EP0902194B1 - Lasthalteventil - Google Patents
Lasthalteventil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0902194B1 EP0902194B1 EP98109115A EP98109115A EP0902194B1 EP 0902194 B1 EP0902194 B1 EP 0902194B1 EP 98109115 A EP98109115 A EP 98109115A EP 98109115 A EP98109115 A EP 98109115A EP 0902194 B1 EP0902194 B1 EP 0902194B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- valve
- pressure
- seat
- pressure limiting
- load holding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/003—Systems with load-holding valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B13/00—Details of servomotor systems ; Valves for servomotor systems
- F15B13/01—Locking-valves or other detent i.e. load-holding devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B13/00—Details of servomotor systems ; Valves for servomotor systems
- F15B2013/008—Throttling member profiles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/50—Pressure control
- F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
- F15B2211/50509—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means
- F15B2211/50545—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using braking valves to maintain a back pressure
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/2496—Self-proportioning or correlating systems
- Y10T137/2559—Self-controlled branched flow systems
- Y10T137/2562—Dividing and recombining
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
- Y10T137/7771—Bi-directional flow valves
- Y10T137/778—Axes of ports co-axial
Definitions
- the invention relates to a load holding valve according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the pressure relief valve closing member against the spring force on the entire cross-sectional area of the valve seat with the pressure to be limited With increasing too limiting pressure becomes that required to open the pressure relief valve Pilot pressure progressively lower. This can be undesirable for some applications be because it is cheaper from the respective consumer adjustment pressure low pressure to be limited and low to high pressure Pressure to derive higher pilot pressure.
- the check valve is structurally separate from the pressure relief valve and with large cross section can be designed so that in the first flow direction only low back pressure and low flow losses arise.
- the pressure relief valve closing member to be limited in the opening direction Pressure also enables a shock function and an automatic damping function, because in the event of a pressure surge, the pressure relief valve opens automatically and the Reduces or dampens pressure surge.
- load holding valves are known from prior use, in which the Pressure relief valve closing member is relieved of the pressure to be limited. It there is an essentially linear relationship between the one to be limited Pressure and the pilot pressure to open the pressure relief valve. Indeed is a shock function or damping function by the pressure relief valve not given, so that separate valve components must be provided for this.
- a 1992 from a brochure by Oil-Control, Nonantola, IT, Page CM3, known load holding valve has one with the pressure relief valve closing member one-piece control piston, the pressure surface slightly is smaller than the cross-sectional area of the valve seat.
- the pressure to be limited acts on the differential surface in the opening direction of the pressure relief valve to achieve a shock function or damping function in the event of pressure surges.
- the valve seat is for the check valve function in a sleeve that can be moved against spring force shaped. Because the same valve components for the non-return and pressure limiting functions cooperate, the pressure relief valve closing element is opened moved relative to the valve seat while in the one flow direction while being held Pressure relief valve closing element of the valve seat against spring force is shifted. Both valve functions performed with the same valve components affect each other. In the check valve is because of the small construction Cross-section high dynamic pressure to accept. Under unfavorable operating conditions no leakage can be achieved.
- the invention has for its object a load holding valve of the aforementioned Art to create that inexpensively with compact dimensions with high reliability is producible and despite the integrated shock-damping function under load one enables sensitive control of the consumer.
- the one-piece design of the closing member with the control piston is manufacturing and technically inexpensive.
- the low back pressure of the pressure relief valve externally surrounding, structurally separate check valve Losses.
- the functions of the check valve and the pressure relief valve do not interfere with each other.
- the shooting link is partially relieved, i.e. the one to be limited Pressure only acts on the closing element in the opening direction for the shock-damping function sufficient size, but not on the entire cross-sectional area of the valve seat. This results in a favorable low tax ratio, the allows a high pilot pressure and precise and sensitive control of the consumer enables what to do with varying pressures with the consumer movement and instability to be feared is appropriate.
- the hydraulic system responds with the load holding valve stiff and low-vibration.
- the partial relief of the closing member is structurally simple the annular shoulder that reaches between the housing chamber and the Pilot chamber is positioned so that in the stroke of the check valve, its closing member is guided on the pressure relief valve closing member.
- the seat valve tightness important for the load holding function is simple reached.
- the result is between the cylinder guide and the cylindrical approach a slide function, in which the Control channels gradually open or close a variable cross-section depending on the stroke, spread the change in the passage cross-section over a large stroke range and prevent the pressure relief valve closing member from oscillating or e.g. in the event of a pressure surge after an opening stroke, the valve seat suddenly hits and causes vibrations in the system.
- the quantity control device Pressure fluid does not suddenly flow out, but after a predetermined one Characteristic curve, opens and closes the pressure relief valve damped in the event of a pressure surge. This results in a damping behavior that has so far only been possible with additional complex Action was possible.
- the closing member of the check valve works with the sealing surface unaffected by intensive flow dynamics in the pressure relief valve together.
- the check valve holds reliably when the pressure relief valve is opened its shut-off position.
- the pressure relief valve cannot supply any pressure medium bypass.
- the additional control channels are alternatively of longitudinal grooves formed in the closing member to make changes in the flow cross-section to a large Distribute the stroke range of the closing element.
- a particularly simple manufacture of the additional control channels is claimed 8 by grinding arch slots into the cylindrical longitudinal section of the closing link possible.
- the longitudinal grooves can have different clear widths have.
- the functional reliability is increased according to claim 11, if for each flow direction a sieve element is provided.
- a hydraulic consumer V e.g. a double-acting hydraulic cylinder or hydraulic motor
- a directional control valve W connected to a pump P and a tank T.
- On a work line 1 is connected to the lower side of the consumer, while the Lifting side is connected to the directional control valve W via a working line 2.
- a load holding valve L is provided between line sections 2a and 2b.
- the Load holding valve L includes a check valve R that is in the first flow direction to consumer V opens and in the second flow direction to the directional control valve W locks automatically.
- a pressure relief valve is located parallel to the check valve R. D provided that hydraulically from the working line 1 via a pilot line 3rd is controllable in the second direction of flow to the speed of the consumer V under load depending on the adjustment of the directional control valve W. Taxes.
- Fig. 2 is a closing member 4 of the pressure relief valve D in the manner of a cattail formed and provided with a conical seat 5, to which a cylindrical Approach 6 connects, which has a cylindrical longitudinal section 7 an annular shoulder 8 continues.
- a control piston 9 is formed on the shoulder 8, which is connected to the pilot line 3 in a Pilot chamber 10 and a seal 11 is slidable.
- a seat insert 13 is positioned, which the closing member 4th supports and on an underside sealing surface 15 for a plate-shaped check valve closing member 16 ending flow passages 14 contains.
- the check valve closing member 16 is e.g. on the cylindrical longitudinal section 7 of the closing member 4 out and loaded by a weak closing spring 17, which is a bell-shaped Screen 18 holds on the closing member 16.
- the lower part of the housing chamber 12 is connected to the line section 2b.
- the upper part of the housing chamber 12 forms the connection to the line section 2a with a screw-in insert 23.
- a suitably adjustable spring 22 is accommodated in the screw-in insert 23, which loads the closing member 4 downwards and determines at what pressure the pressure relief valve D opens.
- a circular valve seat 19 is formed in the seat insert 13 and is in contact with the seat surface 5 of the closing member 4 cooperates in the manner of a seat valve (in the shown Shut-off position leak-free tightness).
- Adjacent to the valve seat 19 is a cylindrical one Guide section 20 shaped, the slide-like with the cylindrical approach 6 of the locking member 4 works together (e.g. sliding fit).
- the seat insert 13 is slightly enlarged inside, so the longitudinal section 7 slides smoothly.
- the closing member 4 contains a chamber 24 which is connected to the lower one via connections 25 Part of the housing chamber 12 is connected, and additionally molded control channels K adjacent to the seat 5, for example radial bores 21 with different Diameters.
- the contours of the radial bores 21 may overlap each other in the axial direction. With increasing distance from the seat 5, the radial bores 21 have increasing diameters.
- the guide section 20 forms with the extension 6 and the control channels K.
- Quantity control device M which is relative to the stroke of the closing member 4 relative to the valve seat 19 takes effect to control the amount.
- In the seat insert 13 is in A further screen disk 26 is provided in the upper part of the housing chamber 12.
- Control channels K to effect to pressure medium in a controlled amount from the line section 2b let in the line section 2a.
- the load holding valve of FIGS. 2 and 3 could be used with a larger control pistons can be combined in the pilot chamber 10.
- valve seat 19 The area difference between the valve seat 19 and the seal 11 or the contact surface of the control piston 9 is matched to the application, i.e. the force or preload of the spring 22 and the pressure conditions in the system, such that the shock and damping function for pressure surges of a certain extent is achieved with which the pressure relief valve is independent of the control piston 9 opens briefly.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Check Valves (AREA)
- Safety Valves (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Description
- Fig. 1
- ein schematisches Schaltbild einer Steuervorrichtung mit einem Lasthalteventil,
- Fig. 2
- einen Teil eines Längsschnittes einer ersten Ausführungsform eines Lasthalteventils, und
- Fig. 3
- einen Teil eines Längsschnittes einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines Lasthalteventils.
Claims (11)
- Lasthalteventil (L) für die Hochdruck-Hydraulik, mit einem Durchfluß in einer Strömungsrichtung gestattenden Rückschlagventil (R) und einem im Rückschlagventil (R) angeordneten Druckbegrenzungsventil (D), das einen Durchfluß in der entgegengesetzten Strömungsrichtung druckabhängig steuert, mit einem stationären Sitzeinsatz (13) in einer den Ventilen (R, D) gemeinsamen Gehäusekammer (12), der baulich getrennt einen Ventilsitz (19) für ein federbelastetes Schließglied (4) des Druckbegrenzungsventils (D) und eine Dichtfläche (15) für ein Rückschlagventil-Schließglied (16) aufweist, und mit einem mit dem Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließglied (4) gekoppelten, in einer Pilotkammer (10) angeordneten koaxialen Aufsteuerkolben (9), wobei das Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließglied (4) eine entgegengesetzt zur Federbelastung von einem zu begrenzenden Druck beaufschlagbare Wirkfläche aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Aufsteuerkolben (9) einstückig mit dem Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließglied (4) ist und in der Pilotkammer (10) eine in Öffnungsrichtung des Druckbegrenzungsventils (D) wirksame Beaufschlagungsfläche besitzt, die geringfügig kleiner ist als die Querschnittsfläche des Ventilssitzes (19), und daß der Ventilsitz (19) mit im Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließglied (4) eingeformten Steuerkanälen (K) eine hubabhängige Mengensteuervorrichtung (M) für die entgegengesetzte Strömungsrichtung bildet.
- Lasthalteventil nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Flächendifferenz zwischen dem Aufsteuerkolben (9) in der Pilotkammer (10) und dem Ventilsitz (19) an einer die Wirkfläche bildenden, zwischen der Gehäusekammer (12) und der Pilotkammer (10) angeordneten Schulter (8) vorgesehen ist, und daß die Schulter (8) aus der Gehäusekammer (12) beaufschlagbar und gegenüber der Pilotkammer (10) abgedichtet ist.
- Lasthalteventil nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß im Sitzeinsatz (13) angrenzend an den Ventilsitz (19) eine Zylinderführung (20) für einen zylindrischen Ansatz (6) des Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließgliedes (4) vorgesehen ist, der sich am Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließglied (4) an eine kegelige Sitzfläche (5) anschließt, und daß zumindest einer der Steuerkanäle (K) in den Ansatz (6) mündet.
- Lasthalteventil nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwischen der Zylinderführung (20) und dem zylindrischen Ansatz (6) eine Gleitpassung vorliegt, und daß die Zylinderführung (20) und der zylindrische Ansatz (6) im Sitzeinsatz (13) mit erheblichem axialem Abstand von der Dichtfläche (15) angeordnet sind.
- Lasthalteventil nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließglied (4) eine Kammer (24) enthält, die an der Rückschlagventilseite des Sitzeinsatzes (13) mit der Gehäusekammer (12) verbunden ist, und daß als zusätzliche Steuerkanäle (K) von der Kammer (24) zum Außenumfang des Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließgliedes (4) führende Durchgänge (21), vorzugsweise Bohrungen mit unterschiedlichen Durchgangsweiten, vorgesehen sind, deren Durchgangsweiten mit zunehmendem Abstand von der Sitzfläche (5) zunehmen.
- Lasthalteventil nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich die Umrisse einander in axialer Richtung benachbarter Durchgänge (21) überlappen.
- Lasthalteventil nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Druckbegrenzungsventil-Schließglied (4) in einem zum Aufsteuerkolben (9) führenden, zylindrischen Längsabschnitt (7) mehrere in Umfangsrichtung verteilte, das Rückschlagventil (R) umgehende Längsnuten (27) aufweist, die sich mit abnehmender Nuttiefe bis in oder an den zylindrischen Ansatz (6) erstrecken.
- Lasthalteventil nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Längsnuten (27) radial in den zylindrischen Längsabschnitt (7) eingeformte Bogenschlitze sind, deren Bogenkrümmungsradius, vorzugsweise, in etwa zu 100% und deren maximale Tiefe zu etwa 25% dem Außendurchmesser des zylindrischen Längsabschnittes (7) entsprechen.
- Lasthalteventil nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Längsnuten (27) in unterschiedlichen Abständen von der Sitzfläche (5) enden.
- Lasthalteventil nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Längsnuten (27) unterschiedliche lichte Weiten besitzen.
- Lasthalteventil nach wenigstens einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß beiderseits des Sitzeinsatzes (13) stromauf des Rückschlagventils (R) bzw. stromauf des Druckbegrenzungsventils (D) je ein Siebelement (18, 26) angeordnet ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE29716577U | 1997-09-15 | ||
DE29716577U DE29716577U1 (de) | 1997-09-15 | 1997-09-15 | Lasthalteventil |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0902194A1 EP0902194A1 (de) | 1999-03-17 |
EP0902194B1 true EP0902194B1 (de) | 2002-11-13 |
Family
ID=8046033
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98109115A Expired - Lifetime EP0902194B1 (de) | 1997-09-15 | 1998-05-19 | Lasthalteventil |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5996466A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0902194B1 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100295425B1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE29716577U1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2186046T3 (de) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2766525A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-02 | 1999-01-29 | Poclain Hydraulics Sa | Circuit d'alimentation en fluide d'un recepteur equipe de moyens pour soumettre ce recepteur a une loi de pression |
DE29911076U1 (de) | 1999-06-24 | 1999-09-23 | Heilmeier & Weinlein | Hydraulisches Lasthalteventil |
DE10211299B4 (de) * | 2002-03-14 | 2005-03-31 | Howaldtswerke - Deutsche Werft Ag | Ventilkombination |
DE10261225B4 (de) * | 2002-12-20 | 2006-11-16 | Dorma Gmbh + Co. Kg | Elektrohydraulischer Servotürantrieb zum Antrieb einer Tür, eines Fensters oder dergleichen |
DE102004057375A1 (de) | 2004-11-26 | 2006-06-08 | Voith Turbo Gmbh & Co. Kg | Kombinierte Entlastungs- und Schwallschutzvorrichtung für unter Druck setzbare Betriebsmittelbehälter in Betriebsmittelversorgungssystemen hydrodynamischer Maschinen |
JP2006283785A (ja) * | 2005-03-31 | 2006-10-19 | Nabtesco Corp | 油圧回路およびその弁装置 |
ITPR20090100A1 (it) * | 2009-11-30 | 2011-06-01 | Walvoil Spa | Dispositivo di controllo del segnale di pressione di pilotaggio |
DE102012011062A1 (de) * | 2012-06-04 | 2013-12-05 | Liebherr-France Sas | Hydrauliksystem und Druckbegrenzungsventil |
GB2524975A (en) * | 2014-04-07 | 2015-10-14 | Weatherford Uk Ltd | Vent valve and method of use |
CN105587701A (zh) * | 2015-10-23 | 2016-05-18 | 上海立新液压有限公司 | 一种负载保持阀 |
DE102019218402B4 (de) * | 2019-11-27 | 2022-09-22 | Hawe Hydraulik Se | Federdom für ein Hydraulikventil und Hydraulikventil mit einem solchen Federdom |
DE102019218401B3 (de) * | 2019-11-27 | 2021-04-01 | Hawe Hydraulik Se | Lasthalteventil, Lasthaltventilset und Verfahren zur Montage eines Lasthalteventils |
DE102019218400A1 (de) * | 2019-11-27 | 2021-05-27 | Hawe Hydraulik Se | Ventilkegel, Lasthalteventil mit Ventilkegel und Verfahren zur Montage eines Rückschlagventils |
DE102022207208A1 (de) | 2022-07-14 | 2024-01-25 | Hawe Hydraulik Se | Hydraulikventil |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1765627A (en) * | 1927-05-11 | 1930-06-24 | French Oil Mill Machinery | Hydraulic press and the like |
DE2559029C2 (de) * | 1975-12-29 | 1985-10-31 | Heilmeier & Weinlein Fabrik für Oel-Hydraulik GmbH & Co KG, 8000 München | Bremsventil |
US4102250A (en) | 1976-08-16 | 1978-07-25 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Load check and bypass valve |
US4172582A (en) * | 1977-04-21 | 1979-10-30 | Rexnord Inc. | Reverse differential holding valve |
US4223693A (en) * | 1978-07-27 | 1980-09-23 | Modular Controls Corporation | Counterbalance valve |
US4346733A (en) | 1980-07-29 | 1982-08-31 | Fluid Controls, Inc. | Control valve |
DE3683666D1 (de) * | 1985-04-11 | 1992-03-12 | Beringer Hydraulik Gmbh | Leckfreies brems-sperrventil. |
IT213216Z2 (it) | 1987-05-15 | 1989-11-09 | Oil Control Spa | Perfezionamenti a valvola idraulica di controllo,in particolareper circuiti idraulici con distributore anche a centro chiuso |
US5133434A (en) * | 1989-06-15 | 1992-07-28 | Atsugi Unisia Corporation | Variable damping force shock absorber with feature of independent adjustment of damping characteristics for bounding a rebounding strokes |
-
1997
- 1997-09-15 DE DE29716577U patent/DE29716577U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-05-19 ES ES98109115T patent/ES2186046T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-19 EP EP98109115A patent/EP0902194B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-19 DE DE59806260T patent/DE59806260D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-23 US US09/120,832 patent/US5996466A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-24 KR KR1019980029945A patent/KR100295425B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59806260D1 (de) | 2002-12-19 |
EP0902194A1 (de) | 1999-03-17 |
ES2186046T3 (es) | 2003-05-01 |
KR19990029263A (ko) | 1999-04-26 |
KR100295425B1 (ko) | 2001-07-12 |
DE29716577U1 (de) | 1997-11-13 |
US5996466A (en) | 1999-12-07 |
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