EP0829622B1 - Procédé et dispositif de controle d'un filtre à particules - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de controle d'un filtre à particules Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0829622B1
EP0829622B1 EP97402056A EP97402056A EP0829622B1 EP 0829622 B1 EP0829622 B1 EP 0829622B1 EP 97402056 A EP97402056 A EP 97402056A EP 97402056 A EP97402056 A EP 97402056A EP 0829622 B1 EP0829622 B1 EP 0829622B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
filter
exhaust
filtering means
zones
filtering
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97402056A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0829622A1 (fr
Inventor
Jean-Baptiste Dementhon
Brigitte Martin
Olivier Pajot
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Original Assignee
IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0829622A1 publication Critical patent/EP0829622A1/fr
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Publication of EP0829622B1 publication Critical patent/EP0829622B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/031—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start
    • F01N3/032—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start during filter regeneration only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/011—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more purifying devices arranged in parallel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0235—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using exhaust gas throttling means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/031—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2260/00—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
    • F01N2260/14—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for modifying or adapting flow area or back-pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F01N2410/10—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device for reducing flow resistance, e.g. to obtain more engine power
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F01N2410/14—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device in case of excessive pressure, e.g. using a safety valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
    • F01N2430/04—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics by adding non-fuel substances to combustion air or fuel, e.g. additives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the post-treatment of gases emitted at Diesel vehicle exhaust.
  • a known technique for exhaust gas post-treatment is the particles. It is thus possible to obtain filtration efficiencies greater than 80%.
  • Many filter technologies have been developed to date. As illustrative, may be cited the ceramic monolith marketed by the Company Corning, or the wound ceramic fiber cartridge as described in patent application WO-95 / 27,843.
  • Patent EP-B1-0,485,179 illustrates a system based on this principle.
  • the conditions for regeneration can be highly dependent on the fouling condition of the filter.
  • Known means do not allow to act on filter clogging.
  • the present invention allows to adapt the filtration phase to all the operating conditions of the vehicle. It also makes it possible to overcome the problems of the prior art mentioned above.
  • the present invention has the overall effect of better controlling the medium exhaust back pressure and therefore limit degradation of the performance engine.
  • the present invention makes it possible to minimize the contribution of energy necessary for the regeneration of said filter.
  • the present invention relates to a method of control of a particulate filter placed at the exhaust of a Diesel engine for a post-treatment of particles, requiring a minimum of energy.
  • said method consists in adapting the geometry a filter placed at the exhaust according to strategies predetermined conditions related to the operating conditions of said engine by adapting the volume of the filter in which the exhaust gases are filtered at the volume flow rate gases which enter the filtration means, so as to allow limitation the average exhaust back pressure and therefore the performance degradation engine.
  • the method consists in creating heterogeneities in the concentration of soot in different areas of the filtration.
  • the method can consist in reserving certain areas of the filtration means to certain types of soot.
  • a set of partitions is used intended to insulate the different zones constituting the filtration means.
  • the partitions can be provided with openings arranged so as to allow the propagation of combustion from one zone to another.
  • the method according to the invention can allow, when fouling of the filter exceeds a predetermined threshold causing heating gases necessary for regeneration.
  • the method consists in limiting temporarily the exhaust gas passage section in the means of filtration when the fouling of said means exceeds a determined threshold, in order to initiate regeneration by raising the gas temperature.
  • the device according to the invention can comprise a set of partitions intended to isolate the various zones constituting the filtration means.
  • said partitions may be provided with openings arranged in so as to allow the propagation of combustion from one zone to another.
  • control means reacts as a function of the pressure measured. upstream of the filtration means.
  • the device according to the invention comprises a sensor for temperature intended to evaluate the volume flow of gases from their flow Mass.
  • said control means makes it possible to determine the angle each winnowing means.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the means used according to the invention. These means essentially comprise a divided particle filter 1 in several zones 11, 12, 13. In each zone is arranged a filter element by example a filter cartridge 2.
  • a winnowing means 31, 32, 33 is associated with each sector.
  • the means of winnowing 31, 32, 33 are controlled by one or more actuators (4), so independent of each other, and according to predefined strategies.
  • a calculator 5 controls each actuator by calculating the position of each means of winnowing according to different parameters and according to different strategies.
  • the winnowing means 31, 32, 33 can be arranged upstream or in downstream of the filter relative to the direction of flow of the exhaust gases. They don't never close the entire filter passage section 1.
  • a set of partitions 6 as illustrated in FIG. 1 can be used for isolate the filtration zones 11, 12, 13 therebetween.
  • Such a device here divides the filter with particles 1 in three equal angular sectors, in each of which is arranged a filter element 2.
  • the partitions forming the assembly 6 can be provided openings to allow the spread of combustion inside the filter 1, when it has started locally in one of the filter elements 2.
  • the filter 1 is divided into three substantially equal sectors having the characteristics set out above.
  • the number and the arrangement of the partitions 6 can vary according to the type and size of the filter used.
  • the acquisition of the input data of the computer 5 is carried out by several sensors and in particular by at least one pressure sensor and at least one sensor upstream of the filter.
  • two sensors pressure are arranged on either side of the filter 1; a means of assessing the Mass flow of gases through the filter is also required.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates one of the control methods of the winnowing means associated with the filter. This is to enslave the winnowing means 31, 32, 33 to the flow volume of gas passing through filter 1, the volume flow being deduced from both the temperature upstream of the filter, and the mass flow.
  • the ordinate of the curves of fig. 2 gives (in%) the opening angle ⁇ of each of the three valves associated with each of the angular sectors described above.
  • the abscissa of the curves represents the volume flow rate Q, in m 3 / h, of the exhaust gases passing through the filter 1.
  • valve A is always open regardless of the flow rate; valve B opens gradually for average volume flows (between 200 and 400 m 3 / h). Valve B remains open for high flow rates. The third valve C only opens for high flow rates, that is to say beyond 500 m 3 / h.
  • the volume flow Q can be evaluated from the mass flow and a temperature measurement.
  • Mass flow can be obtained by direct measurement, by example using a hot film flow meter, or it can be inferred from a engine mapping.
  • the hot film flow meter can also be used to other specific engine control needs.
  • Gas temperature measurement is preferably carried out upstream of the filter.
  • Fig. 3 is a simplified flowchart showing the main functions of the computer 5.
  • the input data are the mass flow rate (in kg / h) and the temperature of the exhaust gases.
  • the computer determines the volume flow rate in (m 3 / h) of the exhaust gases. Based on preset strategies stored in said computer 5, the latter defines the respective positions of the different valves. Then it triggers the commands of the various actuators associated with the valves, so that they respond according to the curves in FIG. 2.
  • the strategy described in relation to figs. 2 and 3 can also allow the creation of a heterogeneity of fouling within the filter, during prolonged operation at low or partial engine load.
  • the study of spontaneous regeneration phenomena (especially in the presence of additives) shows that the creation of such heterogeneities can facilitate local lighting conditions which are dependent on the concentration of trapped material. Furthermore a stratification of the combustible material is favorable for good propagation of the combustion.
  • control of the distribution of fouling inside the filter can provide lower back pressures for a total mass of particles given.
  • valve opening strategy shows that if the engine operation continues at low load, cartridge A becomes clogged strongly while the other two B and C remain clean. In these conditions low speed and low torque (busy urban traffic), the stratification of fouling promotes regeneration if not difficult to reach due to low exhaust gas temperature. Even in the event of a heavy load (acceleration), the heterogeneity of fouling thus created results in more favorable regeneration conditions.
  • the present invention therefore allows to organize the fouling, to control it and consequently, to organize the filter regeneration.
  • Figs. 4A and 4B correspond to strategies which take into account the filter clogging level.
  • the opening thresholds of the different valves as a function of the gas flow rate also change as a function of the pressure measured upstream of the filter.
  • the openings of the valves B and C intervene for important volume flow rates for example beyond 400m 3 / h.
  • Fig. 5 gives a simplified flowchart of the operation of the computer 5.
  • the input data here are the mass flow, the temperature and the pressure measured at least upstream of filter 1.
  • the computer determines the gas volume flow exhaust. Then, taking into account the upstream pressure, the computer determines the level of fouling and calculates the position of the different flaps according to the curves of fig. 4A and 4B. It follows a command of the actuators associated with each of the components.
  • fouling represents the additional parameter which is taken into account here and which allows reach the curves according to fig. 4A and 4B.
  • Figs. 6A, 6B and 6C relate to another strategy for activating different flaps associated with the different zones forming the filter.
  • valve 2 can open fully and instantly as shown in fig. 6B, and the third valve can open gradually as shown in fig. 6C.
  • Another strategy for controlling the regeneration of particles deposited on the filter 1 can consist in carrying out a temporary winnowing of the whole of the filter. This leads to heating of the exhaust gases which itself allows trigger regeneration.
  • the strategy according to the invention consists in monitoring fouling of the filter via a measurement of the back pressure for example; then, when the latter reaches a certain threshold, to act on one or other of the valves 31, 32, 33, simultaneously or separately in order to limit the cross-section of the gas passage and thus causing their temperature to rise.
  • the computer 5 makes it possible to precisely determine the opening angle of each valve 31, 32, 33.
  • the winnowing strategy at a time given may be adapted to the level and distribution of fouling resulting from the application of the strategies described above, aimed in particular at maintaining the filter clogging conditions.
  • a direct advantage lies in obtaining a lower exhaust back pressure, which helps increase engine performance.
  • the present invention makes it possible to prepare a very efficient self-ignition.
EP97402056A 1996-09-13 1997-09-03 Procédé et dispositif de controle d'un filtre à particules Expired - Lifetime EP0829622B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9611292A FR2753393B1 (fr) 1996-09-13 1996-09-13 Procede et dispositif de controle d'un filtre a particules
FR9611292 1996-09-13

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0829622A1 EP0829622A1 (fr) 1998-03-18
EP0829622B1 true EP0829622B1 (fr) 2002-12-11

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ID=9495789

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97402056A Expired - Lifetime EP0829622B1 (fr) 1996-09-13 1997-09-03 Procédé et dispositif de controle d'un filtre à particules

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US5956944A (ja)
EP (1) EP0829622B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP4008075B2 (ja)
AT (1) ATE229613T1 (ja)
DE (1) DE69717743T2 (ja)
ES (1) ES2188878T3 (ja)
FR (1) FR2753393B1 (ja)

Families Citing this family (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2778118B1 (fr) 1998-04-29 2000-06-02 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procede et dispositif de regeneration locale et controlee d'un filtre a particules
US6233926B1 (en) * 2000-03-01 2001-05-22 Illinois Valley Holding Company Apparatus and method for filtering particulate in an exhaust trap
US6572357B2 (en) 2001-02-27 2003-06-03 Illinois Valley Holding Comany Apparatus for manufacturing monolithic cross flow particulate traps
DE10211565A1 (de) * 2002-03-15 2003-10-09 Eberspaecher J Gmbh & Co Abgasanlage mit Partikelfilter für Dieselmotoren
US7269942B2 (en) * 2003-05-15 2007-09-18 Illinois Valley Holding Company Wall flow particulate trap system
DE602004006415T2 (de) * 2003-06-18 2008-01-10 Johnson Matthey Public Ltd., Co. Verfahren zur steuerung der reduktionsmittelzugabe
GB0428291D0 (en) * 2004-12-24 2005-01-26 Johnson Matthey Plc Methods of regenerating NOx-Absorbent
GB0428289D0 (en) * 2004-12-24 2005-01-26 Johnson Matthey Plc Reductant addition in exhaust system comprising NOx-absorbent
JP4400356B2 (ja) * 2004-07-22 2010-01-20 株式会社デンソー 内燃機関の排気浄化装置
US7210286B2 (en) * 2004-12-20 2007-05-01 Detroit Diesel Corporation Method and system for controlling fuel included within exhaust gases to facilitate regeneration of a particulate filter
US7441403B2 (en) * 2004-12-20 2008-10-28 Detroit Diesel Corporation Method and system for determining temperature set points in systems having particulate filters with regeneration capabilities
FR2879654B1 (fr) 2004-12-20 2010-04-30 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procede de regeneration de filtre a particules avec dispositif a combustion catalytique et installation de filtration utilisant un tel procede
US7461504B2 (en) * 2004-12-21 2008-12-09 Detroit Diesel Corporation Method and system for controlling temperatures of exhaust gases emitted from internal combustion engine to facilitate regeneration of a particulate filter
US20060130465A1 (en) * 2004-12-22 2006-06-22 Detroit Diesel Corporation Method and system for controlling exhaust gases emitted from an internal combustion engine
US7076945B2 (en) * 2004-12-22 2006-07-18 Detroit Diesel Corporation Method and system for controlling temperatures of exhaust gases emitted from an internal combustion engine to facilitate regeneration of a particulate filter
US7434388B2 (en) 2004-12-22 2008-10-14 Detroit Diesel Corporation Method and system for regeneration of a particulate filter
FR2880914B1 (fr) * 2005-01-14 2007-04-06 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Ligne d'echappement pour moteur de vehicule automobile
DE102005038707A1 (de) * 2005-08-15 2007-03-08 Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Aufbereitung eines Abgases einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine
US7458207B2 (en) * 2005-10-07 2008-12-02 International Truck Intellectual Property Company, Llc Diesel vehicle exhaust aftertreatment apparatus and method
JP2009052440A (ja) * 2007-08-24 2009-03-12 Hitachi Plant Technologies Ltd 舶用排ガス処理装置
US8007555B2 (en) * 2008-03-30 2011-08-30 Lack Nicholas L Filter with multiple sections of different media
FR2944555A1 (fr) * 2009-04-16 2010-10-22 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Filtre a particules equipant une ligne d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne d'un vehicule automobile
PL2392790T3 (pl) * 2010-06-07 2020-07-27 Illinois Valley Holding Company System i sposób wychwytywania cząstek stałych
GB2511772B (en) 2013-03-12 2019-01-30 Ceramex Ltd Testing catalytic efficiency of an exhaust component

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US4502874A (en) * 1982-10-08 1985-03-05 Pneumafil Corporation Continuous filtration
DE69502344T2 (de) * 1994-05-17 1998-11-19 Isuzu Ceramics Res Inst Dieselpartikelfilter
US5651250A (en) * 1994-05-24 1997-07-29 Isuzu Ceramics Research Institute Co., Ltd. Diesel particulate filter apparatus
US5582002A (en) * 1994-06-29 1996-12-10 Pattas; Konstantin Method of and an apparatus for controlled regeneration of a diesel soot filter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE229613T1 (de) 2002-12-15
JPH1089049A (ja) 1998-04-07
ES2188878T3 (es) 2003-07-01
JP4008075B2 (ja) 2007-11-14
FR2753393A1 (fr) 1998-03-20
FR2753393B1 (fr) 1998-10-30
EP0829622A1 (fr) 1998-03-18
DE69717743T2 (de) 2003-05-28
US5956944A (en) 1999-09-28
DE69717743D1 (de) 2003-01-23

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