Roadway barrier

    Related Parent Applications (2)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP96905582A Division EP0760034B1 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Roadway barrier
    EP96905582.1 Division 1996-09-26

    Publications (2)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0937821A2 true EP0937821A2 (en) 1999-08-25
    EP0937821A3 EP0937821A3 (en) 2002-02-13

    Family

    ID=3491879

    Family Applications (4)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP99109719A Expired - Lifetime EP0937820B1 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Security barrier
    EP99109721A Expired - Lifetime EP0937822B1 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Security barrier
    EP96905582A Expired - Lifetime EP0760034B1 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Roadway barrier
    EP99109720A Withdrawn EP0937821A3 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Security barrier

    Family Applications Before (3)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP99109719A Expired - Lifetime EP0937820B1 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Security barrier
    EP99109721A Expired - Lifetime EP0937822B1 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Security barrier
    EP96905582A Expired - Lifetime EP0760034B1 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-19 Roadway barrier

    Country Status (5)

    Country Link
    US (1) US5813796A (en)
    EP (4) EP0937820B1 (en)
    AT (1) AT402311B (en)
    DE (4) DE59610799D1 (en)
    WO (1) WO1996029472A2 (en)

    Cited By (1)

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    DE10359383A1 (en) * 2003-12-18 2005-07-28 Skidata Ag vehicle barrier

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    CZ293192B6 (en) * 1996-10-30 2004-02-18 Siemens Schweiz Ag Barrier drive shaft
    ES2160967T3 (en) * 1997-07-17 2001-11-16 Magnetic Autocontrol Gmbh DRIVING DEVICE FOR A LOCK BARRIER.
    US6179517B1 (en) 1999-07-22 2001-01-30 Kim L. Nelson Traffic access control system
    ITBS20010079U1 (en) * 2001-09-24 2003-03-24 Rib Srl ELECTROMECHANICAL BARRIER
    DE102008016070A1 (en) * 2008-03-28 2009-10-01 Skidata Ag Cabinets
    DE202009017278U1 (en) 2009-12-19 2010-05-06 Magnetic Autocontrol Gmbh boom
    DE202013010383U1 (en) 2013-11-15 2014-01-17 Magnetic Autocontrol Gmbh barrier system
    CN104652320B (en) * 2015-02-16 2017-05-31 张振滔 A kind of barrier gate device with restrictor bar lower beam pooling feature
    DE102019114513A1 (en) 2018-05-30 2019-12-05 Peter Fasel barrier system
    CN115323956B (en) * 2022-08-15 2024-01-30 苏州金蚂蚁精密钣金有限公司 Gate casing for pedestrian passageway
    CN116005588B (en) * 2023-03-14 2023-06-20 昆明理工大学 Overload blocking device for traffic transportation logistics

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    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE10359383A1 (en) * 2003-12-18 2005-07-28 Skidata Ag vehicle barrier
    US7263803B2 (en) 2003-12-18 2007-09-04 Skidata Ag Vehicle barrier

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    EP0937820B1 (en) 2003-10-29
    DE59610777D1 (en) 2003-11-20
    US5813796A (en) 1998-09-29
    EP0937821A3 (en) 2002-02-13
    WO1996029472A3 (en) 1996-10-31
    AT402311B (en) 1997-04-25
    EP0937822A2 (en) 1999-08-25
    DE59604161D1 (en) 2000-02-17
    EP0937820A2 (en) 1999-08-25
    EP0937822B1 (en) 2003-10-15
    EP0760034A1 (en) 1997-03-05
    DE59610799D1 (en) 2003-12-04
    ATA48695A (en) 1996-08-15
    DE29620291U1 (en) 1997-05-07
    EP0937820A3 (en) 2002-02-13
    EP0937822A3 (en) 2002-02-13
    WO1996029472A2 (en) 1996-09-26
    EP0760034B1 (en) 2000-01-12

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