EP0880006B1 - Projectiles composites non toxiques à matrice polymérique biodégradable pour cartouches de chasse ou de tir - Google Patents
Projectiles composites non toxiques à matrice polymérique biodégradable pour cartouches de chasse ou de tir Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0880006B1 EP0880006B1 EP98401174A EP98401174A EP0880006B1 EP 0880006 B1 EP0880006 B1 EP 0880006B1 EP 98401174 A EP98401174 A EP 98401174A EP 98401174 A EP98401174 A EP 98401174A EP 0880006 B1 EP0880006 B1 EP 0880006B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- projectile according
- projectiles
- poids
- polymeric matrix
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B7/00—Shotgun ammunition
- F42B7/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile
- F42B7/04—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile of pellet type
- F42B7/046—Pellets or shot therefor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of hunting and rifle shooting, specifically that of generally spherical projectiles, also called "pellets”, contained in hunting cartridges or shoot.
- Lead projectiles have been used for a very long time. a long time, but due to the toxicity of this metal its use is becoming more and more regulated, and it has proposed to replace lead with other metals dense non-toxic, or less toxic than lead, like for example iron and tungsten, but these metal projectiles are too hard, which results, on the one hand, rapid erosion of the rifle barrel, and on the other hand unwanted injuries and bleeding game which, not being killed instantly, suffers unnecessarily and sometimes even flee despite his injuries.
- patents GB 2 149 067 and GB 2 200 976 describe for example spherical composite projectiles for cartridges, obtained by extrusion or injection molding, and made up of particles rich in tungsten in a polyethylene plastic or rubber silicone.
- EP 641 836 describes compositions for cartridge projectiles made of particles dense, preferably tungsten powder, in a polymer matrix comprising a rigid polymer thermoplastic such as polypropylene or polystyrene associated with a thermoplastic elastomeric polymer, such as copolymers based on polystyrene.
- PCT patent WO 94/24511 describes projectiles composites for cartridges made of particles finely divided metals, based in particular on tungsten and / or molybdenum, dispersed in a polymer matrix which can be either thermoplastic polystyrene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene or copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate, i.e. thermosetting in epoxy resin or formaldehyde-based.
- the polymer matrix of these projectiles is not biodegradable, which leads to pollution undesirable from nature, especially fields and meadows, or the environment of shooting ranges.
- the object of the present invention is precisely to offer such composite projectiles for cartridges hunting or shooting.
- solid polymeric matrix means a solid matrix under normal conditions use of cartridges, i.e. at a pressure close to normal atmosphere pressure and at a temperature between approximately - 20 ° C and approximately + 50 ° C.
- the titanium oxide is in anatase form.
- the rutile form is also usable, but we have unexpectedly found that the use of the anatase form made it possible to obtain the biodegradation of the polymer matrix.
- the hydrocarbon binder also comprises, in addition to the ester functional groups, urethane functional groups and / or amide functional groups
- the molar ratio between the urethane groups and ester groups is less than 0.05.
- the polymer matrix also comprises at least one additive chosen from the group consisting of alkaline stearates, alkaline earth stearates, alkali carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkali sulfates and alkaline earth sulfates.
- this additive consists of a mixture of calcium stearate and carbonate calcium.
- the polymer matrix also includes a plasticizer.
- a plasticizer In addition to its plasticizing function, hydrocarbon binder allowing or promoting a setting work according to the usual techniques of shaping thermoplastic materials such as injection or extrusion, it was found that the presence of this plasticizer also promoted the biodegradation of polymer matrix.
- plasticizers are trialkyl acetylcitrates, especially those whose alkyl radicals each have from 2 to 4 atoms of carbon, such as triethyl acetyl citrate and tributyl acetyl citrate.
- the composite projectiles according to the invention have a density of between 7.5 g / cm 3 and 10.5 g / cm 3 .
- the particles are made of tungsten or a alloy comprising tungsten, but it is possible to use, in the context of the invention, many other metals such as tin, molybdenum, titanium, bismuth, iron and copper.
- Alloys containing tungsten are particularly preferred, especially those with iron, especially those for which the content tungsten weight is between 30% and 70%, from preferably between 40% by weight and 60% by weight.
- tungsten-iron alloys can also understand other metals, like nickel and cobalt.
- the particles metal are in powder form, the diameter of which median is preferably between 10 ⁇ m and 300 ⁇ m.
- the composite projectiles according to the invention may also include, at low content, various additives well known to those skilled in the art for this type projectiles, for example a lubricant mold release like calcium stearate.
- the composition corresponding to the polymer matrix is first prepared, preferably in the form of thermoplastic granules, from thermoplastic hydrocarbon binders comprising functional ester groups associated to C 1 - C 20 aliphatic hydrocarbon chains, some of which are commercial products, and which can for example be obtained by reaction of an aliphatic diol such as 1,4-butane diol with an aliphatic diacid such as succinic acid or adipic acid.
- thermoplastic hydrocarbon binders comprising functional ester groups associated to C 1 - C 20 aliphatic hydrocarbon chains, some of which are commercial products, and which can for example be obtained by reaction of an aliphatic diol such as 1,4-butane diol with an aliphatic diacid such as succinic acid or adipic acid.
- the formulation of this binder may contain some aliphatic diisocyanate or cycloaliphatic to introduce some functions urethanes, or even contain a diamine aliphatic or a lactam to introduce functions amides, for example of the polycaprolactam type.
- the binder is introduced in the form of granules and the other constituents of the matrix polymer in a heated mixer, for example a "BUSS" co-kneader well known to those skilled in the art loom, so as to form a homogeneous paste.
- a heated mixer for example a "BUSS" co-kneader well known to those skilled in the art loom, so as to form a homogeneous paste.
- the composition in the form of granules thermoplastics, for example cylindrical, the length is close to the diameter, of the order of mm or a few mm.
- thermoplastic granules and particles metallic we can then make a molding powder based of these thermoplastic granules and particles metallic, either “dry” by agitation in a mixer after grinding the granules, either by “solvent”, by dissolving the thermoplastic granules in a solvent such as chloroform in the presence of metal particles, then evaporation of the solvent under stirring of the mixture.
- solvent such as chloroform
- the composite projectiles according to the invention can then be obtained by pelletizing this molding powder, for example at room temperature (Approximately 20 ° C), in molds containing imprints to the desired shape.
- granules can be produced cylindrical, for example with a diameter of 3 mm and length 3 mm, by co-mixing then extrusion and cutting. These cylindrical granules are then injected into molds to the desired shape using a press injection for thermoplastic materials.
- Example 1 Production of non-toxic spherical composite projectiles (diameter 3 mm) according to the invention, with a biodegradable polyester-urethane polymer matrix, with a density of 7.9 g / cm 3 .
- thermoplastic granules composition for the polymer matrix of projectiles
- the dough After forming a homogeneous paste, and using with a transfer screw, the dough is brought to the through a die with a diameter of about 2 mm.
- the strands are brought to the entrance to an underwater granulator.
- thermoplastic granules with a diameter of about 2 mm, a length of about 2 mm and a density of 1.24 g / cm 3 are obtained.
- compaction of the molding powder obtained according to b) is carried out at room temperature and under a pressure of several hundred bars in a multi-cavity mold, each cavity consisting of 2 hemispherical cavities with an internal diameter of 3 mm. After demolding, the spherical composite projectiles obtained have a density of 7.9 g / cm 3 .
- Ballistic behavior was observed satisfactory in hunting cartridge shooting containing 32 g of these projectiles, both at - 20 ° C, only at + 20 ° C and + 50 ° C, with a malleability and integrity comparable to those of a lead projectile.
- Example 2 Production of non-toxic spherical composite projectiles (diameter 3 mm), with a biodegradable polyester-amide polymer matrix, with a density of 7.8 g / cm 3
- thermoplastic granules composition for the polymer matrix of projectiles
- polyester-urethane binder BIONOLLE® the polyester-amide binder marketed in the form of granules by the Company BAYER under the trademark BAK® 1095, which is a copolymer of 1,4-butane diol, of adipic acid and caprolactam.
- Thermoplastic cylindrical granules with a diameter of 2 mm, a length of 2 mm and a density of 1.17 g / cm 3 are obtained.
- a molding powder consisting of grains of metallic powder coated with a film polymeric.
- Ballistic behavior was observed satisfactory in hunting cartridge shooting containing 32 g of these projectiles, both at - 20 ° C, only at + 20 ° C and + 50 ° C, with a malleability comparable to that of a projectile in lead.
- the polymer matrix disappears completely after a few years.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biological Depolymerization Polymers (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Description
- un liant hydrocarboné comportant des groupes fonctionnels esters associés à des chaínes hydrocarbonées choisies dans le groupe constitué par les chaínes aliphatiques saturées ou insaturées comportant de 1 à 20 atomes de carbone, de préférence de 2 à 12 atomes de carbone,
- de l'amidon,
- du dioxyde de titane.
- tous les constituants organiques sont totalement biodégradables. Ils ne laissent subsister, après exposition à la lumière et à la pluie, dans des délais pouvant être aussi brefs que 1 à 2 ans, aucune particule susceptible de nuire à un animal,
- le comportement balistique est proche de celui des projectiles en plomb,
- le coût de fabrication n'est plus prohibitif et est très nettement inférieur à celui des projectiles composites connus, notamment du fait de la nature de la matrice polymérique et de la simplicité du procédé de mise en oeuvre et de mise en forme, qui peut très facilement être extrapolable au stade industriel,
- la masse volumique des projectiles est supérieure ou égale à celle de l'acier,
- les projectiles sont particulièrement non érosifs. Ils ne détériorent pas le canon des fusils et ne nécessitent pas d'aménagements particuliers des armes ou des munitions,
- l'aptitude aux ricochets sur tout obstacle est faible et la pénétration dans l'écorce des arbres est aussi réduite qu'avec des projectiles en plomb,
- l'aptitude particulièrement élevée du liant selon l'invention à apporter la cohésion des particules métalliques, ce qui permet des taux de charges élevés, pouvant être supérieurs à 95% en poids environ.
- au moins 75% en poids de liant, de préférence entre 75% en poids et 90% en poids,
- au moins 2,5% en poids d'amidon, de préférence entre 2,5% en poids et 20% en poids,
- au moins 0,5% en poids d'oxyde de titane sous forme anatase, de préférence entre 0,5% en poids et 5% en poids,
- au moins 0,5% en poids de carbonate de calcium, de préférence entre 0,5% en poids et 2,5% en poids,
- au moins 0,5% en poids de stéarate de calcium, de préférence entre 0,5% en poids et 1% en poids,
- au moins 1% en poids d'un acétylcitrate de trialkyle, de préférence entre 1% en poids et 10% en poids.
- entre 90% et 97% en poids de particules métalliques, de préférence entre 94% et 97% en poids, mieux encore entre 95% et 97% en poids,
- entre 3% et 10% en poids de matrice polymérique, de préférence entre 3% et 7% en poids, mieux encore entre 3% et 5% en poids.
- liant BIONOLLE® 3001 : 87,5% en poids
- amidon de blé : 8,0% en poids
- acétylcitrate de tributyle : 3,0% en poids
- TiO2 sous forme anatase : 0,5% en poids
- carbonate de calcium : 0,5% en poids
- stéarate de calcium : 0,5% en poids
- 4,5 parties en poids de la poudre précitée de diamètre médian 150µm,
- 95 parties en poids d'une poudre de diamètre médian 90µm en alliage fer-tungstène de masse volumique 10,7 g/cm3, et dont les proportions pondérales Fe/W sont respectivement 45/55,
- 0,5 partie en poids de stéarate de calcium (agent de démoulage).
Après démoulage, les projectiles composites sphériques obtenus ont une masse volumique de 7,9 g/cm3.
On observe l'apparition de craquelures après quelques semaines, suivie d'une désintégration du projectile.
Après 6 mois, puis un an, il ne reste que respectivement 60% en poids environ et 30% en poids environ de la matrice polymérique.
On note la disparition complète de cette matrice dans un délai de 2 ans environ.
- 4,5 parties en poids de granulés thermoplastiques obtenus selon a),
- 95 parties en poids d'une poudre de diamètre médian 90µm en alliage fer-tungstène de masse volumique 10,7 g/cm3, et dont les proportions pondérales sont respectivement 45/55,
- 0,5 partie en poids de stéarate de calcium (agent de démoulage),
- 50 parties en poids de chloroforme (solvant).
Claims (10)
- Projectile composite non toxique pour cartouches de chasse ou de tir au fusil, constitué de particules métalliques dispersées dans une matrice solide polymérique, caractérisé en ce que la matrice solide polymérique est biodégradable et comprend :un liant hydrocarboné comportant des groupes fonctionnels esters associés à des chaínes hydrocarbonées choisies dans le groupe constitué par les chaínes aliphatiques, saturées ou insaturées, comportant de 1 à 20 atomes de carbone,de l'amidon,du dioxyde de titane.
- Projectile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que sa masse volumique est comprise entre 7,5 g/cm3 et 10,5 g/cm3.
- Projectile selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les particules métalliques sont constituées de tungstène ou d'un alliage comportant du tungstène.
- Projectile selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'alliage comportant du tungstène est un alliage tungstène-fer.
- Projectile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le dioxyde de titane est sous forme anatase.
- Projectile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les chaínes hydrocarbonées aliphatiques comportent de 2 à 12 atomes de carbone.
- Projectile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le liant comporte également des groupes fonctionnels uréthannes et/ou amides.
- Projectile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la matrice polymérique comprend également au moins un additif choisi dans le groupe constitué par les stéarates alcalins, les stéarates alcalino-terreux, les carbonates alcalins, les carbonates alcalino-terreux, les sulfates alcalins et les sulfates alcalino-terreux.
- Projectile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la matrice polymérique comprend également un plastifiant.
- Projectile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la matrice polymérique comprend :au moins 75% en poids de liant,au moins 2,5% en poids d'amidon,au moins 0,5% en poids d'oxyde de titane sous forme anatase,au moins 0,5% en poids de carbonate de calcium,au moins 0,5% en poids de stéarate de calcium,au moins 1% en poids d'un acétylcitrate de trialkyle.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9706323 | 1997-05-23 | ||
| FR9706323A FR2763675B1 (fr) | 1997-05-23 | 1997-05-23 | Projectiles composites non toxiques a matrice polymerique biodegradable pour cartouches de chasse ou de tir |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0880006A1 EP0880006A1 (fr) | 1998-11-25 |
| EP0880006B1 true EP0880006B1 (fr) | 2001-10-31 |
Family
ID=9507172
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98401174A Expired - Lifetime EP0880006B1 (fr) | 1997-05-23 | 1998-05-15 | Projectiles composites non toxiques à matrice polymérique biodégradable pour cartouches de chasse ou de tir |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6101949A (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0880006B1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2237848C (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69802230T2 (fr) |
| DK (1) | DK0880006T3 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2165133T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2763675B1 (fr) |
| PT (1) | PT880006E (fr) |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6536352B1 (en) | 1996-07-11 | 2003-03-25 | Delta Frangible Ammunition, Llc | Lead-free frangible bullets and process for making same |
| FR2787182B1 (fr) * | 1998-12-10 | 2005-07-08 | Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale | Projectile non letal pour arme a feu |
| DE19924747B4 (de) * | 1999-05-31 | 2014-07-17 | Dynamit Nobel Gmbh Explosivstoff- Und Systemtechnik | Bleifreies Geschoß mit nach Anforderung einstellbarer Dichte |
| DE10042711A1 (de) * | 1999-09-08 | 2001-03-15 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Bleireduziertes oder bleifreies Jagdbüchsengeschoß mit verbesserter Haltekraft des Kerns im Mantel |
| WO2002012820A1 (fr) * | 2000-08-09 | 2002-02-14 | Dynamit Nobel Gmbh Explosivstoff- Und Systemtechnik | Projectile pour munition d'entrainement a trajectoire courte |
| US7217389B2 (en) | 2001-01-09 | 2007-05-15 | Amick Darryl D | Tungsten-containing articles and methods for forming the same |
| RU2222769C2 (ru) * | 2002-04-02 | 2004-01-27 | Васин Владимир Анатольевич | Пуля с сердечником из щелочного или щелочноземельного металла |
| US7213519B2 (en) * | 2002-10-29 | 2007-05-08 | Polytech Ammunition Company | Composite polymer based cartridge case having an overmolded metal cup, polymer plug base assembly |
| US20050005807A1 (en) * | 2002-10-29 | 2005-01-13 | Polytech Ammunition Company | Lead free, composite polymer based bullet and cartridge case, and method of manufacturing |
| US20050188879A1 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2005-09-01 | Polytech Ammunition Company | Lead free, composite polymer based bullet and cartridge case, and method of manufacturing |
| US9470485B1 (en) | 2004-03-29 | 2016-10-18 | Victor B. Kley | Molded plastic cartridge with extended flash tube, sub-sonic cartridges, and user identification for firearms and site sensing fire control |
| US7770521B2 (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2010-08-10 | Newtec Services Group, Inc. | Method and apparatus for a projectile incorporating a metastable interstitial composite material |
| US7392746B2 (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2008-07-01 | Hansen Richard D | Bullet composition |
| US8393273B2 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2013-03-12 | Nosler, Inc. | Bullets, including lead-free bullets, and associated methods |
| RU2404405C1 (ru) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-11-20 | ООО Производственно-коммерческое предприятие "Агентство коммерческой безопасности, специзделия" (ООО ПКП "АКБС") | Композиционный материал для травматических метательных снарядов огнестрельного оружия |
| US8573126B2 (en) | 2010-07-30 | 2013-11-05 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | Cartridge base and plastic cartridge case assembly for ammunition cartridge |
| US8807008B2 (en) | 2011-01-14 | 2014-08-19 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | Polymer-based machine gun belt links and cartridge casings and manufacturing method |
| US8763535B2 (en) | 2011-01-14 | 2014-07-01 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | Narrowing high strength polymer-based cartridge casing for blank and subsonic ammunition |
| US12247819B2 (en) | 2010-07-30 | 2025-03-11 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | Two-piece insert and/or flash tube for polymer ammunition cartridges |
| US8869702B2 (en) | 2011-01-14 | 2014-10-28 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | Variable inside shoulder polymer cartridge |
| AU2012205378B2 (en) | 2011-01-14 | 2015-12-03 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | High strength polymer-based cartridge casing and manufacturing method |
| US10197366B2 (en) | 2011-01-14 | 2019-02-05 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | Polymer-based cartridge casing for blank and subsonic ammunition |
| US9046328B2 (en) | 2011-12-08 | 2015-06-02 | Environ-Metal, Inc. | Shot shells with performance-enhancing absorbers |
| USD715888S1 (en) | 2012-01-13 | 2014-10-21 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | Radiused insert |
| US9921017B1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-03-20 | Victor B. Kley | User identification for weapons and site sensing fire control |
| RU2553908C1 (ru) * | 2014-02-11 | 2015-06-20 | Акционерное общество "Чебоксарское производственное объединение имени В.И. Чапаева" | Композиционный материал для травматических метательных снарядов огнестрельного оружия |
| ES2585236B1 (es) * | 2016-01-19 | 2017-10-11 | Fernando Víctor RAMOS SAZ | Composites no tóxicos de alta densidad para caza, tiro, pesca y otros usos deportivos compuestos por matriz biodegradable o reciclada y carga cerámica |
| AR107151A1 (es) * | 2016-12-20 | 2018-03-28 | Leguizamon Armando Francisco | Bala orgánica antirebote y proceso para fabricarla |
| IL312453B2 (en) | 2018-07-30 | 2026-04-01 | Pcp Tactical Llc | Polymer cartridge with metal insert for improved click and thickness ratios |
| AU2019314263B2 (en) | 2018-07-30 | 2024-12-05 | Pcp Tactical, Llc | Polymer ammunition article designed for use across a wide temperature range |
| DE102021117140A1 (de) * | 2021-07-02 | 2023-01-05 | Ruag Ammotec Gmbh | Projektil, Munition und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Projektils |
| FR3149966B1 (fr) * | 2023-06-15 | 2025-05-02 | Decathlon Sa | Bourre pour cartouche à grenailles ou à balle, cartouche à grenailles ou à balle comprenant une telle bourre, et procédés de fabrication de ladite bourre et de ladite cartouche |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2995090A (en) * | 1954-07-02 | 1961-08-08 | Remington Arms Co Inc | Gallery bullet |
| GB1175274A (en) * | 1967-07-04 | 1969-12-23 | Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd | Improvements in Bullets. |
| GB8329526D0 (en) | 1983-11-04 | 1983-12-07 | Wimet Ltd | Pellets |
| US4949645A (en) * | 1982-09-27 | 1990-08-21 | Royal Ordnance Speciality Metals Ltd. | High density materials and products |
| GB2200976B (en) | 1983-11-04 | 1989-06-01 | Wimet Ltd | Pellets and shot and their manufacture |
| IT1178605B (it) * | 1984-10-31 | 1987-09-09 | Fiocchi Munizioni Spa | Componenti per cartuccia da caccia, tiro e simili in materiale plastico sintetico fotodegradabile |
| GB9108555D0 (en) * | 1991-04-22 | 1991-06-05 | Kent Cartridge Mfg | Improvements in cartridge cases |
| GB9308287D0 (en) | 1993-04-22 | 1993-06-09 | Epron Ind Ltd | Low toxicity shot pellets |
| AU6960494A (en) * | 1993-06-01 | 1994-12-20 | Steven Craig Buzick | Precision shooting aerodynamic non-spherical safety-oriented projectile |
| GB9318437D0 (en) * | 1993-09-06 | 1993-10-20 | Gardner John Christopher | High specific gravity material |
| US5399187A (en) * | 1993-09-23 | 1995-03-21 | Olin Corporation | Lead-free bullett |
| US5665808A (en) * | 1995-01-10 | 1997-09-09 | Bilsbury; Stephen J. | Low toxicity composite bullet and material therefor |
| CA2171498A1 (fr) * | 1995-03-09 | 1996-09-10 | Takashi Higashi | Resines de copolymeres aliphatiques d'ester-amide |
-
1997
- 1997-05-23 FR FR9706323A patent/FR2763675B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-05-04 US US09/071,780 patent/US6101949A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-15 DK DK98401174T patent/DK0880006T3/da active
- 1998-05-15 ES ES98401174T patent/ES2165133T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-15 PT PT98401174T patent/PT880006E/pt unknown
- 1998-05-15 DE DE69802230T patent/DE69802230T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-15 EP EP98401174A patent/EP0880006B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-19 CA CA002237848A patent/CA2237848C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2763675A1 (fr) | 1998-11-27 |
| EP0880006A1 (fr) | 1998-11-25 |
| US6101949A (en) | 2000-08-15 |
| FR2763675B1 (fr) | 1999-06-18 |
| PT880006E (pt) | 2002-04-29 |
| DK0880006T3 (da) | 2002-02-25 |
| CA2237848C (fr) | 2005-09-20 |
| ES2165133T3 (es) | 2002-03-01 |
| CA2237848A1 (fr) | 1998-11-23 |
| DE69802230T2 (de) | 2002-07-11 |
| DE69802230D1 (de) | 2001-12-06 |
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