EP0789188A2 - Brûleur catalytique - Google Patents

Brûleur catalytique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0789188A2
EP0789188A2 EP19970101303 EP97101303A EP0789188A2 EP 0789188 A2 EP0789188 A2 EP 0789188A2 EP 19970101303 EP19970101303 EP 19970101303 EP 97101303 A EP97101303 A EP 97101303A EP 0789188 A2 EP0789188 A2 EP 0789188A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
catalyst
fuel
catalytic
burner according
catalytic burner
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19970101303
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0789188A3 (fr
Inventor
Alex Dr. Schuler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Publication of EP0789188A2 publication Critical patent/EP0789188A2/fr
Publication of EP0789188A3 publication Critical patent/EP0789188A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C13/00—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C13/00—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material
    • F23C13/02—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material characterised by arrangements for starting the operation, e.g. for heating the catalytic material to operating temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/0027—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters using fluid fuel
    • F24H1/0045—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters using fluid fuel with catalytic combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2201/00—Staged combustion
    • F23C2201/40—Intermediate treatments between stages
    • F23C2201/401—Cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
    • F23M2900/13003—Energy recovery by thermoelectric elements, e.g. by Peltier/Seebeck effect, arranged in the combustion plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H2240/00—Fluid heaters having electrical generators

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a catalytic burner according to the preamble of claim 1, as is known from DE 4204320 C1.
  • the proposed technical design of a catalytic burner is suitable for heating systems whose heat must reach temperatures of up to approximately 700 ° C.
  • the greatest application potential is represented by heaters for hot water production.
  • the fuels to be used can be gaseous, but also liquid and, after treatment, can also be solid fuels.
  • catalytic combustion systems are particularly characterized by extremely low nitrogen oxide emissions.
  • the requirements of the "Blue Angel" quality label for gas heating systems are undercut by a factor of 100 in relation to NOx emissions and by a factor of 25-50 for CO emissions.
  • catalytic combustion systems offer significant advantages with almost stoichiometric fuel / air mixtures. Such fuel mixtures can only be implemented in flame burners with increased CO emissions.
  • these are catalytically coated metal or ceramic structures, which are often cylindrical or hemispherical. Examples include the catalytically coated matrix burner or the Alzeta burner.
  • the nitrogen oxide emissions of these burner systems show that in addition to the heterogeneous reaction of the starting materials on the catalyst surface, homogeneous gas-phase reactions also take place.
  • a clear indication is the use of ionization detectors to monitor the burner, which only respond when there is a homogeneous reaction (flame).
  • Such burner systems generally achieve NOx values of around 5 mg / kWh.
  • Both the catalytically coated matrix burner and the Alzeta system are burners that are referred to as catalytically supported. They are not to be compared with the catalytic burners, especially in terms of emission properties.
  • series connection of honeycomb catalysts is discussed.
  • the field of application of this technical possibility is in gas turbine construction.
  • the aim of the burner systems there is the representation of hot gas mixtures at the highest possible pressure and large mass flow. So that the individual honeycomb elements do not suffer due to the high fuel concentration due to excessive material temperatures, fuel or air gradations are provided.
  • the heat of reaction is mainly released to the reaction gas. This process can only be transferred to boiler construction by introducing heat exchangers between the individual catalyst stages. If there is no targeted heat dissipation, the adiabatic combustion temperature of 1800 ° C is reached even with a graded introduction.
  • Patent DE 42 04 320 C1 describes a two-stage catalytic burner which in its first stage consists of a flow plate in the form of a tube catalytically coated on the outside and has a honeycomb catalyst as the second stage.
  • the main turnover of the fuel takes place in the first stage, which emits part of the heat to a water cycle via radiation.
  • the remaining heat of reaction is given off to the reaction gas.
  • the turnover in the first stage is 60 - 80% depending on the load. It proves to be unfavorable that the turnover in the first stage decreases with increasing load, so that the honeycomb catalyst has to achieve a disproportionately high turnover with increasing fuel gas load in order to ensure complete burnout.
  • the temperatures in the first stage also depend on the reaction route.
  • the fuel gas is mainly converted in the first third of the pipe.
  • a uniform distribution of the temperatures over the reaction path cannot be achieved with a design for different burner capacities. These factors require a very careful process engineering design of the overall burner.
  • condition 2 is achieved by a combination of a limitation of mass transport (1st burner stage) and heat emission via radiation and convection. This combination complicates a process engineering design that aims for the highest possible modulation capability.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a burner which enables the fuel gas conversion on catalytically active surfaces, which ensures a simple process engineering structure and which enables a high degree of modulation.
  • the emission properties are said to be significantly better than in the known flame burners or catalytically assisted burners (matrix burners, Alzeta burners).
  • the burner should also be able to be equipped with other components to be heated, such as thermoelectric converters, without significant process engineering effort.
  • Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of the catalytic burner.
  • the fuel / air mixture is fed through a feed (1) with nozzle (1a) into a distribution space (2), which is guided on one side by a catalyst (3) and on the other the other side is bordered by a cooled wall (4).
  • the nozzle (1a) serves to atomize the fuel and to generate a uniform flow through the distributor space (2) to the catalyst (3).
  • the gas is passed through this catalyst and partially implemented there if the structure has sufficient catalytic activity.
  • the gas path through the structure of the catalyst is short, the structure is relatively thin.
  • the catalytic surface offered, however, is relatively large compared to the first stage of the burner according to DE 4204320. A large turnover is therefore achieved.
  • the heat of reaction arises above all in the inflow area of the catalytically active structure.
  • the structure heats up and releases its heat of reaction in two ways: a part is emitted via radiation from the inlet and outlet surfaces (3a and 3b), another part is released to the partially burned reaction gas.
  • the ratio of these two heat flows shifts significantly with increasing temperature in favor of heat emission via radiation, which can prevent the catalyst from overheating.
  • the radiating catalyst must be opposite a cooling plate (4) at least opposite the inlet surface (3a).
  • a cooling plate (5) can also be juxtaposed with the outlet surface (3b) of the catalyst in the distributor space (2a).
  • cooling plates are provided with an IR radiation-absorbing layer (4a, 5a), the emission number of which can be set over a wide range.
  • the cooling plate For use in a boiler, the cooling plate has a black coating and heating water flows through it. This limits the temperature of the cooling plate to values below 100 ° C when the heating water temperature is around 50 - 90 ° C.
  • the catalytic converter can give off a lot of heat to this cooling plate due to the large temperature difference.
  • T 4 law the proportion that is emitted via this radiation increases disproportionately with temperature, so that temperature overheating of the catalyst can be avoided with suitable power densities. At the same time, this law ensures that the catalyst temperature does not drop to such an extent that the catalyst stage can no longer achieve sales at lower fuel loads.
  • the gas is passed through the catalyst and warms up. Due to the short reaction path, sales are usually incomplete.
  • the sensible heat of the gas now serves to ensure complete burnout in a second catalytic converter stage, the exhaust gas catalytic converter (6). So that the sensible heat is not extracted from the gas on the second cooling plate, an IR-transparent window can be provided in front of the second cooling plate (5), so that direct contact with the cooling plate is prevented.
  • the gas is introduced into the distribution space (2) at room temperature. Warming up of the fuel gas in front of the catalyst structure is largely excluded by the short dwell time in the distribution room. However, if liquid fuel with the necessary amount of air is injected into the space in front of the catalytic converter, liquid droplets form which absorb radiant heat due to the large emission factor. This heat absorption leads to evaporation, so that the fuel / air mixture is largely gaseous in the catalyst.
  • thermoelectric converters or chemical reactions If heat is dissipated at an elevated temperature in the cooling plates (e.g. 600 ° C for thermoelectric converters or chemical reactions), it may be necessary to supply the fuel gas to the side of the distribution space (2) and use an additional IR permeable filter in front of the cooling plate (4) to prevent heating of the fresh gas. The arrangement then corresponds to the analog structure in front of the second cooling plate.
  • a preheated catalyst is required to start the reaction. This is possible on the one hand by means of electrical heating, but it is particularly advantageous to burn the fuel by means of a starting flame and thereby heat the catalysts.
  • the flame is started above the catalytic converter on its end face by an ignition electrode (8).
  • the flame heats the first catalytic converter (3) by heat conduction and the exhaust gas catalytic converter (6) by convection. If the catalyst (3) has a sufficient temperature for a catalytic reaction, the reaction takes place increasingly in the catalyst (without flame formation). The flame on the front of the catalytic converter goes out automatically due to the lack of fuel.
  • FIG. 2 Another design option is shown in Figure 2.
  • the fuel / air mixture is fed to a distributor space (22) through the feed (1).
  • the distributor space and the cooling / distributor plate (4) are designed in such a way that a uniform flow into the space (2) between the cooling / distributor plate (4) and the catalyst (3) is achieved.
  • the fuel / air mixture is completely converted in the catalyst (3) due to the longer catalyst length.
  • the resulting heat of reaction is released to the reaction gas but largely by radiation.
  • the radiation in the channel direction is removed from the interior of the catalytic converter.
  • a honeycomb catalytic converter is therefore advantageous for this special design of the burner, since an irregular structure interferes with heat being emitted by radiation from the inside of the catalytic converter to the outside does.
  • the emission number of such channel structures is greater than that of the wall material, so that heat can be effectively extracted by radiation even from longer honeycomb catalysts.
  • Most of the radiation is emitted to the cooling / distribution plate (4) against the direction of flow.
  • the plate (4) is flowed through with water from the heating circuit. This ensures good heat transfer due to the high temperature difference between the reaction site and the cooling / distribution plate.
  • the burner also enables radiant heat to be emitted in the direction of flow. However, this proportion is significantly lower.
  • the starting process is initiated by a flame in the room (2a) for heating the catalyst (3), then a burner plate (9) with holes for passing the partially burned fuel gas can be provided on or in front of the catalyst.
  • the flame is ignited by the ignition electrode (8) and monitored by a suitable flame detector (11).
  • the fuel / air supply is interrupted for a short time.
  • the flame reaction then goes out immediately. This has to be proven by the flame detector.
  • the fuel / air supply can be opened again.
  • the catalytic reaction starts immediately without the formation of a flame, and the starting gas emissions are very low due to this type of starting.
  • This starting phase can also be used in the other devices according to FIGS.
  • Heating by flame can also take place in room (2), then the ignition electrode (8) and the flame detector (11) must also be arranged in this room. If necessary, the burner plate can then be arranged on the cooler plate (4a) or, as shown in Fig. 2, on or in front of the distributor plate (4a). Instead of preheating by means of a flame, an electric heater for preheating the fuel gas can also be provided, which is then switched off as soon as the catalytic converter has reached its ideal temperature. In this case, the catalytic converter (3) would then be provided with a temperature control which regulates the electrical heating, which is not shown in the figures, accordingly. The heating could be arranged in the feed pipe (1) or in the distribution space (2).
  • FIG. 3 Another embodiment is shown in Fig. 3.
  • This embodiment serves to illustrate the modular structure for use in a boiler. Two modules are linked together. For the experimentally determined power densities, for a catalyst diameter of 30 cm with two modules, the total power is about 20 kW.
  • an exhaust gas heat exchanger Downstream of the exhaust gas catalytic converter is an exhaust gas heat exchanger, not shown in the figures, in order to achieve the greatest possible calorific value effect.
  • the gas must not flow into the catalytic converter too cold. This can mean that cooling of the gas stream must be restricted by convection on the upper cooling plate.
  • a possible embodiment can be achieved by an IR radiation-permeable glass window which is arranged in front of the cooling plate.
  • the catalyst structure can be, for example, a honeycomb or a foam, and the catalyst support can be made of ceramic or metal.
  • the catalytically active material depends on the process and is advantageously, for example, platinum.
  • Preheating is required to start the catalytic reaction with fossil fuels.
  • To preheat the catalyst structure it is advisable to consider either the cooling / distributor plate (4) or the upper end face (3b) of the catalyst (3) as a burner plate for a flame reaction.
  • the ignition is carried out by a suitably installed ignition electrode (8).
  • the flame reaction heats up the catalyst structure to such an extent that the catalytic reaction can take place.
  • the catalyst can also be brought to the reaction temperature by electrical heating. Preheating the air or the fuel / air mixture is another option.
  • the inflow of the fuel / air mixture can - as shown in the figures - take place both from below and from the side. A steady flow against the catalyst structure must be ensured.
  • the heat dissipation can be further influenced by the design of the side walls (cooled, mirrored, etc.).
  • the cooling plates are provided with a radiation-absorbing layer.
  • the radiation transition is dependent both on the temperature and on the coating of the cooling plates and can be optimized for the corresponding fuels by selecting the coating.
  • thermoelectric converter In addition to the application for hot water preparation, an endothermic chemical reaction (e.g. cracking reactions, gasification, reforming) or, for example, a thermoelectric converter can also be used as a cooling plate.
  • an endothermic chemical reaction e.g. cracking reactions, gasification, reforming
  • a thermoelectric converter can also be used as a cooling plate.
  • the cooling plate temperature must be limited in such a way that overheating of the catalyst structure is avoided with a given power density and material selection.
  • the concept can be used for all flammable gases but also for the conversion of liquid fuels, the use of the cooling plates for the evaporation of liquid fuels (oil, diesel, methanol) being particularly advantageous.
  • the space below the catalyst can also be used as an evaporation space, since the radiation absorption by liquid droplets is relatively good (compared to the pure gas phase).
  • the catalytic reaction can be monitored by a temperature control.
EP19970101303 1996-02-06 1997-01-29 Brûleur catalytique Withdrawn EP0789188A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1996104263 DE19604263A1 (de) 1996-02-06 1996-02-06 Katalytischer Brenner
DE19604263 1996-02-06

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0789188A2 true EP0789188A2 (fr) 1997-08-13
EP0789188A3 EP0789188A3 (fr) 1999-01-27

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DE (1) DE19604263A1 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998046947A1 (fr) * 1997-04-16 1998-10-22 Rossteuscher Andreas P Moteur thermique
EP1122493A2 (fr) * 2000-02-02 2001-08-08 Robert Bosch Gmbh Brûleur avec générateur de vortex localisé dans la chambre de combustion
WO2004020903A1 (fr) * 2002-08-31 2004-03-11 Kuemmel Joachim Procede et dispositif de combustion a faible teneur en nox de gaz residuaires contenant du noir de carbone
EP2232694A4 (fr) * 2007-12-18 2015-12-02 Cataflow Technologies Inc Appareil de traçage thermique comprenant un générateur thermoélectrique
WO2016001812A1 (fr) 2014-06-30 2016-01-07 Tubitak Système de combustion homogène/catalytique hybride

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19726645C2 (de) * 1997-06-18 2001-07-05 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Katalytischer Brenner
US6203587B1 (en) * 1999-01-19 2001-03-20 International Fuel Cells Llc Compact fuel gas reformer assemblage

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4204320C1 (fr) 1992-02-13 1993-08-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung Ev, 8000 Muenchen, De

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3729114A1 (de) * 1987-09-01 1989-03-23 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Katalytischer oxidationsreaktor fuer gasgemische
FR2694382B1 (fr) * 1992-08-03 1995-03-24 Pierre Chaussonnet Chaudière à basse température à panneaux radiants catalytiques.
FR2708337B1 (fr) * 1993-07-28 1995-09-22 Applic Gaz Sa Appareil de chauffage avec brûleur catalytique, et un dispositif de visualisation de son allumage.
WO1997021957A1 (fr) * 1995-12-14 1997-06-19 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dispositif de combustion catalytique
JP3645029B2 (ja) * 1996-04-17 2005-05-11 松下電器産業株式会社 触媒燃焼装置

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4204320C1 (fr) 1992-02-13 1993-08-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung Ev, 8000 Muenchen, De

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998046947A1 (fr) * 1997-04-16 1998-10-22 Rossteuscher Andreas P Moteur thermique
EP1122493A2 (fr) * 2000-02-02 2001-08-08 Robert Bosch Gmbh Brûleur avec générateur de vortex localisé dans la chambre de combustion
EP1122493A3 (fr) * 2000-02-02 2002-01-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Brûleur avec générateur de vortex localisé dans la chambre de combustion
WO2004020903A1 (fr) * 2002-08-31 2004-03-11 Kuemmel Joachim Procede et dispositif de combustion a faible teneur en nox de gaz residuaires contenant du noir de carbone
EP2232694A4 (fr) * 2007-12-18 2015-12-02 Cataflow Technologies Inc Appareil de traçage thermique comprenant un générateur thermoélectrique
WO2016001812A1 (fr) 2014-06-30 2016-01-07 Tubitak Système de combustion homogène/catalytique hybride
US10041668B2 (en) 2014-06-30 2018-08-07 Tubitak Hybrid homogenous-catalytic combustion system

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Publication number Publication date
DE19604263A1 (de) 1997-08-14
EP0789188A3 (fr) 1999-01-27

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