EP0816613B1 - Penture pour un volet - Google Patents

Penture pour un volet Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0816613B1
EP0816613B1 EP97810363A EP97810363A EP0816613B1 EP 0816613 B1 EP0816613 B1 EP 0816613B1 EP 97810363 A EP97810363 A EP 97810363A EP 97810363 A EP97810363 A EP 97810363A EP 0816613 B1 EP0816613 B1 EP 0816613B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shutter
lever
intermediate element
wall
locking
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97810363A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0816613A1 (fr
Inventor
Ernst Ammann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0816613A1 publication Critical patent/EP0816613A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0816613B1 publication Critical patent/EP0816613B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D11/00—Additional features or accessories of hinges
    • E05D11/10—Devices for preventing movement between relatively-movable hinge parts
    • E05D11/1007—Devices for preventing movement between relatively-movable hinge parts with positive locking
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/10—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for buildings or parts thereof
    • E05Y2900/13—Type of wing
    • E05Y2900/146—Shutters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a fish tape for a Folding shutter or a folding blind of a door or one Window according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a fish tape is known from CH-A-170 718.
  • Folding shutters or folding blinds for windows or doors must be in be locked in their open position so that they are not from the Wind can be struck.
  • the most famous locking device consists of one attached to the house wall, with a shutter retainer provided with a pivoting element. Becomes the shutter opened and pivoted towards the house wall, see above the lower edge of the shutter slides over the swivel element away, pushing it down. The same thing a swivel element shaped like a standing man then adjusts itself back on so that it has the folding shutter in its open position locked. Is in the opposite direction the movement of the swivel element is prevented by a chicane, so that to close the shutter first Swivel element raised by hand and then folded down must become.
  • This locking device has the Disadvantage that you have to close the shutter from the Lean the window and operate the swivel element by hand.
  • the shutter retainer has a tendency to close quickly rust, which often jams the pivoting element. They are also Shutter retainer is difficult for smaller people reachable.
  • Shutter retainer is difficult for smaller people reachable.
  • Another disadvantage is that such window retainers must be mounted directly on the house wall. This is often the case with curtain walls made of panels not possible.
  • a further locking device for folding shutters or folding blinds is therefore known, which is attached directly to the fish tape, that is to say to the hinge, of the folding shutter.
  • the locking device has a locking lug welded to the fish band part on the wall.
  • a locking lever is attached to the hinged fishband part, which, when the folding shutter is open, hangs down between the locking nose and the wall of the house due to gravity and thus holds the folding shutter in its position.
  • the locking lever is pivoted away from the locking lug by means of an actuating lever, the pivoting movement leading away from the fish belt.
  • the operating lever and locking lever are aligned in the same direction so that their weight forces the return movement of the locking lever into the locking, hanging position.
  • each window or door has at least one upper and one lower fish belt.
  • only the lower fish band must be provided with a locking device.
  • the fish bands to be attached to the right and left side of the window reveal are not identical, but are mirror-inverted. This means that three different types of fish tapes have to be made and stored.
  • a third disadvantage is that the movement, which leads to unlocking the locking must be carried out for the User is illogical. So that he swings the shutter towards him he must first use the control lever with which he wants to swivel the folding shutter away from you. From a first impulse he will use the operating lever pull all the strength towards you, so that the locking is strengthened becomes. There is a risk that the locking lever jammed and also by the subsequent movement of the Actuating lever no longer released in the correct direction can be. This happens especially when the Locking device is rusted.
  • a folding shutter is described below.
  • the arrangement can also be attached to a folding blind.
  • the locking nose is on an intermediate element attached. This allows the location of the Locking nose with respect to the hinge axis of the fish belt too adjust, in the assembled state horizontal, in particular perpendicular to the building wall.
  • the locking nose is plate-shaped, being in a fork-shaped Recording the intermediate element is attachable.
  • the locking lug is by means of a fixative can be fixed in an adjustable position.
  • the intermediate element is in one piece connected to the fish tape. In a preferred embodiment however, it is a separate component, which is based on the thorn of the fish tape is attachable. This allows Fish tapes with and without locking devices made of the same Assemble components. Thanks to the intermediate element, The fish bands are also mirror-symmetrical right and left of the window reveal made of the same components can be assembled. The manufacture and warehousing is much simplified.
  • the fish tape or at least individual components thereof, in particular the intermediate element and / or the Locking nose are in a preferred embodiment Made of plastic.
  • the locking lever projects into his rest position down and one connected to him Operating lever up.
  • the locking lever forced into its rest position due to spring force. He knows Locking lever has a greater torque than the operating lever, this difference supports the spring force.
  • the operating lever In Unlocking the lock, the operating lever in the logical direction, namely drawn towards the user. After this the lock is released in the same direction the shutters swiveled to the window and thus closed.
  • a folding shutter 1 is shown in FIG. 1 and in more detail in FIG for a window or a door with hinges according to a preferred embodiment, also called fish bands.
  • the folding shutter is on by means of a lower and an upper fish band F, F ' attached to a window reveal.
  • Each fish band consists of a wall-side and a hinged-side fish tape part 2,3, which by means of a mounting plate 20,30 on the wall or can be attached to the folding shutter 1.
  • One of the Fish tape parts generally the wall side 2
  • the other fish band part generally the one on the shutter side 3, has a sleeve 31 for pivotable reception around the mandrel 21 on.
  • a locking lug 4 On the wall-side fish belt part 2 of the lower fish belt F is a locking lug 4 arranged, at least approximately is directed parallel to the wall M away from the window reveal. There is a distance between wall M and locking nose 4. With the flap-side fish tape part 3 is in the open state of the shutter 1 facing the wall M side of the shutter 1 a locking lever 6 connected, which with the locking lug 4 is operatively connected to the Folding shutter 1 in its open, shown in Figure 1 Lock position. The hangs in the locking position Locking lever 6 approximately vertically between wall M and Locking nose 4 down and thereby stops the shutter 1 the wall M back. This is shown with dashed lines in FIG Lines shown.
  • the locking lever 6 is by means of an operating lever 7 can be operated, which is on the opposite side of the folding shutter 1 is arranged.
  • the operating lever 7 is in the Locking lever 6 aligned in the opposite direction. To the Swing the locking lever 6 upwards in order to lock it solve what is shown in Figure 1 with a dashed line Arrow is shown, the operating lever 7 must therefore be pivoted below what in the drawing by the arrow is shown with a solid line. So that the locking lever 6 So to release the lock, from the window reveal is pivoted away, the operating lever 7 to Initiation of this movement towards the window reveal become. The continuation of this movement leads to the fact that the Folding shutter 1 is pivoted towards the window and thus is closed.
  • the mechanical connection of the locking lever 6 and actuating lever 7 will be described below with reference to FIG. 4 described.
  • the fish band part on the wall 2 has a fastening plate which can be fastened to the wall M. 20 on.
  • a clamp 22 is on the mounting plate 20 arranged with a mandrel 21, the mandrel 21 parallel to the Mounting plate 20 and in the assembled state of the fish tape part 2 stands up in the vertical direction.
  • the shape of the chop 22 is not essential. It serves as a holder for the mandrel 21 and on the other hand as a bearing surface for the sleeve 31st of the hinged fishband part 3 or if available, as a support surface for an intermediate element 5, in which If the sleeve 31 rests on this intermediate element 5.
  • the intermediate element 5 is essentially cuboid. It points in the rear, facing the window opening Area a bore 50 for receiving the mandrel 21. In the front, the area facing away from the pivot axis of the fish belt it has a fork-shaped cross section in the vertical direction on so that the opening of the fork to that of the hole 50 opposite end of the intermediate element 5 directed is.
  • the fork plates 52 are thus in the assembled state on top of each other. At least one of the fork plates 52 points in FIG its rear, facing the swivel axis of the fish belt Area at least one rib protruding into the fork opening 51 on. In the front area of the fork opening is at least one of the fork plates 52 has an elongated hole 53.
  • the intermediate element 5 is symmetrical designed so that both fork plates 52 ribs 51 and elongated holes 53 which are aligned with each other.
  • the intermediate element 5 is used to fasten the locking lug 4, the position of the locking lug 4 within the intermediate element 5 being adjustable in the assembled state in a horizontal, vertical direction to the building wall M, so that the distance between the locking lug 4 and the wall can be adjusted.
  • the locking lug 4 is plate-shaped and, like the intermediate element 5, is aligned in the horizontal direction in the assembled state.
  • the locking lever 6 slides behind this locking track 42 behind the locking nose 4 in order to lock the folding shutter 1.
  • the movement path of the locking lever 6 is shown in Figure 2 with an arrow.
  • the locking lug 4 can be inserted into the fork opening of the intermediate element 5.
  • the protruding surface of the locking lug 4 is preferably aligned with the surfaces of the fork plate 52, so that the inserted part of the locking lug 4 is made thinner.
  • the insertion depth is thus limited by shoulders 43 which are arranged on both surfaces of the locking lug 4 and which abut the outer edges of the fork plates 52.
  • the locking lug 4 also has a through bore 40 with or without thread, which comes to rest in the assembled state between the two elongated holes 53 of the intermediate element 5.
  • the fork plates have bores and an elongated hole is arranged in the locking lug.
  • the distance between the wall M and the locking lug 4 can be adjusted by the locking lug 4 guided within the intermediate element 5, the grooves 41 and the shoulders 43 forming the corresponding guide.
  • the locking lug 4 can be locked in its desired position by means of a fixing means, not shown here, which can be inserted through the bore 40 and the elongated holes 53, for example a screw or a bolt which can be fastened with a nut.
  • Locking lever 6 and operating lever 7 are by means of Fixing means 60 or 71 with one end each Bearing axis 8 connected, the bearing axis 8 the folding shutter 1st enforced. Set locking lever 6 and operating lever 7 thereby in opposite directions, that is, when the Locking lever 6 points down, the operating lever 7 protrudes up.
  • the torque of the locking lever 6 is preferably approximately the same or larger than that of the Operating lever 7.
  • the actuating lever 7 has a lever head 70, which is connected to the fastening plate 30 of the fish tape part 3 on the flap shutter side and is pivotably or rotatably held with respect to the flap shutter 1.
  • this lever head 70 is arranged on the locking lever instead of on the actuating lever.
  • There is a recess in the lever head 70 which is penetrated by the bearing axis 8 and in which a first and a second bearing plate 72, 73, a return spring 74 and a spring holder 75 are arranged.
  • the bearing axis 8 passes through the first bearing plate 72 which the mounting plate 30 or as shown here on the folding shutter 1 is permanently installed.
  • the spring holder 75 for example in the form of a Pin, fixed, which with one end of the return spring 74 is connected.
  • the other end of the return spring 74 is connected to the bearing axis 8.
  • the spring holder 75 is in the second, upper bearing plate 73 rotatably held.
  • the second Bearing plate 73 is fixed on the lever head 70. She points an essentially circular, but a flattened one Side opening, which from the bearing axis 8 is penetrated, whereby the second bearing plate 73 by the actuating lever is also rotated.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bay Windows, Entrances, And Structural Adjustments Related Thereto (AREA)
  • Operating, Guiding And Securing Of Roll- Type Closing Members (AREA)
  • Extensible Doors And Revolving Doors (AREA)
  • Package Frames And Binding Bands (AREA)
  • Decoration Of Textiles (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Penture pour volet pliant (1) ou pour jalousie repliable pour une porte ou une fenêtre, comportant une partie de penture du côté du mur et une du côté du volet pliant (2,3), tandis qu'une partie de penture (2) présente un tourillon servant d'axe de pivotement (21) et l'autre partie de penture (3) présente un manchon (31) pour la fixation avec articulation autour du tourillon (21), ladite penture comportant en outre un taquet de blocage (4) disposé sur la partie de penture (2) située du côté du mur pour bloquer le volet pliant (1) ou la jalousie repliable en position ouverte et un levier de blocage (6), qui peut être mis en relation active avec le taquet de blocage (4), tandis que sur la partie de penture (2) située du côté du mur est disposé un élément intermédiaire (5) pour la fixation du taquet de blocage (4), la position du taquet de blocage (4) étant réglable par rapport à l'élément intermédiaire (5) dans la direction perpendiculaire au mur, caractérisée en ce que l'élément intermédiaire (5) présente un logement en forme de fourche (52) et que le taquet de blocage (4) a la forme d'une plaque qui peut être fixée dans le logement en forme de fourche de telle façon que la position du taquet de blocage (4) peut être réglable dans une direction horizontale à l'état monté, tandis que le taquet de blocage (4) peut être déplacé de façon guidée (41,51).
  2. Penture selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'élément intermédiaire (5) peut être fixé au mandrin (21) placé sur la partie de penture (2) située du côté du mur, tandis qu'il présente un alésage (50) destiné à recevoir le mandrin (21) et tandis qu'il est disposé, à l'état monté, entre un gond (22) fixé au mandrin (21) et le manchon (31) placé sur la partie de penture (3) située du côté du volet pliant.
  3. Penture selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'élément intermédiaire (5) présente une symétrie de réflexion par rapport à son plan médian.
  4. Penture selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'élément intermédiaire (5) est constitué de matière plastique.
  5. Penture selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le levier de blocage (6) est orientable au moyen d'un levier de manoeuvre (7) placé sur la face opposée du volet pliant (1) ou de la jalousie repliable, et relié à ce dernier au moyen d'un axe de pivotement (8) traversant le volet pliant (1) ou la jalousie repliable, tandis que le levier de blocage (6) s'élève dans la direction opposée jusqu'au levier de manoeuvre (7) et peut être ramené dans une position de repos sous l'action d'un ressort.
  6. Penture selon la revendication 5, caractérisée en ce qu'il existe un ressort de rappel (75), qui est relié fixement à l'axe de pivotement (8) et au volet pliant (1).
  7. Penture selon la revendication 6, caractérisée en ce que le ressort de rappel (75) est placé dans une tête de levier (70) disposée sur le levier de manoeuvre (7) ou sur le levier de blocage (6).
EP97810363A 1996-06-25 1997-06-10 Penture pour un volet Expired - Lifetime EP0816613B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1577/96 1996-06-25
CH157796 1996-06-25
CH157796 1996-06-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0816613A1 EP0816613A1 (fr) 1998-01-07
EP0816613B1 true EP0816613B1 (fr) 1999-12-08

Family

ID=4213675

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97810363A Expired - Lifetime EP0816613B1 (fr) 1996-06-25 1997-06-10 Penture pour un volet

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0816613B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE187523T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE59700815D1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ATE529450T1 (de) 2009-02-25 2011-11-15 Borealis Ag Multimodales polymer aus propylen, zusammensetzung damit und verfahren zur herstellung davon

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH170718A (de) * 1936-03-09 1934-07-31 Linder Friedr Beschläge für Fensterläden und dergleichen.
FR2299484A1 (fr) * 1975-01-31 1976-08-27 Gillard Fernand Ferrure de verrouillage pour volets-pivotants
FR2420637A1 (fr) * 1978-03-21 1979-10-19 Malie Louis Precadre ou encadrement prefabrique d'ouverture de batiment, procede de fabrication et moule mis en oeuvre

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0816613A1 (fr) 1998-01-07
DE59700815D1 (de) 2000-01-13
ATE187523T1 (de) 1999-12-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE69602799T2 (de) Manuell freigebbare Kupplung zur Verbindung einer langgestreckten Betätigungsvorrichtung mit einem Flügelrahmen u. ein schwenkbares Fenster mit Kettenbetätigung und einer solchen Kupplung
EP1577476B1 (fr) Charnière pour maintenir de façon articulée une porte ou une fenêtre sur un cadre
DE3624237A1 (de) Scharnierband mit leicht loesbarer befestigung des moebelseitigen abdeckbuegels am moebelteil
EP1017920B1 (fr) Ferrure pour montage pivotant d'un vantail de fenetre ou de porte
EP1223276A2 (fr) Charnière pour portes, fenêtres et similaires
DE102016015376C5 (de) Öffnungsbegrenzungseinrichtung sowie Rahmen-Flügel-Anordnung mit einer solchen
EP0860571B1 (fr) Paumelle pour portes, fenêtres ou similaires
EP3187671B1 (fr) Dispositif de verrouillage en tant que sécurité anti-effraction pour par exemple des fenêtres et des portes
EP1411201A2 (fr) Ferrure
EP0816613B1 (fr) Penture pour un volet
EP1979567A1 (fr) Ensemble charnière permettant une liaison par l'intermédiaire d'une articulation à charnière
DE3004854C2 (de) Feststellvorrichtung für Flügel von Fenstern, Türen o.dgl. in wenigstens einer Spaltlüftungsstellung
DE102019135814B3 (de) Verfahren und System zur Begrenzung des Öffnungswinkels eines Tür- und/oder Fensterflügels
DE202005009745U1 (de) Beschlaganordnung
EP1777363B1 (fr) Dispositif d'arrêt pour une porte d'un boîtier
EP1180575B1 (fr) Porte additionnelle
EP1512817B1 (fr) Ferrure pour portes, fenêtres ou similaires
DE10301046B4 (de) Drehbeschlag für die verdeckte Anordnung an Türen oder Fenstern
DE202007006349U1 (de) Bandanordnung
EP3553260A1 (fr) Feuillure avec position de jour pour libération conditionnelle d'un bec de cane d'un mécanisme de fermeture de porte
EP0913546B1 (fr) Ferrure pour le mécanisme de commande du vantail d'une porte ou d'une fenêtre
EP0189814B1 (fr) Dispositif pour maintenir en position ouverte un volet de fenêtre ou de porte
EP3382130B1 (fr) Dispositif de verrouillage et fenêtre ou porte avec un tel dispositif
DE20004364U1 (de) Bandanordnung für Türen, Fenster u.dgl.
EP0752511A1 (fr) Penture et fixation d'une penture

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT CH DE ES FR IT LI

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;SI

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19980616

AKX Designation fees paid

Free format text: AT CH DE ES FR IT LI

RBV Designated contracting states (corrected)

Designated state(s): AT CH DE ES FR IT LI

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19990419

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT CH DE ES FR IT LI

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRE;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED.SCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 19991208

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 19991208

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: THE PATENT HAS BEEN ANNULLED BY A DECISION OF A NATIONAL AUTHORITY

Effective date: 19991208

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 187523

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19991215

Kind code of ref document: T

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: NV

Representative=s name: PATENTANWALTSBUERO FELDMANN AG

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 59700815

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20000113

EN Fr: translation not filed
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20000717

Year of fee payment: 4

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 20000724

Year of fee payment: 4

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20010610

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20020403

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20030925

Year of fee payment: 7

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20040630

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20040630

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL