EP0832231A2 - C5a-ÄHNLICHER SIEBEN TRANSMEMBRAN-REZEPTOR - Google Patents

C5a-ÄHNLICHER SIEBEN TRANSMEMBRAN-REZEPTOR

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Publication number
EP0832231A2
EP0832231A2 EP96922382A EP96922382A EP0832231A2 EP 0832231 A2 EP0832231 A2 EP 0832231A2 EP 96922382 A EP96922382 A EP 96922382A EP 96922382 A EP96922382 A EP 96922382A EP 0832231 A2 EP0832231 A2 EP 0832231A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
calr
polypeptide
expression
sequence
subject
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EP96922382A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Roger Coleman
Janice Au-Young
Olga Bandman
Jeffrey J. Seilhamer
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Incyte Corp
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Incyte Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Publication of EP0832231A2 publication Critical patent/EP0832231A2/de
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/1096—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA cDNA Synthesis; Subtracted cDNA library construction, e.g. RT, RT-PCR
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • C12N9/6472—Cysteine endopeptidases (3.4.22)

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of molecular biology; more particularly, the present invention describes the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of a C5a-like seven transmembrane receptor.
  • Complement which is produced in the liver and circulates in the blood and extracellula fluid, stimulates cells and antibodies to fight infections.
  • Complement 5 (C5) is proteolytically cleaved to produce C5a and C5b whenever the complement system is activated.
  • C5a is one of 13 plasma proteins responsible for clearing foreign particles and organisms from the blood.
  • human C5a a 74 amino acid peptide, functions as a chemoattractant for immune system cells.
  • the C5a receptor is a G-protein coupled seven transmembrane receptor (T7G) which is present on neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells and is believed to couple with a G q -/G-
  • the receptor contains 350 amino acids and is glycosylated at Asn 5 to produce a protein of 52-55 kDa.
  • a disulfide bond links Cys 109 in the first external loop with Cys 188 in the second external loop.
  • the C5a receptor has been cloned (Boulay et al (1991) Biochem 30:2993-99; Gerard (1991) Nature 349:614-
  • TK tachykinin
  • fMLP formyl peptide
  • GnRH an prostaglandin E receptors. They are large ligands, mostly peptides, which do not fit the bindin pocket of T7G.
  • the N-termini and first extracellular loops have a common tachykinin motif recognition site while the second and third extracellular loops bind to hormone-specific sequences which differ among the receptors.
  • the C-terminus which is common to all isoforms binds to transmembrane helices and activates the receptors.
  • the third intracellular loop is quite short in this group; and in fMLP, it is only 15 amino acids in length. Many of these receptors have short C-termini, and GnRH completely lacks the C-terminal domain (Bolander FF (1994) Molecular Endocrinology, Academic Press, San Diego CA).
  • the subject invention provides a unique nucleotide sequence which encodes a novel human C5a-like receptor homolog, herein designated CALR.
  • CALR novel human C5a-like receptor homolog
  • the invention also relates to the use of the nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence o CALR or its variants in the diagnosis or treatemtn of conditions or diseases associated with CAL expression or signal transduction activity.
  • aspects of the invention include the antisense DNA calr; cloning or expression vectors containing calr; host cells or organisms transformed with expression vectors containing calr; and a method for the production and recovery of purified CALR protein from host cells.
  • Purified CALR can be used to produce antibodies, antagonists or inhibitors for diagnostic or therapeutic use.
  • Figures 1A, 1B and 1C show the alignment between the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:1) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO :2) sequences for CALR.
  • Figure 2 displays the alignment of human CALR with CFOMC5AM, C5A anaphylatoxin receptor from dog; boxed residues are identical.
  • CALR refers to a C5a-like receptor homolog in naturally occurring or synthetic form and active fragments thereof, which have the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the polypeptide designated by the upper case, CALR
  • CALR is encoded by mRNAs transcribed from the cDNA (designated by the lower case, calr) of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • Active refers to those forms of CALR which retain the biologic and/or immunologic activities of any naturally occurring CALR.
  • Nonally occurring CALR refers to CALRs produced by human cells that have not bee genetically engineered and specifically contemplates various CALRs arising from post-translational modifications of the polypeptide including but not limited to acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and acylation.
  • Derivative refers to CALRs chemically modified by such techniques as ubiquitination labeling (eg, with radionuclides, various enzymes, etc.), pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol), and insertion or substitution by chemical synthesis of amino acids such a ornithine which do not normally occur in human proteins.
  • Recombinant variant refers to any polypeptide having the activity of the CALR protei and differing from naturally occurring CALRs by amino acid insertions, deletions, and substitutions created using recombinant DNA techniques. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be replaced, added or deleted without abolishing activities of interest, such a normal signal transduction, may be found by comparing the sequence of the particular CALR with that of homologous peptides and minimizing the number of amino acid sequence changes made in highly conserved regions.
  • amino acid substitutions are the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine, ie, conservative replacements.
  • “Insertions” or “deletions” are typically in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The variation allowed may be experimentall determined by producing the peptide synthetically or by systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides in a calr molecule using recombinant DNA techniques and assaying the expressed, recombinant variants for activity.
  • a "signal or leader sequence” can direct the polypeptide through the membrane of a cell.
  • a sequence may be naturally present on the polypeptides of the present invention or provided from heterologous sources by recombinant DNA techniques.
  • a polypeptide "fragment,” “portion,” or “segment” is a stretch of amino acid residues of at least about 5 amino acids, often at least about 7 amino acids, typically at least about 9 to 13 amino acids, and, in various embodiments, at least about 17 or more amino acids. To be active, any CALR peptide must have sufficient length to display biologic and/or immunologic activity.
  • An "oligonucleotide” or polynucleotide “fragment”, “portion”, “probe” or “segment” is a stretch of nucleotide residues which is long enough to use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or various hybridization procedures.
  • Oligonucleotides are prepared based on the cDNA sequenc which encodes CALR provided by the present invention and are used to amplify, or simply revea the presence of, related RNA or DNA molecules. Oligonucleotides comprise portions of the DNA sequence having at least about 10 nucleotides and as many as about 35 nucleotides, preferably about 25 nucleotides. Nucleic acid probes comprise portions of calr sequence having fewer nucleotides than about 6 kb, preferably fewer than about 1 kb.
  • both oligonucleotides and nucleic acid probes may be used to determine whether mRNAs encoding CALR are present in a cell or tissue or to isolate similar natural nucleic acid sequences from chromosomal DNA as described by Walsh PS et al (1992, PCR Methods Appl 1 :241-50).
  • Probes may be derived from naturally occurring or recombinant single- or double-stranded nucleic acids or be chemically synthesized. They may be labeled by nick translation, Klenow fill-in reaction, PCR or other methods well known in the art. Probes of the present invention, their preparation and/or labeling are elaborated in Sambrook J et al (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor NY; or Ausubel FM et al (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York NY, both incorporated herein by reference. Recombinant variants encoding T7Gs may be synthesized or selected by making use of the
  • “redundancy” in the genetic code Various codon substitutions, such as the silent changes which produce specific restriction sites, may be introduced to optimize cloning into a plasmid or viral vector or to increase expression in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic system. Codon usage-specific mutations may also be introduced or chimeras containing the domains of related peptides added to test or modify the properties of any part of the polypeptide, particularly to change ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, or degradation/turnover rate.
  • the present invention provides a unique nucleotide sequence identifying a novel C5a-like receptor which was first identified in human mast cells.
  • the sequence for calr is shown in SEQ ID NO:1 and is homologous to the GenBank sequence, CFCOMC5AM for canine C5a anaphylatoxin receptor.
  • Incyte 8118 has 45% amino acid identity with the C5a receptor and differs from it in having only three carboxylate residues in the N-terminus, two of which are Glu rather than Asp.
  • the N-terminus of Incyte 8118 is shorter than that of the published C5a receptor and would be expected to have different binding specificity.
  • CALR is expressed in cells active in immunity
  • the nucleic acid (calr), polypeptide (CALR) and antibodies to CALR are useful in investigations of and interventions in the normal and abnormal physiologic and pathologic processes associated with the mast cell's role in immunity. Therefore, an assay for upregulated expression of CALR can accelerate diagnosis and proper treatment of conditions caused by abnormal signal transduction events due to anaphylactic or hypersensitive responses, systemic and local infections, traumatic and othe tissue damage, hereditary or environmental diseases associated with hypertension, carcinomas and other physiologic or pathologic problems.
  • nucleotide sequence encoding CALR (or its complement) has numerous other applications in techniques known to those skilled in the art of molecular biology. These techniques include use as hybridization probes for Southern or northern analysis, use as oligomers for PCR, use for chromosomal and gene mapping, use in the recombinant production of CALR, use in generation of antisense DNA or RNA, their chemical analogs and the like, and us in production of chimeric molecules for selecting agonists, inhibitors or antagonists for design of domain-specific therapeutic molecules. Uses of the nucleotides encoding CALR disclosed herein are exemplary of known techniques and are not intended to limit their use in any technique known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • nucleotide sequence disclosed herein may be used in molecular biology techniques that have not yet been developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotide sequences that are currently known, eg, the triplet genetic code, specific base pair interactions, etc.
  • nucleotide sequences which encode CALR and its variants are preferably capabl of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of the naturally occurring CALR gene under stringent conditions, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequences encoding CALR or its derivatives possessing a substantially different codon usage. Codons can be selected to increase the rate at which expression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression host in accordance with the frequency with which particular codons are utilized by the host. Other reasons for substantially altering the nucleotide sequence encoding CALR and its derivatives without altering the encoded amino acid sequence include the production of RNA transcripts having more desirable properties, such as a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurring sequence.
  • nucleotide sequence encoding CALR may be joined to a variety of other nucleotide sequences by means of well established recombinant DNA techniques (Sambrook J et al, supra)
  • Useful nucleotide sequences for joining to calr include an assortment of cloning vectors such as plasmids, cosmids, lambda phage derivatives, phagemids, and the like that are well known in th art and may be chosen for such characteristics as the size insert they can accommodate, their utility, their fidelity, etc.
  • Other vectors of interest include expression vectors, replication vectors, probe generation vectors, sequencing vectors, YAC and BAC mapping vectors, and the like. In general, these vectors may contain an origin of replication functional in at least one organism, convenient restriction endonuclease sensitive sites, and selectable markers for recovering transformed host cells.
  • Another aspect of the subject invention is to provide for calr-specific nucleic acid hybridization probes capable of hybridizing with naturally occurring nucleotide sequences encoding CALR. Such probes may also be used for the detection of CALR-encoding sequences and should preferably contain at least 50% of the nucleotides from any particular domain of interest from this calr encoding sequence.
  • the hybridization probes of the subject invention may be derived from the nucleotide sequence of the SEQ ID NO:1 or from genomic sequence including promoter, enhancer elements and introns of the respective naturally occurring calrs.
  • Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety of reporter groups, including radionuclides such as 32 P or 35 S, or enzymatic labels such as alkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidin/biotin coupling systems, and the like.
  • reporter groups including radionuclides such as 32 P or 35 S, or enzymatic labels such as alkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidin/biotin coupling systems, and the like.
  • PCR as described in US Patent Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,965,188, provides additional uses for oligonucleotides based upon the nucleotide sequences which encode CALR.
  • probes used in PCR may be of recombinant origin, may be chemically synthesized, or may be a mixture of both and comprise a discrete nucleotide sequence for diagnostic use or a degenerate pool of possible sequences for identification of closely related T7G sequences.
  • Full length genes may be cloned from known sequence using a new method, disclosed in Patent Application Serial No 08/487,112, filed June 7, 1995 and hereby incorporated by reference, which employs XL-PCR (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA) to amplify long pieces of DNA. This method was developed to allow a single researcher to process multiple genes (up to
  • step 2 which can be performed in about two days, primers are designed and synthesized based on a known partial sequence.
  • step 2 which takes about six to eight hours, the sequence is extended by PCR amplification of a selected library.
  • Steps 3 and 4 which take about one day, are purification of the amplified cDNA and its ligation into an appropriate vector
  • Step 5 which takes about one day, involves transforming and growing up host bacteria.
  • Step 6 which takes approximately five hours, PCR is used to screen bacterial clones for extended sequence.
  • the final steps which take about one day, involve the preparation and sequencing of selected clones. If the full length cDNA has not been obtained, the entire procedure is repeated using either the original library or some other preferred library.
  • the preferred library may be one that has been size-selected to include only larger cDNAs or may consist of single or combined commercially available libraries, eg. lung, liver, heart and brain from Gibco/BRL (Gaithersburg MD).
  • the cDNA library may have been prepared with oligo d(T) or random primers.
  • random primed libraries are that they will have more sequence which contain 5' ends of genes.
  • a randomly primed library may be particularly useful if an oligo d(T) library does not yield a complete gene. Obviously, the larger the protein, the less likely it is that the complete gene will be found in a single plasmid.
  • hybridization probes for T7G DNAs include the cloning of nucleic acid sequences encoding CALR or its derivatives into vectors for the production of mRN probes.
  • vectors are well known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used t synthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of the appropriate RNA polymerase as T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase and the appropriate labeled nucleotides. It is now possible to produce a DNA sequence, or portions thereof, encoding CALR and/or its derivatives entirely by synthetic chemistry. Such molecules can be inserted into any of the many available vectors using reagents and methods that are known in the art at the time of the filing of this application.
  • the nucleotide sequence can be used to develop an assay to detect activation, inflammation, or disease associated with abnormal levels of CALR expression.
  • the nucleotide sequence can be labeled by methods known in the art and added to a fluid or tissue sample from patient. After an incubation period sufficient to effect hybridization, the sample is washed wit a compatible fluid which contains a visible marker, a dye or other appropriate molecule(s), if the nucleotide has been labeled with an enzyme. After the compatible fluid is rinsed off, the dye is quantitated and compared with a standard. If the amount of dye is significantly elevated (or lowered, as the case may be), the nucleotide sequence has hybridized with the sample, and the assay indicates an abnormal condition such as inflammation or disease.
  • the nucleotide sequence for calr can be used to construct hybridization probes for mapping the gene.
  • the nucleotide sequence provided herein may be mapped to a chromosome or specific regions of a chromosome using well known genetic and/or chromosomal mapping techniques. These techniques include in situ hybridization, linkage analysis against known chromosomal markers, hybridization screening with libraries or flow-sorted chromosomal preparations specific to known chromosomes, and the like.
  • the technique of fluorescent in situ hybridization of chromosome spreads has been described, among other places, in Verma et al
  • Fluorescent in sjlu hybridization of chromosomal preparations and other physical chromosome mapping techniques may be correlated with additional genetic map data. Examples of genetic map data can be found in the 1994 Genome issue of Science (265:1981 f). Correlation between the location of: calr on a physical chromosomal map and a specific disease
  • nucleotide sequence of the subject invention may be used to detect differences in the genetic sequence between normal and carrier or affected individuals.
  • the nucleotide sequence encoding CALR may be used to produce purified CALR using well known methods of recombinant DNA technology.
  • CAL may be expressed in a variety of host cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  • Host cells may b from the same species in which calr nucleotide sequences are endogenous or from a different species.
  • Advantages of producing CALR by recombinant DNA technology include obtaining adequate amounts of the protein for purification and the availability of simplified purification procedures.
  • CALR produced by a recombinant cell may be secreted or may be contained intracellularly depending on the particular genetic construction used. In general, it is more convenient to prepare recombinant proteins in secreted form. Purification steps vary with the production process and the particular protein produced.
  • CALR polypeptide may be accomplished by procedures well known in the art.
  • such a polypeptide may be purified by immunoaffinity chromatography by employing the antibodies provided by the present invention
  • Various other methods of protein purification well known in the art include those described in Deutscher M (1990) Methods in Enzymology, Vol 182, Academic Press, San Diego CA; and in Scopes R (1982) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Springer- Verlag, New York City, both incorporated herein by reference.
  • fragments of CALR may be produced by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques (cf Stewart et al (1969) Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, WH Freeman Co, San Francisco CA; Merrifield J (1963) J Am Chem Soc 85:2149-2154).
  • In vitro protein synthesis may be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis may be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431
  • CALR for antibody induction does not require biological activity; however, the protein must be antigenic.
  • Peptides used to induce specific antibodies may have an amino acid sequence consisting of at least five amino acids, preferably at least 10 amino acids. They should mimic an exposed structural portion of the amino acid sequence (an epitope) of the protein and may contain the entire amino acid sequence of a small domain of CALR. Short stretches of CALR amino acids may be fused with those of another protein such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and antibody produced against the fusion protein.
  • Antibodies specific for CALR may be produced by inoculation of an appropriate animal with the polypeptide or an antigenic fragment.
  • An antibody is specific for CALR if it is specific for an immunogenic epitope of the polypeptide and binds to at least part of the natural or recombinant protein.
  • Antibody production includes not only the stimulation of an immune response by injection into animals, but also analogous steps in the production of synthetic antibodies or other specific-binding molecules such as the screening of recombinant immunoglobulin libraries (Orlandi R et al (1989) PNAS 86:3833-37, or Huse WD et al (1989) Science 256:1275-81) or the in vitro stimulation of lymphocyte populations.
  • Current technology (Winter G and Milstein C (1991) Nature 349:293-99) provides for a number of highly specific binding reagents based on the principles of antibody formation. Thes techniques may be adapted to produce molecules specifically binding particular domains of CALR.
  • An additional embodiment of the subject invention is the use of CALR specific antibodies or the like as bioactive agents to treat abnormal signal transduction events associated with anaphylactic or hypersensitive responses systemic and local infections, traumatic and other tissue damage, hereditary or environmental diseases associated with hypertension, carcinomas, and other physiologic/pathologic problems.
  • Bioactive compositions comprising agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of CALR may be administered in a suitable therapeutic dose determined by any of several methodologies including clinical studies on mammalian species to determine maximum tolerable dose and on normal human subjects to determine safe dosage. Additionally, the bioactive agent may be complexed with a variety of well established compounds or compositions which enhance stability or pharmacological properties such as half-life. It is contemplated that a therapeuti bioactive composition may be delivered by intravenous infusion into the bloodstream or any other effective means which could be used for treatment.
  • the CALR sequence of this application was first identified in Incyte Clone 8118 (SEQ ID NO:1) among the sequences comprising the human mast cell library.
  • the cells used to prepare the human mast cell library were obtained from a Mayo Clinic cancer patient.
  • the mast cell cDNA library was prepared by purifying poly-A + mRNA and synthesizing double stranded complementary DNA enzymatically. Synthetic adapters were ligated to the blunt-ended cDNAs which were then ligated to the phage lambda-derived Uni-ZAPTM vector (Stratagene, La Jolla CA). This allowed high efficiency unidirectional (sense orientation) lambda library construction and the convenience of a plasmid system with blue/white color selection to detect clones with cDNA insertions.
  • the quality of the cDNA library was screened using DNA probes, and then, the pBluescript® phagemid (Stratagene) was excised. This phagemid allows the use of a plasmid system for easy insert characterization, sequencing, site-directed mutagenesis, the creation of unidirectional deletions and expression of fusion polypeptides. Subsequently, the custom- constructed library phage particles were infected into £,. £011 host strain XL1-Blue®
  • the phagemid forms of individual cDNA clones were obtained by the in vivo excision process, in which XL1-BLUE was coinfected with an f1 helper phage. Proteins derived from both lambda phage and f 1 helper phage initiate new DNA synthesis from defined sequences on th lambda target DNA and create a smaller, single-stranded circular phagemid DNA molecule that includes all DNA sequences of the pBluescript plasmid and the cDNA insert. The phagemid DNA was released from the cells and purified, then used to reinfect fresh bacterial host cells (SOLRTM Stratagene), where the double-stranded phagemid DNA was produced. Because the phagemid carries the gene for ⁇ -lactamase, the newly transformed bacteria were selected on medium containing ampicillin. Phagemid DNA was purified using the QIAWELL-8 Plasmid Purification System® from
  • the cDNA inserts from random isolates of the mast cell library were sequenced in part.
  • Methods for DNA sequencing are well known in the art.
  • Conventional enzymatic methods employed DNA polymerase Klenow fragment, SEQUENASE® (US Biochemical Corp, Cleveland OH or Taq polymerase to extend DNA chains from an oligonucleotide primer annealed to the DNA template of interest. Methods have been developed for the use of both single- and double-stranded templates.
  • the chain termination reaction products were electrophoresced on urea-acryiamide gels and detected either by autoradiography (for radionuclide-labeled precursors) or by fluorescence (for fluorescent-labeled precursors).
  • Pattern Specification Language developed by TRW Inc., Lo Angeles CA
  • TRW Inc. was used to determine regions of homoiogy.
  • the three parameters that determine how the sequence comparisons run were window size, window offset, and error tolerance. Usin a combination of these three parameters, the DNA database was searched for sequences containing regions of homoiogy to the query sequence, and the appropriate sequences were scored with an initial value. Subsequently, these homologous regions were examined using dot matrix homoiogy plots to distinguish regions of homoiogy from chance matches. Smith-Waterman alignments were used to display the results of the homoiogy search.
  • Peptide and protein sequence homologies were ascertained using the INHERITTM 670 Sequence Analysis System in a way similar to that used in DNA sequence homologies. Pattern Specification Language and parameter windows were used to search protein databases for sequences containing regions of homoiogy which were scored with an initial value. Dot-matrix homoiogy plots were examined to distinguish regions of significant homoiogy from chance matches. Alternatively, BLAST, which stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, is used to search for local sequence alignments (Altschul SF (1993) J Mol Evol 36:290-300; Altschul, SF et al (1990) J Mol Biol 215:403-10).
  • BLAST produces alignments of both nucleotide and amino acid sequences to determine sequence similarity. Because of the local nature of the alignments, BLAST is especially useful in determining exact matches or in identifying homologs Whereas it is ideal for matches which do not contain gaps, it is inappropriate for performing motif-style searching.
  • the fundamental unit of BLAST algorithm output is the High-scoring Segment Pair (HSP).
  • An HSP consists of two sequence fragments of arbitrary but equal lengths whose alignment is locally maximal and for which the alignment score meets or exceeds a threshold or cutoff score set by the user.
  • the BLAST approach is to look for HSPs between a query sequence and a database sequence, to evaluate the statistical significance of any matches found, and to report only those matches which satisfy the user-selected threshold of significance.
  • the parameter E establishes the statistically significant threshold for reporting database sequence matches. E is interpreted as the upper bound of the expected frequency of chance occurrence of an HSP (or set of HSPs) within the context of the entire database search. Any database sequence whose match satisfies E is reported in the program output.
  • Incyte 8118 was identified as a homolog of the canine C5a receptor, CFOMC5AM (Perret et al, supra).
  • the cDNA insert comprising Incyte 8118 was fully sequenced and used as the basis for cloning the full length cDNA.
  • the cDNA of Incyte 8118 was extended to full length using a modified XL-PCR (Perkin Elmer) procedure disclosed in Patent Application Serial No 08/487,112, by Guegler et al. and filed June 7, 1995 and hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the primers allowed the sequence to be extended "outward" from the known sequence. This generated amplicons containing new, unknown nucleotide sequence for the gene of interest.
  • the primers were designed using Oligo 4.0 (National Biosciences Inc, Plymouth MN) to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures of about 68°-72° C. Any stretches of nucleotide sequence which would result in hairpin structures and primer-primer dimerizations were avoided.
  • the mast cell cDNA library was used as a template, and XLR and XLS primers were used to extend and amplify the 8118 sequence.
  • XLR and XLS primers were used to extend and amplify the 8118 sequence.
  • PCR was performed using the MJ PTC200 (MJ Research, Watertown).
  • Step 1 94° C for 60 sec (initial denaturation)
  • Step 2 94° C for 15 sec
  • Step 4 68° C for 7 min
  • Step 5 Repeat step 2-4 for 15 additional times
  • Step 6 94° C for 15 sec
  • Step 7 65° C for 1 min
  • Step 8 68° C for 7 min + 15 sec/cycle
  • Step 9 Repeat step 6-8 for 11 additional times
  • Step 11 4° C (and holding) At the end of 28 cycles, 50 ⁇ l of the reaction mix was removed; and the remaining reaction mix was run for an additional 10 cycles as outlined below:
  • Step 1 94° C for 15 sec
  • Step 3 68° C for (10 min + 15 sec)/cycle Step 4 Repeat step 1-3 for 9 additional times
  • reaction mixture A 5-10 ⁇ l aliquot of the reaction mixture was analyzed by electrophoresis on a low concentration, about 0.6-0.8%, agarose mini-gel to determine which reactions were successf in extending the sequence. Although all extensions potentially contained a full length gene, som of the largest products or bands were selected and cut out of the gel. Further purification involved using a commercial gel extraction method such as QIAQuickTM (QIAGEN). Following recovery of the DNA, Klenow enzyme was used to trim single-stranded, nucleotide overhangs creating blunt ends which facilitated religation and cloning.
  • QIAQuickTM QIAGEN
  • PCR amplification 15 ⁇ l of concentrated PCR mix (1.33X) containing 0.75 units o Taq polymerase, a vector primer and one or both of the gene specific primers used for the extension reaction were added to each well. Amplification was performed using the following conditions: Step 1 94° C for 60 sec
  • Step 2 94° C for 20 sec
  • Step 5 Repeat steps 2-4 for an additional 29 times Step 6 72° C for 180 sec
  • This calr homolog also resembles various N-formyipeptide receptors generating BLAS scores ranging from 381 to 363 with probabilities of 7.4 -46 to 3.2 -43 .
  • BLAS scores ranging from 381 to 363 with probabilities of 7.4 -46 to 3.2 -43 .
  • Fig 2 shows the comparison of the human calr sequence with that of the dog C5a receptor CFOMC5AM.
  • modifications of gene expression are obtained by designing antisense sequences intron regions, promoter/enhancer elements, or even to trans-acting regulatory genes.
  • calr is accomplished by subcloning the cDNAs into appropriate expressio vectors and transfecting the vectors into analogous expression hosts.
  • the cloning vector previously used for the generation of the cDNA library, pBluescript also provides for direct expression of calr sequences in E_.
  • c_oJi- Upstream of the cloning site this vector contains a promoter for ⁇ -galactosidase, followed by sequence containing the amino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of ⁇ -galactosidase.
  • an engineered bacteriophage promoter useful for artificial priming and transcription and a number of unique restriction sites, including Eco Rl, for cloning.
  • Induction of the isolated, transfected bacterial strain with IPTG using standard methods produces a fusion protein corresponding to the first seven residues of ⁇ -galactosidase, about 1 residues of "linker", and the peptide encoded within the cDNA. Since cDNA clone inserts are generated by an essentially random process, there is one chance in three that the included cDN lies in the correct frame for proper translation. If the cDNA is not in the proper reading frame, it is obtained by deletion or insertion of the appropriate number of bases by well know methods including in vitro mutagenesis, digestion with exonuclease III or mung bean nuclease, or the inclusion of an oligonucleotide linker of appropriate length.
  • the calr cDNA is shuttled into other vectors known to be useful for expression of protein in specific hosts.
  • Oligonucleotide primers containing cloning sites as w as a segment of DNA (about 25 bases) sufficient to hybridize to stretches at both ends of the target cDNA is synthesized chemically by standard methods. These primers are then used to amplify the desired gene segment by PCR. The resulting gene segment is digested with appropriate restriction enzymes under standard conditions and isolated by gel electrophoresis. Alternately, similar gene segments are produced by digestion of the cDNA with appropriate restriction enzymes.
  • Suitable expression hosts for such chimeric molecules include, but are not limited to, mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and human 293 cells, insect cells suc as Sf9 cells, yeast cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. and bacteria such as E ⁇ c ⁇ JL
  • a useful expression vector includes an origin of replication to allow propagation in bacteria and a selectable marker such as the ⁇ -iactamase antibiotic resistance gene to allow plasmid selection in bacteria.
  • the vector includes a second selectable marker such as the neomycin phosphotransferase gene to allow selection in transfected eukaryotic host cells.
  • a second selectable marker such as the neomycin phosphotransferase gene to allow selection in transfected eukaryotic host cells.
  • Vectors for use in eukaryotic expression hosts often require RNA processing elements such as 3' polyadenylation sequences if such are not part of the cDNA of interest.
  • the vector contains promoters or enhancers which increase gene expression.
  • promoters are host specific and include MMTV, SV40, and metallothionine promoters for CHO cells; trp, lac, tac and T7 promoters for bacterial hosts; and alpha factor, alcohol oxidase and PGH promoters for yeast.
  • Transcription enhancers such as the rous sarcoma virus enhancer, are used in mammalian host cells. Once homogeneous cultures of recombinant cells are obtained through standard culture methods, large quantities of recombinantly produced CALR are recovered from the conditioned medium and analyzed using chromatographic methods known in the art.
  • CALR is expressed as a chimeric protein with one or more additional polypeptide domains added to facilitate protein purification.
  • purification facilitating domains include but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allo purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp, Seattle WA).
  • the inclusion of a cleavable linker sequence such as Factor XA o enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego CA) between the purification domain and the calr sequence is useful to facilitate expression of CALR.
  • Functional chimeric T7Gs are constructed by combining the extracellular receptive sequences of a new isoform with the transmembrane and intracellular segments of a known isoform. Such chimeric molecules are useful for testing purposes. This concept was demonstrated by Kobilka et al (1988, Science 240:1310-1316) who created a series of chimeric ⁇ 2-B2 adrenergic receptors (AR) by inserting progressively greater amounts of ⁇ AR transmembrane sequence into B2-AR. The binding activity of known agonists changed as the molecule shifted from having more oc2 than B2 conformation, and intermediate constructs demonstrated mixed specificity. The specificity for binding antagonists, however, correlated with the source of the domain VII.
  • T7G domain VII for ligand recognition was also found in chimeras utilizing two yeast -factor receptors and is significant because the yeast receptors are classified as miscellaneous receptors. Thus, the functional role of specific domains appears to be preserved throughout the T7G family regardless of category. In parallel fashion, internal segments or cytoplasmic domains from a particular isoform are exchanged with the analogous domains of a known T7G and used to identify the structural determinants responsible for coupling the receptors to trimeric G-proteins (Dohlman et al (1991) Annu Rev Biochem 60:653-88).
  • a chimeric receptor in which domains V, VI, and the intracellular connecting loop from B2-AR are substituted into ⁇ 2-AR are shown to bind ligands with ⁇ 2-AR specificity, but to stimulate adenylate cyclase in the manner of ⁇ 2-AR.
  • the opposite situation was predicted and observed for a chimera in which the V->VI loop from ⁇ 1-AR replaced the corresponding domain on ⁇ 2-AR and the resulting receptor bound ligands with B2-AR specificity and activated G-protein-mediated phosphatidylinositol turnover in the ⁇ 1 -AR manner.
  • chimeras constructed from muscarinic receptors also demonstrated that V- >VI loop is the major determinant for specificity of G-protein activity (Bolander FF, supra).
  • Chimeric or modified T7Gs containing substitutions in the extracellular and transmembrane regions have shown that both portions of the receptor determine ligand binding specificity.
  • two Ser residues are conserved in domain V of all adrenergic and D catecholamine receptors and are necessary for potent agonist activity. These serines are believed to be in the T7G binding site and to form hydrogen bonds with the catechol moiety of th agonists.
  • an Asp residue present in domain III of all T7Gs which binds biogenic amines is believed to be in the T7G binding site and to form an ion pair with the ligand amine group.
  • T7Gs are expressed in heterologous expression systems and their biological activity assessed (Marullo et al (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci 85:7551-55; King et al (1990) Science 250:121-23).
  • One heterologous system introduces genes for a mammalian T7G and a mammalian G-protein into yeast cells.
  • the T7G was shown to have appropriate ligan specificity and affinity and trigger appropriate biological activation-growth arrest and morphological changes-of the yeast cells.
  • Incyte sequences for T7G domains are tested in a similar manner.
  • denatured protein fro reverse phase HPLC separation is obtained in quantities up to 75 mg. This denatured protein i used to immunize mice or rabbits using standard protocols; about 100 micrograms are adequat for immunization of a mouse, while up to 1 mg might be used to immunize a rabbit.
  • the denatured protein is radioiodinated and used to screen potential murine B-cell hybridomas for those which produce antibody. This procedure requir only small quantities of protein, such that 20 mg would be sufficient for labeling and screenin of several thousand clones.
  • the amino acid sequence of an appropriate CALR domain is analyzed to determine regions of high immunogenicity.
  • Oligopeptides comprising appropriate hydrophilic regions are synthesized and used in suitable immunization protocols to raise antibodies. Analysis to select appropriate epitopes is described by Ausubel FM et al (supra).
  • the optimal amino acid sequences for immunization are usually at the C-terminus, the N-terminus and those intervening, hydrophilic regions of the polypeptide which are likely to be exposed to the external environment when the protein is in its natural conformation.
  • selected peptides are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 431 A using fmoc-chemistry and coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; Sigma, St Louis MO) by reaction with M- maleimidobenzoyl-N- hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS; cf. Ausubel FM et al, supra). If necessary, a cysteine is introduced at the N-terminus of the peptide to permit coupling to KLH.
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • MVS M- maleimidobenzoyl-N- hydroxysuccinimide ester
  • Hybridomas are prepared and screened using standard techniques. Hybridomas of interest are detected by screening with labeled CALR to identify those fusions producing the monoclonal antibody with the desired specificity.
  • wells of plates (FAST; Becton-Dickinson, Palo Alto CA) are coated during incubation with affinity purified, specific rabbit-anti-mouse (or suitable anti-species Ig) antibodies at 10 mg/ml.
  • the coated wells are blocked with 1% BSA, washed and incubated with supernatants from hybridomas. After washin the wells are incubated with labeled CALR at 1 mg/ml.
  • Supernatants with specific antibodies bind more labeled CALR than is detectable in the background. Then clones producing specific antibodies are expanded and subjected to two cycles of cloning at limiting dilution.
  • Monoclonal antibodies with affinities of at least 10e8 Me-1 , preferably 10e9 to 10e10 or stronger, are typically produced by standard procedures as described in Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodie A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; and in Goding (1986) Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, Academic Press, New York NY, both incorporated herein by reference.
  • CALR antibodies are useful for investigating signal transduction events and the diagnosis of infectious or hereditary conditions which are characterized by differences in the amount or distribution of CALR or downstream products of an active signaling cascade.
  • Sin CALR was found in a human mast cell library, it appears to be upregulated in cell types mainl involved in immune protection or defense.
  • Diagnostic tests for CALR include methods utilizing antibody and a label to detect CALR human body fluids, membranes, cells, tissues or extracts of such.
  • the polypeptides and antibodies of the present invention are used with or without modification. Frequently, the polypeptides and antibodies are labeled by joining them, either covalently or noncovalently, with a substance which provides for a detectable signal.
  • labels and conjugati techniques are known and have been reported extensively in both the scientific and patent literature. Suitable labels include radionuclides, enzymes, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, fluorescent agents, chemiluminescent agents, magnetic particles and the like. Patents teachin the use of such labels include US Patent Nos. 3,817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350;
  • a variety of protocols for measuring soluble or membrane-bound CALR, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the protein, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • FACS fluorescent activated cell sorting
  • a two-site monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizin monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on CALR is preferred, but a competitive binding assay may be employed. These assays are described, among other places, i Maddox, DE et al (1983, J Exp Med 158:1211f).
  • CALR Native or recombinant CALR is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for CALR.
  • an immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling the anti-CALR antibody to an activated chromatographic resin.
  • Polyclonal immunoglobulins are prepared from immune sera either by precipitation with ammonium sulfate or by purification on immobilized Protein A (Pharmacia LKB
  • monoclonal antibodies are prepared from mouse ascites fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation or chromatography on immobilized Protein A. Partially purified immunoglobulin is covalently attached to a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia, Piscataway NJ). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia, Piscataway NJ).
  • Such immunoaffinity columns are utilized in the purification of CALR by preparing a fraction from cells containing CALR in a soluble form. This preparation is derived by solubilization of whole cells or of a subcellular fraction obtained via differential centrifugatio (with or without addition of detergent) or by other methods well known in the art.
  • soluble CALR containing a signal sequence is secreted in useful quantity into the medium in which the cells are grown.
  • a soluble CALR-containing preparation is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of CALR (eg, hig ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). Then, the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/CALR binding (eg, a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and CALR is collected.
  • a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion
  • This invention is particularly useful for screening therapeutic compounds by using CALR or binding fragments thereof in any of a variety of drug screening techniques.
  • the polypeptide or fragment employed in such a test is either free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface or located intracellularly.
  • One method of drug screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the polypeptide, fragment or chimera as described above. Drugs are screened against such transformed cells in competitive binding assays. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, are used for standard binding assays. The formation of complexes betwee CALR and the agent being tested are measured. Alternatively, one examines the diminution in complex formation between CALR and a receptor caused by the agent being tested.
  • the present invention provides methods of screening for drugs or any other agent which affect signal transduction events. These methods, well known in the art, comprise contacting such an agent with CALR polypeptide or a fragment thereof and assaying (i) for the presence of a complex between the agent and the CALR polypeptide or fragment, or (ii) for the presence of a complex between the CALR polypeptide or fragment and the cell. In such competitive binding assays, the CALR polypeptide or fragment is typically labeled. After suitable incubation, free CALR polypeptide or fragment is separated from that present in boun form, and the amount of free or uncomplexed label is a measure of the ability of the particular agent to bind to CALR or to interfere with the formation of the CALR and agent complex.
  • Another technique for drug screening provides high throughput screening for compoun having suitable binding affinity to the CALR polypeptides and is described in detail in European Patent Application 84/03564, published on September 13, 1984, incorporated herein by reference. Briefly stated, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. The peptide test compounds are reacted with CALR polypeptide and washed. Bound CALR polypeptide is then detected by methods well known in the art. Alternatively, purified CALR is coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques. In addition, non-neutralizing antibodies are used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on the solid support.
  • This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding CALR specifically compete with a test compound for binding to CALR polypeptides or fragments thereof. In this manner, the antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with
  • the goal of rational drug design is to produce structural analogs of biologically active polypeptides of interest or of small molecules with which they interact, eg, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors. Any of these examples can be used to fashion drugs which are more active or stable forms of the polypeptide or which enhance or interfere with the function of a polypeptide in vivo (Hodgson J (1991) Bio/Technology 9:19-21 , incorporated herein by reference).
  • the three-dimensional structure of a protein of interest, or of a protein-inhibitor complex is determined by x-ray crystallography, by computer modeling o most typically, by a combination of the two approaches. Both the shape and charges of the polypeptide must be ascertained to elucidate the structure and to determine active site(s) of th molecule. Less often, useful information regarding the structure of a polypeptide is gained by modeling based on the structure of homologous proteins. In both cases, relevant structural information is used to design efficient inhibitors.
  • Useful examples of rational drug design include molecules which have improved activity or stability as shown by Braxton S and Wells JA (1992, Biochemistry 31:7796- 7801) or which act as inhibitors, agonists, or antagonist of native peptides as shown by Athauda SB et al (1993 J Biochem 113:742-46), incorporate herein by reference. It is also possible to isolate a target-specific antibody, selected by functional assay, as described above, and then to solve its crystal structure. This approach, in principle, yields a pharmacore upon which subsequent drug design is based. It is possible to bypass protein crystallography altogether by generating anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) to a functional, pharmacologically active antibody.
  • anti-ids anti-idiotypic antibodies
  • the binding site of th anti-ids is expected to be an analog of the original receptor.
  • the anti-id is then used to identif and isolate peptides from banks of chemically or biologically produced peptides.
  • the isolated peptides then act as the pharmacore.
  • Purified CALR is a research tool for identification, characterization and purification of interacting G-proteins, phospholipase C, adenylate cyclase, or other signal transduction pathway proteins. Radioactive labels are incorporated into a selected CALR domain by various methods known in the art and used in vitro to capture interacting molecules. A preferred method involves labeling the primary amino groups in CALR with 125 l Bolton-Hunter reagent (Bolton, AE and Hunter, WM (1973) Biochem J 133: 529).
  • Labeled CALR is useful as a reagent for the purification of molecules with which it interacts.
  • membrane-bound CALR is covalently coupled to a chromatography column.
  • Cell-free extract derived from mast cells or putative target cells is passed over the column, and molecules with appropriate affinity bind to CALR.
  • the CALR-complex is recovered from the column, dissociated and the recovered molecule is subjected to N-terminal protein sequencing. This amino acid sequence is then used to identify the captured molecule or to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes for cloning the relevant gene from an appropriate DNA library.
  • antibodies are raised against CALR, specifically monoclonal antibodies, as described above.
  • the monoclonal antibodies are screened to identify those which inhibit the binding between ligands and CALR. These monoclonal antibodies are then used therapeutically.
  • LSTs are formulated in a nontoxic, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier medium preferably at a pH of about 5 to 8, more preferably 6 to 8, although pH varies according to the characteristics of the antibody, inhibitor, or antagonist being formulated and the condition to b treated. Characteristics of LSTs include solubility of the molecule, half-life and antigenicity/ immunogenicity; these and other characteristics aid in defining an effective carrier. Native human proteins are preferred as LSTs, but organic or synthetic molecules resulting from dru screens are equally effective in particular situations.
  • LSTs are delivered by known routes of administration including but not limited to topic creams and gels; transmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, intravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes.
  • routes of administration including but not limited to topic creams and gels; transmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, intravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes.
  • the particular formulation, exact dosage, and route of administration is determined by the attending physician and varies according to each specific situation.
  • Such determinations are made by considering multiple variables such as the condition t be treated, the LST to be administered, and the pharmacokinetic profile of the particular LST.
  • LST formulations are administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life an clearance rate of the particular LST.
  • Normal dosage amounts vary from 0.1 to 100,000 micrograms, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration.
  • Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature. See US Patent Nos. 4,657,760; 5,206,344 or 5,225,212.
  • Those skilled in the art employ different formulations for different LSTs.
  • Administration to cells such as nerve cells necessitates delivery in a manner different from th to other cells such as vascular endothelial cells.
  • abnormal signal transduction in those conditions or diseases which trigger mast cell activity cause damage that is treatable with LSTs.
  • Such conditions particularly anaphylactic or hypersensitive responses, are treated as discussed above.
  • the LS is also used to treat other systemic and local infections, traumatic tissue damage, hereditary o environmental diseases associated with allergies, hypertension, carcinoma, and other physiologic/pathologic problems associated with abnormal signal transduction events.
  • ATCATTGTCC TCAACATGTT TGGCAGTGTC TTCCTGCTTA CTGCCATTAG CCTGGATCGC 360
  • GGCCAATTCA CAGATGACGA TCAAGTGCCA ACACCCCTCG TGGCAATAAC GATCACTAGG 1020
  • CTAGTGGTGG GTTTCCTGCT GCCCTCTGTT ATCATGATAG CCTGTTACAG CTTCATTGTC 1080
  • Cys lie Trp Val Val Ala Phe Val Leu Cys lie Pro Val Phe Val Tyr 145 150 155 160
  • Glu Asn Arg Ser Leu Glu Asn lie Val Gin Pro Pro Gly Glu Met Asn 195 200 205 Asp Arg Leu Asp Pro Ser Ser Phe Gin Thr Asn Asp His Pro Trp Thr 210 215 220
  • Phe Pro lie Glu Asp His Glu Thr Ser Pro Leu Asp Asn Ser Asp Ala 275 280 285

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