EP0884446B1 - Appareil de forage - Google Patents

Appareil de forage Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0884446B1
EP0884446B1 EP98110794A EP98110794A EP0884446B1 EP 0884446 B1 EP0884446 B1 EP 0884446B1 EP 98110794 A EP98110794 A EP 98110794A EP 98110794 A EP98110794 A EP 98110794A EP 0884446 B1 EP0884446 B1 EP 0884446B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drilling unit
unit according
piston
pressure
casing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98110794A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0884446A3 (fr
EP0884446A2 (fr
Inventor
Franz-Joseph Püttmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tracto Technik GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Tracto Technik GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tracto Technik GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Tracto Technik GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP0884446A2 publication Critical patent/EP0884446A2/fr
Publication of EP0884446A3 publication Critical patent/EP0884446A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0884446B1 publication Critical patent/EP0884446B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/04—Directional drilling
    • E21B7/06—Deflecting the direction of boreholes
    • E21B7/065—Deflecting the direction of boreholes using oriented fluid jets
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B4/00—Drives for drilling, used in the borehole
    • E21B4/06—Down-hole impacting means, e.g. hammers
    • E21B4/14—Fluid operated hammers
    • E21B4/145—Fluid operated hammers of the self propelled-type, e.g. with a reverse mode to retract the device from the hole
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/18—Drilling by liquid or gas jets, with or without entrained pellets
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/20—Driving or forcing casings or pipes into boreholes, e.g. sinking; Simultaneously drilling and casing boreholes
    • E21B7/205—Driving or forcing casings or pipes into boreholes, e.g. sinking; Simultaneously drilling and casing boreholes without earth removal
    • E21B7/206—Driving or forcing casings or pipes into boreholes, e.g. sinking; Simultaneously drilling and casing boreholes without earth removal using down-hole drives

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method, for example, for the manufacture or expansion of earth boreholes and trenchless laying of ground wires or for driving pipes into the ground.
  • Such devices such as Rammbohrieri usually have a inside of their housing by means of a fluid, such as compressed air, axially reciprocating self-acting percussion piston, which its kinetic energy either directly or indirectly via an axially movable in the housing impact tip completely to the housing and possibly also to the soil. In this way, the device performs both crushing and displacement and jacking work.
  • a fluid such as compressed air
  • axially reciprocating self-acting percussion piston which its kinetic energy either directly or indirectly via an axially movable in the housing impact tip completely to the housing and possibly also to the soil.
  • drills which not only displace the soil, but also degrade and convey away, for example, against the advancing direction.
  • drills that allow not only straight-ahead but also curve-drilling.
  • Such Devices have, for example, a drill head provided with a steering or oblique surface, which essentially constantly rotates about the longitudinal axis of the device during straight boring, whereas it is non-rotatable at least in the case of curved boring.
  • the device can be provided with a drill string which is connected to a rotary and feed drive.
  • the device in the region of the drill head with nozzles, which are supplied via a drill pipe with a rinsing liquid, usually a bentonite suspension.
  • the nozzles can be supplied with a liquid of such high pressure as in the drilling apparatus according to the European patent application 0 195 559, so that a cutting jet results in the removal of the soil located in the region of the drill head.
  • the ground hydraulically degrading and / or promotional and working with a steering jet devices are connected via a hose or a drill pipe with an external pump that generates the pressure required in each case.
  • the required pressures are very different; they range from a few bar when drilling with a rinsing liquid up to over 100 bar during cutting jet drilling. In particular, in hard soil conditions pressures above 100 bar are required. Accordingly expensive are the pumps, which are also subject to heavy wear, when the liquid is a bentonite suspension.
  • a hydraulic hammer which has a pressure chamber located in a Mei-ßel and connected to this pressure chamber nozzle.
  • the pressure chamber has a pressure medium inlet and a pressure medium outlet, wherein the pressure medium outlet is partially guided in an L-shape through the piston, which enters the longitudinal axis axially into the piston and radially emerges again.
  • a plurality of openings arranged in the longitudinal axial graduation are arranged in the wall of the pressure chamber.
  • the problem underlying the invention is to reduce the technical and economic effort for the generation of fluid pressure in jet-equipped drilling equipment, in particular ram boring and still create a way to work with high pressures.
  • the invention proposes, in a device with a reciprocating in the housing, preferably solid piston in the housing to arrange a nozzle for the rinsing, lubricating, cutting and / or steering fluid related pressure chamber. Because the pressure buildup takes place in the device itself, the pressure chamber only needs to be supplied with liquid of low pressure. For this purpose, a pure gravity pump or a conventional feed pump, which allows a conveying of the liquid even over longer distances, while the operating pressure of the liquid on site, i. is generated inside the device. Therefore, the device does not need to be connected via a high pressure line to the feed pump. This results in a considerable cost savings with regard to the drilling distances of up to more than 200 m occurring in practice. This also applies to the case that the liquid is not passed through a hose line, but by a driven drill pipe to the drilling or displacement head.
  • the pressure generation on site preferably takes place with the aid of an axially movable pressure piston arranged in the chamber, which always returns to its starting position, for example with the aid of a return spring is brought.
  • the piston may be formed as a self-controlling piston; it preferably has a closed end face and is free of pressure medium holes.
  • a particularly simple construction results when the pressure piston is in operative connection with a percussion piston reciprocated in the device housing, preferably pneumatically, such as, for example, conventional ram boring machines.
  • a percussion piston reciprocated in the device housing, preferably pneumatically, such as, for example, conventional ram boring machines.
  • Such a preferably self-steering percussion piston can then provide both propulsion energy for the device and energy dissipation and drive energy for the pressure piston. This happens in particular in such a way that the percussion piston transmits at least partially its kinetic energy to the pressure piston.
  • the pressure piston can be provided with a rearward, an inner collar of the housing by cross-pin. This pin acts as an anvil for the percussion piston. If the protrusion length of the journal is less than the maximum stroke of the plunger, the percussion piston releases its residual kinetic energy to the inner collar as the plunger pin moves forward in the plunger chamber.
  • the work to be performed by the percussion piston in this case consists of two phases: a compression phase during which the percussion piston and the pressure piston interact via the pin, and a propulsion phase in which the percussion piston emits its residual kinetic energy via the inner collar to the instrument housing and in this way causes its propulsion. Then turn back the pressure piston under the influence of a pressure fluid and / or a return spring and the percussion piston back to their initial positions and begins a new duty cycle.
  • the pressure chamber can be supplied via a housing-fixed line with liquid in which a valve, such as a check valve is located. Furthermore, the pressure chamber may be formed as an axial pressure channel, which leads to at least one nozzle and into which also opens the liquid line.
  • the liquid line can open in space in front of the piston end face in the front piston position in the pressure chamber. But there is also the possibility that the piston periodically transfers the opening of the liquid line in the pressure chamber wall and this alternately opens and closes.
  • the device according to the invention can also be arranged at the beginning or at the end of a preferably driven linkage or engage in a jacking pipe.
  • a pulsating pressure fluid jet which can be used for excavating the soil, for steering a burying or Aufweitauss located in the ground or for discharging the dissolved soil. This can be done in the soil or outside the pressure generation. However, the generation of pressure in the ground is particularly advantageous.
  • the Rammbohrêt consists of a housing 1, which is provided at its front end with a thread 2, in which a device tip is screwed in the form of a step head 3 with a seal 4.
  • a working space 5 In the housing there is a working space 5, in which a pneumatically driven self-steering percussion piston 6 reciprocates.
  • the working space 5 is separated by an inner collar 7 from a piston chamber 8 located in the forward drive direction with a pressure piston 9.
  • the pressure piston 9 has a guided through a bore 10 in the inner collar 7 rear pin 11, which is in operative connection with the percussion piston 6.
  • the pressure piston 9 is provided with a voltage applied to the wall of the piston chamber 8 sealing ring 12 and has a collar 13, by means of which it is supported by a return spring 14 on a shoulder 15 of the striking tip 3.
  • a pressure channel 16 leads to a nozzle 17 at the front end of the striking tip 3.
  • this pressure channel protrudes front pin 18 of the pressure piston 9 and seals the pressure channel by means of an O-ring seal 19 against the piston chamber 8 from.
  • the pressure channel 16 is provided with a non-illustrated feed pump housing fixed channel 20 for low pressure liquid, which is provided with a check valve 21 which periodically feeds liquid into the pressure channel.
  • the pressure piston 9 is under the influence of the return spring 14 in its rear end position. In this position, the pin 11 projects beyond the inner collar 7 by the Vorkragin 22, which is less than the distance 23 between the front end face of the pressure piston 9 and the shoulder 15. It follows that the percussion piston 6 its kinetic energy on the route 22 first at the pressure piston 9 and upon reaching the inner collar 7 gives its remaining kinetic energy to the device housing 1, while the end of the pin 11 is immersed in the collar bore 10 until the plunger 9 has reached its front end position on the shoulder 15 and under the influence of Return spring 14 returns to its initial position shown.
  • an external fluid container which is connected to the operation of the ram boring or the movement of the percussion piston 6 usually required compressor and the liquid, such as water or a water / bentonite suspension, via the housing channel 20 promotes the pressure chamber or pressure channel 16.
  • the device can also be provided with a plurality of, in particular, independent nozzles, which fulfill different tasks.
  • one nozzle may produce a cutting jet while others, for example, nozzles disposed obliquely with respect to the implement axis, produce steering jets and provide additional nozzles with rinsing fluid which reduces the displacement and frictional resistance of the apparatus and / or permits discharge of dissolved soil.
  • the device moves on a curved path whose center is on the side of the one-sided soil degradation.
  • a nozzle change, for example, when the device at the end of a on a carriage 24 is provided with a rotary and linear drive 25 rotatable drill pipe 26, then there is the possibility to change the direction of the cam track by turning the linkage or the device. Regardless of this, however, the radius of curvature of the device web can also be changed by reducing or increasing the pressure of the cutting jet that dissipates the soil.
  • the device creates, independently of its construction in detail a way to reduce soil using a pulsating liquid jet, to influence the drilling or advancing direction and / or to dissipate degraded soil.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Appareil pour réaliser ou élargir des trous de forage ou pour introduire des conduites dans la terre, muni
    - d'un boîtier (1),
    - d'un piston de compression (9) pouvant se déplacer axialement dans le boîtier, ledit piston étant exempt d'alésages de fluide sous pression,
    - d'au moins une buse (17) pour un fluide de coupe, une huile à forer, un fluide de lavage et/ou de guidage,
    - d'une chambre de compression (16) disposée dans le boîtier, communiquant avec la buse.
  2. Appareil selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par une chambre de piston (8) dotée d'un piston de compression (9) pouvant se déplacer axialement.
  3. Appareil selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le piston possède une surface frontale fermée.
  4. Appareil selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce qu'un ressort de rappel (14) vient en prise avec le piston de compression (9).
  5. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le piston de compression (9) et un piston frappeur (6) sont en liaison active l'un avec l'autre.
  6. Appareil selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le piston de compression (9) est muni d'un tourillon (11) arrière, traversant un collet intérieur (7) du boîtier (2).
  7. Appareil selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que la longueur de saillie (22) du tourillon (11) est inférieure à la longueur de course maximale (23) du piston de compression (9).
  8. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que la chambre de compression (16) est reliée à une conduite de fluide (20).
  9. Appareil selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce qu'une soupape (21) est disposée dans la conduite de liquide (20).
  10. Appareil selon la revendication 8 ou 9, caractérisé en ce que la conduite de fluide (20) débouche dans la chambre de compression (16).
  11. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que au moins une partie des buses (17) est alimentée en fluide sous pression par l'intermédiaire de soupapes pouvant être commandées.
  12. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé par une tige de forage pourvue d'un entraînement rotatif et/ou d'avance.
  13. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que la pointe (3) de l'appareil est reliée à un système de tiges ou à un tube d'enfoncement.
  14. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que le boîtier (1) est relié à un support mobile entraîné.
  15. Utilisation d'un dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 14 pour réaliser ou élargir des trous de forage.
EP98110794A 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Appareil de forage Expired - Lifetime EP0884446B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19725052A DE19725052C2 (de) 1997-06-13 1997-06-13 Bohrgerät
DE19725052 1997-06-13

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0884446A2 EP0884446A2 (fr) 1998-12-16
EP0884446A3 EP0884446A3 (fr) 2000-10-04
EP0884446B1 true EP0884446B1 (fr) 2008-03-19

Family

ID=7832409

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98110794A Expired - Lifetime EP0884446B1 (fr) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Appareil de forage

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US6138775A (fr)
EP (1) EP0884446B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE19725052C2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19946587A1 (de) * 1999-09-29 2001-04-12 Eurodrill Gmbh Consulting Engi Vorrichtung zum Richtungsbohren
NL1026115C2 (nl) * 2004-05-05 2005-11-08 Meide Design Engineering B V Inrichting en werkwijze voor het door de grond duwen/trekken van kabels en/of kabelbuizen.
WO2006002997A1 (fr) * 2004-07-06 2006-01-12 Tracto-Technik Gmbh Tete de forage d'un engin a forer le sol
US20060088384A1 (en) * 2004-10-22 2006-04-27 Putnam Samuel W Stored energy coupling and pipe bursting apparatus
SK50622009A3 (sk) * 2009-09-24 2011-05-06 Ivan Kočiš Spôsob rozrušovania materiálov a zariadenie na vykonávanie tohto spôsobu
CN102619469B (zh) * 2012-04-13 2013-12-11 辽宁工程技术大学 煤层钻孔割缝卸压装置

Family Cites Families (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3712543A (en) * 1971-04-19 1973-01-23 Exotech Apparatus for generating pulsed jets of liquid
DE2157259C3 (de) * 1971-11-18 1973-06-07 Tracto Technik Rammbohrgerät
US4290496A (en) * 1979-10-19 1981-09-22 Briggs Aubrey C Combination impact and pressure liquid rock drill
DE3315124A1 (de) * 1983-04-27 1984-10-31 Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen Vorrichtung zur erzeugung pulsierend einwirkender mechanischer und hydraulischer energie zum zerkleinern von gestein
CA1217759A (fr) * 1983-07-08 1987-02-10 Intech Oil Tools Ltd. Materiel de forage
US4674579A (en) * 1985-03-07 1987-06-23 Flowmole Corporation Method and apparatus for installment of underground utilities
US4749050A (en) * 1987-02-13 1988-06-07 Ritter Lester L Impact tool for tunneling
US4905773A (en) * 1987-11-02 1990-03-06 Underground Technologies Self-propelled subsoil penetrating tool system
GB8806506D0 (en) * 1988-03-18 1988-04-20 Pilot Drilling Control Ltd Drilling apparatus
SE8901200L (sv) * 1989-04-05 1990-10-06 Uniroc Ab Anordning foer spolning av en borrkrona
CH683016A5 (de) * 1990-12-24 1993-12-31 Terra Ag Tiefbautechnik Verfahren zum Aufweiten eines Bohrloches und Aufweitgerät.
DE4114593C3 (de) * 1991-03-15 2002-03-07 Tracto Technik Schlaggerät, insbesondere selbstgetriebenes Rammbohrgerät
SE506207C2 (sv) * 1992-01-22 1997-11-24 Sandvik Ab Sänkborrmaskin
US5332048A (en) * 1992-10-23 1994-07-26 Halliburton Company Method and apparatus for automatic closed loop drilling system
US5833017A (en) * 1996-10-10 1998-11-10 Kennametal Inc. Cutting bit assembly for impinging an earth strata

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE19725052C2 (de) 1999-10-28
US6138775A (en) 2000-10-31
EP0884446A3 (fr) 2000-10-04
EP0884446A2 (fr) 1998-12-16
DE19725052A1 (de) 1998-12-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE3852548T2 (de) Hydraulische gesteinsbohrmaschine im bohrloch.
DE69709862T2 (de) Hydraulische vorrichtung zur integration in einen rohrstrang
DE3633749C2 (de) Druckluft-Schlagbohrverfahren und Druckluft-Schlagbohrvorrichtung zur Durchführung desselben
DE3882953T2 (de) Rammbohrgerät mit Kontrollventil.
DE4343589C1 (de) Fluidbetätigter Schlaghammer
DE3710162C1 (de) Rammbohrgeraet mit beweglichem Meissel
DE3641521A1 (de) Vorrichtung und verfahren zum durchdringen einer bohrlochwand in einem mit einer auskleidung versehenen bohrloch
DE2854461A1 (de) Ringbohrhammer
KR100534005B1 (ko) 토양강화장치, 토양강화장치용 공구 및 토양강화방법
DE4433533C1 (de) Rammbohrvorrichtung
EP1491716B1 (fr) Méthode de forage et outil de forage humide
EP0884446B1 (fr) Appareil de forage
DE2824441C2 (de) Erdbohrer
EP0391161A2 (fr) Dispositif automoteur de forage par battage
DE3840923A1 (de) Rammbohrgeraet
EP0805258B1 (fr) Mouton de forage réversible
EP0273974B1 (fr) Dispositif pour percer des trous dans le sol
EP0011287B1 (fr) Marteau de forage fond-de-trou pour la roche, la terre etc.
WO2011120697A2 (fr) Dispositif de forage horizontal
DE2733199A1 (de) Bohrvorrichtung zum einbringen von tiefbohrungen in erdreich, gestein u.dgl.
WO2011023350A1 (fr) Appareil de forage par percussion présentant un entraînement pneumatique et une inversion hydraulique de la direction de déplacement
DE2924392C2 (de) Bohrvorrichtung zum Überlagerungsbohren
DE102015008339A1 (de) "Rammbohrvorrichtung und Verfahren zum Umsteuern einer Rammbohrvorrichtung"
DE10004217C2 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Hartgesteinsbohren mittels eines wasserbetreibbaren Motors
DE69310033T2 (de) Bohrlochvorrichtung mit Mitteln zum Verhindern von Leerschlägen

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): CH GB LI

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20001220

AKX Designation fees paid

Free format text: CH GB LI

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8566

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20030715

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20030715

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: TRACTO-TECHNIK GMBH & CO.KG

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): CH GB LI

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

Free format text: NOT ENGLISH

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20081222

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20080630

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20080630

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20100623

Year of fee payment: 13

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20110612

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20110612