EP0775868A1 - Gas burner for a furnacefor reheating steel industry products - Google Patents

Gas burner for a furnacefor reheating steel industry products Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0775868A1
EP0775868A1 EP96402273A EP96402273A EP0775868A1 EP 0775868 A1 EP0775868 A1 EP 0775868A1 EP 96402273 A EP96402273 A EP 96402273A EP 96402273 A EP96402273 A EP 96402273A EP 0775868 A1 EP0775868 A1 EP 0775868A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
burner
gas
orifices
nose
passage
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP96402273A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0775868B1 (en
Inventor
Alain Usai
Serge Silvestrini
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Sollac SA
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Sollac SA
Lorraine de Laminage Continu SA SOLLAC
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Publication of EP0775868A1 publication Critical patent/EP0775868A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/20—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone
    • F23D14/22—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone with separate air and gas feed ducts, e.g. with ducts running parallel or crossing each other
    • F23D14/24—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone with separate air and gas feed ducts, e.g. with ducts running parallel or crossing each other at least one of the fluids being submitted to a swirling motion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
    • F23C9/006—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber the recirculation taking place in the combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
    • F23M5/02—Casings; Linings; Walls characterised by the shape of the bricks or blocks used
    • F23M5/025—Casings; Linings; Walls characterised by the shape of the bricks or blocks used specially adapted for burner openings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a gas burner, of the type used in furnaces for heating steel products, such as slab ovens for example.
  • These burners are high-power burners, supplied in particular with steel gas (mixed gas, coke oven gas for example), and are placed in the roof of the reheating furnaces.
  • steel gas mixed gas, coke oven gas for example
  • burners of this type which generally comprise several concentric channels for supplying combustible gas and air, opening at the level of the burner nose, downstream of which combustion occurs.
  • burners of the “jet burner” type are known with very high gas ejection speed, greater than 100 meters per second.
  • the air and the combustion gas burn in the combustion chamber of the burner, and at the outlet of the burner, there is hot smoke, the combustion being completed.
  • This type of burner is commonly used in ovens requiring direct heating of the products, for example in coke agglomeration hoods, because the very high gas ejection speed makes it possible to heat a very localized area.
  • Such a type of burner is not suitable for furnaces for heating steel products because the heating they provide is very localized direct heating. Their use would cause temperature heterogeneity on the product to be reheated with the significant risk of the appearance of black marks and the risk of causing problems during the subsequent rolling operation (in the case of reheating the slabs).
  • burners called “flat flame” or so-called “flat flame”.
  • the combustion air is brought into rotation around the gas supply.
  • the flame due to the combustion of the air / gas mixture is generated downstream of the burner nose, in the burner, that is to say in the housing provided in the internal lining of the oven and in which the burner is inserted.
  • This tulip-shaped workpiece allows the flame to be pressed against the walls of said worker and against the walls of the roof of the oven.
  • This type of burner allowing indirect heating of the product by radiation from the roof of the oven, has a number of drawbacks.
  • the weak impulse of gases in this type of burner leads to poor mixing of the fumes inside the furnace and thus a heterogeneity of temperatures between the roof of the furnace and the steel product to be heated.
  • this type of burner by design, has a flared flat flame and therefore a certain black hole in the center of said flame, where it does not generate a flame. This phenomenon reinforces the problem of temperature heterogeneity.
  • this type of burner is not multi-fuel. It is only intended to operate on steel gas and cannot be adapted to operate on natural gas.
  • This type of burner requires a tulip-shaped burner, it is relatively expensive to operate because of the high cost of this type of burner. In addition, this type of workman is relatively fragile.
  • this type of burner has a low thermal efficiency, in the sense of its capacity to generate a temperature rise in the oven, because the useful heating surface on the roof of the oven of each burner is relatively small.
  • the flame due to the combustion of the air / gas mixture is generated downstream of the burner nose, in the opening, in the form of a ball.
  • This type of burner has three series of orifices, a first for the passage of gas, a second for the passage of air, arranged in a circle around the orifices for the passage of gas, generating a short flame, with a length of l 'order of 2 meters, and a third series of orifices for the passage of air, located at the periphery, generating a long flame, with a length of the order of 4.5 meters.
  • This type of burner is a burner for direct heating of steel products. It therefore has a drawback linked to this function, namely the heterogeneity of the temperatures at the level of the product to be heated, certainly less significant than in the case of "jet burners".
  • the object of the present invention is to propose a burner combining the direct heating and indirect heating function by radiation of the roof of the oven, having a large latitude for adjusting the heating power, making it possible to generate a uniform temperature of the roof of the oven, can use both steel and natural gas, while not producing too much nitrogen oxide.
  • the present invention also relates to an oven vault for heating steel products, characterized in that it comprises at least one housing 9, cylindrical with diameter D3, arranged in the internal lining of the oven vault, in which a burner is maintained according to the preceding claims, and in that the ratio between the diameter D2 of the crown of the orifices for the passage of air from the burner and the diameter D3 of the housing 9 is between 0.6 and 0.8, preferably equal at 0.68.
  • the ratio between the diameter D3 of the housing arranged in the internal lining of the oven roof and the distance between the front surface of the burner nose and the oven roof is between 0.9 and 1, preferably equal to 0.95.
  • the burner 1 comprises a box 2 for supplying combustible gas and air, formed by a central channel 3 for supplying the gas, oriented in the axial direction X of the burner, surrounded by an annular channel 4 for supplying d 'air.
  • the burner 1 also includes a nose 7 also called a diffuser, generally made of a ceramic material.
  • the nose 7 consists of a thick plate 8 which covers the axial ends of the different channels while ensuring the seal between them, and which is inserted in a housing 9, cylindrical with diameter D3, arranged in the internal coating of the roof of the oven, being held there by fixing means, not shown, on the wall of the oven.
  • the upstream face of the burner nose 7 has a flat front surface 13, facing the interior of the furnace.
  • the plate 8 of the burner nose 7 is traversed by a plurality of gas and air outlet orifices.
  • the orifices 10, connected to the gas supply channel 3 are coaxial with the axial direction X of the burner.
  • the plate 8 of the nose 7 of the burner is provided with six orifices 10, also distributed in a circle on the crown C1.
  • the orifices 12, connected to the air supply channel 4 are made so that the axis of each orifice is situated in a plane parallel to the axial direction of the burner and tangent to the crown C2, and inclined in this plane, by an angle ⁇ with respect to said axial direction.
  • the angle ⁇ is between 15 and 25 °.
  • the orifices 12 are therefore oriented in a helix, so that the air flow which escapes therefrom has a rotational movement around the axis X of the burner, thus creating a swirling air flow causing a vacuum which sucks the gas flow.
  • the plate 8 of the nose 7 of the burner is provided with eight orifices 12, also distributed in a circle on the crown C2.
  • the nose 7 of the burner has a part 14 recessed towards the inside of the burner with respect to the front surface 13, substantially planar, perpendicular to the axis X of the burner, into which the orifices 10 for the passage of gas and the orifices open 12 for air passage, the recessed part 14 and the front surface 13 being connected to each other by a connecting surface 15.
  • connection surface 15 between the front surface 13 and the recessed part 14 of the upstream face of the burner nose is substantially in the form of a truncated cone, the large base of which is located at the front surface 13.
  • the angle ⁇ of the truncated cone of the connecting surface 15 is between 20 and 40 °, preferably equal to 30 °.
  • the ratio D1 / D2 of the rings C1 and C2, respectively of the series of orifices 10 for the passage of gas and of the series of air passage openings is between 0.4 and 0.5.
  • this ratio D1 / D2 is less than 0.4, the flame is of the "jet" type, directly impacting the product, and in the case of the use of natural gas, there is separation of the flame and risk of extinction . If this ratio is greater than 0.5, the flame is very short, disturbed, and the burner overheats, especially if natural gas is used.
  • the ratio between the diameter D2 of the crown C2 of the series of air passage orifices 12 and the diameter D3 of the housing 9 arranged in the internal lining of the roof of the oven is between 0.6 and 0.8.
  • this ratio D2 / D3 is less than 0.6, a soft, poorly directed flame is produced, sensitive to variations in the internal pressure of the furnace. If this ratio is greater than 0.8, the flame is an airplane nozzle type torch, it there is a strong delamination of the flame if natural gas is used, and at high flow the flame is blown for all types of gas.
  • the ratio between the diameter D3 of the housing 9 fitted in the internal lining of the roof of the oven and the distance H between the front surface 13 of the burner nose and the roof of the oven is between 0.9 and 1.
  • this D3 / H ratio is less than 0.9, there is internal overheating and too much NOx production when using steel gas. If this ratio is greater than 1, the flame is badly directed and the combustion is incomplete.
  • This configuration allows the flame to develop in the housing 9 arranged in the roof of the oven. This flame is not directly pressed against the wall of the roof of the oven, but develops inside the oven in the form of a very obtuse angle cone, of the order of 160 to 170 °.
  • the flame develops inside the oven more or less pressed against the wall of the roof of the oven.
  • a ratio of diameters D1 / D2 equal to 0.40 or equal to 0.50 makes it possible to ensure that the burner will effectively combine the direct heating and indirect heating function by radiation from the roof of the oven.
  • a D1 / D2 ratio of 0.43 is very close to ideal if a steel gas is used, but is not completely satisfactory if natural gas is used.
  • a D1 / D2 ratio of 0.48 for example, is very close to ideal for natural gas, but causes sparks if a mixed gas is used at high flow rates and produces too much NOx.
  • the ratio between the diameter D3 and the distance H is optimum when it is between 0.93 and 0.97, preferably equal to 0.95.
  • Such a burner makes it possible to obtain heating of the furnace according to two combined modes, direct heating and indirect radiant heating, and this from a gas ejection speed equal to 40 meters per second.
  • Such a burner can thus operate with a gas ejection speed of 40 to 100 meters per second, which gives it great latitude in adjusting the heating power, while ensuring a homogeneous vault temperature.
  • Such a burner is multi-fuel, that is to say that it retains its properties regardless of the type of gas used, from natural gas to steel gas.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)

Abstract

The burner consists of a central gas feed channel, surrounded by a concentric air feed channel. A nozzle (7) has its front surface facing towards the interior of a furnace. The nozzle has two sets of orifices (10) in concentric rings of different diameters (D1,D2), one for gas and one for air. Both orifices are linked to the respective feed channels. The gas feed orifices lie concentrically with the axis (X) of the nozzle. The air feed orifices are in a spiral line to create a swirling flow and create a depression which draws the gas through the nozzle. The diameters of the two rings of orifices are in a ratio of 0.45-0.5 : 1. The face of the nozzle has a recessed section (14) which contains the two rings of orifices and is connected to its main front face (13) by a conical surface (15) at an angle of 20-40 deg., preferably 30 deg.

Description

La présente invention concerne un brûleur à gaz, du type utilisé dans les fours de réchauffage de produits sidérurgiques, tels que des fours à brames par exemple.The present invention relates to a gas burner, of the type used in furnaces for heating steel products, such as slab ovens for example.

Ces brûleurs sont des brûleurs de forte puissance, alimentés en particulier en gaz sidérurgique (gaz mixte, gaz de fours à coke par exemple), et sont disposés dans la voûte des fours de réchauffage.These burners are high-power burners, supplied in particular with steel gas (mixed gas, coke oven gas for example), and are placed in the roof of the reheating furnaces.

On connaît déjà différents types de brûleurs de ce genre, qui comportent de manière générale plusieurs canaux concentriques d'alimentation en gaz combustible et en air, débouchant au niveau du nez du brûleur, en aval duquel se produit la combustion.Various types of burners of this type are already known, which generally comprise several concentric channels for supplying combustible gas and air, opening at the level of the burner nose, downstream of which combustion occurs.

Par exemple, on connaît des brûleurs du type "brûleur jet" à très haute vitesse d'éjection des gaz, supérieure à 100 mètres par seconde. Dans ce type de brûleurs, l'air et le gaz de combustion brûlent dans la chambre de combustion du brûleur, et à la sortie du brûleur, on est en présence de fumées chaudes, la combustion étant terminée.For example, burners of the “jet burner” type are known with very high gas ejection speed, greater than 100 meters per second. In this type of burner, the air and the combustion gas burn in the combustion chamber of the burner, and at the outlet of the burner, there is hot smoke, the combustion being completed.

Ce type de brûleur est couramment utilisé dans les fours nécessitant un chauffage direct des produits, par exemple dans les hottes d'agglomération du coke, car la très grande vitesse d'éjection des gaz permet de chauffer une zone très localisée.This type of burner is commonly used in ovens requiring direct heating of the products, for example in coke agglomeration hoods, because the very high gas ejection speed makes it possible to heat a very localized area.

Un tel type de brûleur ne convient pas pour les fours de réchauffage des produits sidérurgiques car le chauffage qu'ils procurent est un chauffage direct très localisé. Leur utilisation provoquerait des hétérogénéité de température sur le produit à réchauffer avec risque important d'apparition de traces noires et risques d'engendrer des problèmes lors de l'opération de laminage ultérieur (dans le cas du réchauffage des brames).Such a type of burner is not suitable for furnaces for heating steel products because the heating they provide is very localized direct heating. Their use would cause temperature heterogeneity on the product to be reheated with the significant risk of the appearance of black marks and the risk of causing problems during the subsequent rolling operation (in the case of reheating the slabs).

On connaît également les brûleurs dits "à flamme plate" ou dits "à flamme plane". Dans ce type de brûleur, l'air de combustion est amené en rotation autour de l'amenée de gaz.Also known are burners called "flat flame" or so-called "flat flame". In this type of burner, the combustion air is brought into rotation around the gas supply.

La flamme due à la combustion du mélange air/gaz est générée en aval du nez du brûleur, dans l'ouvreau, c'est à dire dans le logement aménagé dans le revêtement interne du four et dans lequel est inséré le brûleur.The flame due to the combustion of the air / gas mixture is generated downstream of the burner nose, in the burner, that is to say in the housing provided in the internal lining of the oven and in which the burner is inserted.

Cet ouvreau, en forme de tulipe, permet de plaquer la flamme contre les parois dudit ouvreau et contre les parois de la voûte du four.This tulip-shaped workpiece allows the flame to be pressed against the walls of said worker and against the walls of the roof of the oven.

Ce type de brûleur, permettant un chauffage indirect du produit par rayonnement de la voûte du four, présente un certain nombre d'inconvénients.This type of burner, allowing indirect heating of the product by radiation from the roof of the oven, has a number of drawbacks.

D'une part, la faible impulsion des gaz dans ce type de brûleur entraîne un mauvais brassage des fumées à l'intérieur du four et ainsi une hétérogénéité de températures entre la voûte du four et le produit sidérurgique à réchauffer.On the one hand, the weak impulse of gases in this type of burner leads to poor mixing of the fumes inside the furnace and thus a heterogeneity of temperatures between the roof of the furnace and the steel product to be heated.

De plus ce type de brûleur, de par sa conception, présente une flamme plate évasée et donc un certain trou noir au centre de ladite flamme, endroit où il ne génère pas de flamme. Ce phénomène vient renforcer le problème de l'hétérogénéité des températures.In addition, this type of burner, by design, has a flared flat flame and therefore a certain black hole in the center of said flame, where it does not generate a flame. This phenomenon reinforces the problem of temperature heterogeneity.

Ce problème de l'hétérogénéité des températures est très important car le chauffage du produit sidérurgique s'effectuant par rayonnement de la chaleur emmagasinée dans la voûte du four, toute hétérogénéité de température sur la voûte se répercute sur le produit sidérurgique.This problem of the heterogeneity of the temperatures is very important because the heating of the steel product being effected by radiation of the heat stored in the roof of the furnace, any heterogeneity of temperature on the roof affects the steel product.

D'autre part, ce type de brûleur n'est pas multi-combustible. Il n'est prévu que pour fonctionner au gaz sidérurgique et ne peut pas être adapté pour fonctionner au gaz naturel.On the other hand, this type of burner is not multi-fuel. It is only intended to operate on steel gas and cannot be adapted to operate on natural gas.

Ce type de brûleur nécessitant un ouvreau en forme de tulipe, il s'avère relativement coûteux en exploitation du fait du coût élevé de ce type d'ouvreau. De plus ce type d'ouvreau est relativement fragile.This type of burner requires a tulip-shaped burner, it is relatively expensive to operate because of the high cost of this type of burner. In addition, this type of workman is relatively fragile.

Enfin, ce type de brûleur présente un faible rendement thermique, au sens de sa capacité à engendrer une montée en température dans le four, car la surface utile de chauffe sur la voûte du four de chaque brûleur est relativement faible.Finally, this type of burner has a low thermal efficiency, in the sense of its capacity to generate a temperature rise in the oven, because the useful heating surface on the roof of the oven of each burner is relatively small.

On connaît également les brûleurs dits "à flamme boule" au sein desquels la flamme se développe dans l'ouvreau sous forme d'une boule.We also know the so-called "ball flame" burners in which the flame develops in the burner in the form of a ball.

La flamme due à la combustion du mélange air/gaz est générée en aval du nez du brûleur, dans l'ouvreau, sous la forme d'une boule.The flame due to the combustion of the air / gas mixture is generated downstream of the burner nose, in the opening, in the form of a ball.

Un grand inconvénient de ce type de brûleur réside dans sa très faible latitude de réglage du point de vue de la puissance de chauffe.A great disadvantage of this type of burner lies in its very low latitude of adjustment from the point of view of the heating power.

On connaît encore des brûleurs à chauffe directe et à longueur de flamme variable.There are also known direct burners with variable flame length.

Ce type de brûleur présente trois séries d'orifices, une première pour le passage du gaz, une seconde pour le passage d'air, disposés en cercle autour des orifices de passage du gaz, générant une flamme courte, d'une longueur de l'ordre de 2 mètres, et une troisième série d'orifices pour le passage d'air, situés à la périphérie, générant une flamme longue, d'une longueur de l'ordre de 4,5 mètres.This type of burner has three series of orifices, a first for the passage of gas, a second for the passage of air, arranged in a circle around the orifices for the passage of gas, generating a short flame, with a length of l 'order of 2 meters, and a third series of orifices for the passage of air, located at the periphery, generating a long flame, with a length of the order of 4.5 meters.

Ce type de brûleur est un brûleur pour le chauffage direct des produits sidérurgiques. Il présente donc un inconvénient lié à cette fonction, à savoir l'hétérogénéité des températures au niveau du produit à chauffer, certes moins important que dans le cas des "brûleurs jet".This type of burner is a burner for direct heating of steel products. It therefore has a drawback linked to this function, namely the heterogeneity of the temperatures at the level of the product to be heated, certainly less significant than in the case of "jet burners".

De plus, un grand nombre de types de brûleurs industriels produisent des gaz ayant des teneurs élevées en oxyde d'azote NOx, notamment supérieurs à 300 ppm pour des teneurs en oxygène de l'ordre de 2 % dans les fumées, ce qui est un inconvénient dans la plupart des fours, ainsi que pour l'environnement, ces oxydes d'azote étant rejetés dans l'atmosphère avec les fumées du four.In addition, a large number of types of industrial burners produce gases having high nitrogen oxide NOx contents, in particular greater than 300 ppm for oxygen contents of the order of 2% in the flue gases, which is a disadvantage in most ovens, as well as for the environment, these nitrogen oxides being released into the atmosphere with the fumes from the oven.

La présente invention a pour but de proposer un brûleur combinant la fonction chauffage direct et chauffage indirect par rayonnement de la voûte du four, ayant une grande latitude de réglage de la puissance de chauffe, permettant de générer une température homogène de la voûte du four, pouvant utiliser à la fois du gaz sidérurgique et du gaz naturel, tout en ne produisant pas une quantité trop importante d'oxyde d'azote.The object of the present invention is to propose a burner combining the direct heating and indirect heating function by radiation of the roof of the oven, having a large latitude for adjusting the heating power, making it possible to generate a uniform temperature of the roof of the oven, can use both steel and natural gas, while not producing too much nitrogen oxide.

L'invention à donc pour objet un brûleur à gaz, notamment pour un four de réchauffage de produits sidérurgiques, comportant un canal central d'alimentation en gaz combustible, un canal annulaire concentrique d'alimentation en air et un nez de brûleur, ledit nez de brûleur comportant une surface frontale en regard avec l'intérieur du four et :

  • une première série d'orifices pour le passage du gaz, disposés en cercle sur une couronne de diamètre moyen D1 et en communication avec le canal central,
  • une seconde série d'orifices pour le passage d'air, disposés en cercle sur une couronne de diamètre moyen D2 autour des orifices de passage de gaz, et en communication avec le canal annulaire d'alimentation en air, caractérisé en ce que :
  • les orifices pour le passage du gaz sont coaxiaux à la direction axiale du nez du brûleur,
  • les orifices de passage d'air sont orientés en hélice pour créer un flux d'air tourbillonnant provoquant une dépression qui aspire le gaz,
  • le rapport des diamètres D1/D2 des couronnes est compris entre 0,4 et 0,5, de préférence égal à 0,46.
The invention therefore relates to a gas burner, in particular for a furnace for reheating steel products, comprising a central fuel gas supply channel, a concentric annular air supply channel and a burner nose, said nose burner comprising a front surface facing the interior of the furnace and:
  • a first series of orifices for the passage of gas, arranged in a circle on a crown of average diameter D1 and in communication with the central channel,
  • a second series of orifices for the passage of air, arranged in a circle on a ring of average diameter D2 around the orifices for the passage of gas, and in communication with the annular air supply channel, characterized in that:
  • the orifices for the passage of gas are coaxial with the axial direction of the burner nose,
  • the air passage openings are oriented in a helix to create a swirling air flow causing a vacuum which sucks in the gas,
  • the ratio of diameters D1 / D2 of the crowns is between 0.4 and 0.5, preferably equal to 0.46.

Selon d'autres caractéristiques de l'invention,

  • le nez du brûleur comporte une partie en retrait vers l'intérieur du brûleur par rapport à la surface frontale du nez, sensiblement plane, perpendiculaire à l'axe du brûleur, dans laquelle débouchent les deux séries d'orifices, la partie en retrait et la surface frontale étant reliées entre elles par une surface de liaison ;
  • la surface de liaison entre la surface frontale et la partie en retrait de la face amont du nez du brûleur est sensiblement en forme de tronc de cône, dont la grande base est située au niveau de la surface frontale;
  • l'angle du tronc de cône de la partie en retrait est compris entre 20 et 40 degrés, de préférence égal à 30 degrés.
According to other features of the invention,
  • the burner nose has a part recessed towards the inside of the burner with respect to the front surface of the nose, substantially flat, perpendicular to the axis of the burner, into which the two series of orifices open, the recessed part and the front surface being interconnected by a connecting surface;
  • the connection surface between the front surface and the recessed part of the upstream face of the burner nose is substantially in the form of a truncated cone, the large base of which is situated at the level of the front surface;
  • the angle of the truncated cone of the recessed part is between 20 and 40 degrees, preferably equal to 30 degrees.

La présente invention concerne également une voûte de four de réchauffage de produits sidérurgiques, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend au moins un logement 9, cylindrique de diamètre D3, aménagé dans le revêtement interne de la voûte du four, dans lequel est maintenu un brûleur selon les revendications précédentes, et en ce que le rapport entre le diamètre D2 de la couronne des orifices pour le passage de l'air du brûleur et le diamètre D3 du logement 9 est compris entre 0,6 et 0,8, de préférence égal à 0,68.The present invention also relates to an oven vault for heating steel products, characterized in that it comprises at least one housing 9, cylindrical with diameter D3, arranged in the internal lining of the oven vault, in which a burner is maintained according to the preceding claims, and in that the ratio between the diameter D2 of the crown of the orifices for the passage of air from the burner and the diameter D3 of the housing 9 is between 0.6 and 0.8, preferably equal at 0.68.

Selon une autre caractéristique, le rapport entre le diamètre D3 du logement aménagé dans le revêtement interne de la voûte du four et la distance entre la surface frontale du nez du brûleur et la voûte du four est compris entre 0,9 et 1, de préférence égale à 0,95.According to another characteristic, the ratio between the diameter D3 of the housing arranged in the internal lining of the oven roof and the distance between the front surface of the burner nose and the oven roof is between 0.9 and 1, preferably equal to 0.95.

Les caractéristiques et avantages apparaîtront mieux à la suite de la description qui va suivre, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple, faite en référence aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en coupe axiale d'un brûleur à gaz selon l'invention, implanté dans la voûte d'un four de réchauffage,
  • la figure 2 est une vue en coupe à échelle agrandie du nez du brûleur,
  • la figure 3 est une vue frontale du nez du brûleur.
The characteristics and advantages will appear more clearly from the description which follows, given solely by way of example, made with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a view in axial section of a gas burner according to the invention, installed in the roof of a reheating oven,
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view on an enlarged scale of the burner nose,
  • Figure 3 is a front view of the burner nose.

Le brûleur 1 comporte un caisson 2 d'alimentation en gaz combustible et en air, formé d'un canal central 3 d'amenée du gaz, orienté selon la direction axiale X du brûleur, entouré d'un canal annulaire 4 d'amenée d'air.The burner 1 comprises a box 2 for supplying combustible gas and air, formed by a central channel 3 for supplying the gas, oriented in the axial direction X of the burner, surrounded by an annular channel 4 for supplying d 'air.

Ces deux canaux coaxiaux 3, 4 sont alimentés respectivement en gaz et en air par des conduits d'alimentation 5, 6 respectivement.These two coaxial channels 3, 4 are supplied with gas and air respectively by supply conduits 5, 6 respectively.

Le brûleur 1 comporte également un nez 7 encore appelé diffuseur, généralement réalisé en un matériau céramique.The burner 1 also includes a nose 7 also called a diffuser, generally made of a ceramic material.

Le nez 7 est constitué d'une plaque 8 épaisse qui recouvre les extrémités axiales des différents canaux en assurant l'étanchéité entre ceux-ci, et qui est insérée dans un logement 9, cylindrique de diamètre D3, aménagé dans le revêtement interne de la voûte du four, en y étant maintenue par des moyens de fixation, non représentés, sur la paroi du four.The nose 7 consists of a thick plate 8 which covers the axial ends of the different channels while ensuring the seal between them, and which is inserted in a housing 9, cylindrical with diameter D3, arranged in the internal coating of the roof of the oven, being held there by fixing means, not shown, on the wall of the oven.

La face amont du nez 7 du brûleur comporte une surface frontale 13 plane, en regard avec l'intérieur du four.The upstream face of the burner nose 7 has a flat front surface 13, facing the interior of the furnace.

La plaque 8 du nez 7 du brûleur est traversée par une pluralité d'orifices de sortie du gaz et de l'air.The plate 8 of the burner nose 7 is traversed by a plurality of gas and air outlet orifices.

Une première série d'orifices 10, répartis en cercle sur une couronne C1, de diamètre moyen D1, débouche du coté de la face arrière 11 de la plaque 8 dans le canal central 3 d'alimentation en gaz.A first series of orifices 10, distributed in a circle on a crown C1, of average diameter D1, opens on the side of the rear face 11 of the plate 8 in the central channel 3 of gas supply.

Les orifices 10, reliés au canal 3 d'alimentation en gaz sont coaxiaux à la direction axiale X du brûleur.The orifices 10, connected to the gas supply channel 3 are coaxial with the axial direction X of the burner.

Dans l'exemple de réalisation représenté, la plaque 8 du nez 7 du brûleur est munie de six orifices 10, également répartis en cercle sur la couronne C1.In the embodiment shown, the plate 8 of the nose 7 of the burner is provided with six orifices 10, also distributed in a circle on the crown C1.

Une seconde série d'orifices 12, répartis en cercle sur une couronne C2 de diamètre moyen D2 autour des orifices 10, débouche du coté de la face arrière 11 de la plaque 8 dans le canal annuaire 4 d'alimentation en air.A second series of orifices 12, distributed in a circle on a ring C2 of average diameter D2 around the orifices 10, opens on the side of the rear face 11 of the plate 8 in the directory channel 4 for air supply.

Comme on le voit sur la figure 2, les orifices 12, reliés au canal 4 d'alimentation en air, sont réalisés de manière que l'axe de chaque orifice soit situé dans un plan parallèle à la direction axiale du brûleur et tangent à la couronne C2, et incliné dans ce plan, d'un angle α par rapport à ladite direction axiale.As can be seen in FIG. 2, the orifices 12, connected to the air supply channel 4, are made so that the axis of each orifice is situated in a plane parallel to the axial direction of the burner and tangent to the crown C2, and inclined in this plane, by an angle α with respect to said axial direction.

De manière préférentielle, l'angle α est compris entre 15 et 25°.Preferably, the angle α is between 15 and 25 °.

Les orifices 12 sont donc orientés en hélice, de manière que le flux d'air qui s'en échappe ait un mouvement de rotation autour de l'axe X du brûleur, créant ainsi un flux d'air tourbillonnant provoquant une dépression qui aspire le flux de gaz.The orifices 12 are therefore oriented in a helix, so that the air flow which escapes therefrom has a rotational movement around the axis X of the burner, thus creating a swirling air flow causing a vacuum which sucks the gas flow.

Dans l'exemple de réalisation représenté, la plaque 8 du nez 7 du brûleur est munie de huit orifices 12, également répartis en cercle sur la couronne C2.In the embodiment shown, the plate 8 of the nose 7 of the burner is provided with eight orifices 12, also distributed in a circle on the crown C2.

Le nez 7 du brûleur comporte une partie 14 en retrait vers l'intérieur du brûleur par rapport à la surface frontale 13, sensiblement plane, perpendiculaire à l'axe X du brûleur, dans laquelle débouchent les orifices 10 de passage de gaz et les orifices 12 de passage de l'air, la partie en retrait 14 et la surface frontale 13 étant reliées entre elles par une surface de liaison 15.The nose 7 of the burner has a part 14 recessed towards the inside of the burner with respect to the front surface 13, substantially planar, perpendicular to the axis X of the burner, into which the orifices 10 for the passage of gas and the orifices open 12 for air passage, the recessed part 14 and the front surface 13 being connected to each other by a connecting surface 15.

La surface de liaison 15 entre la surface frontale 13 et la partie en retrait 14 de la face amont du nez du brûleur est sensiblement en forme de tronc de cône, dont la grande base est située au niveau de la surface frontale 13.The connection surface 15 between the front surface 13 and the recessed part 14 of the upstream face of the burner nose is substantially in the form of a truncated cone, the large base of which is located at the front surface 13.

L'angle β du tronc de cône de la surface de liaison 15 est compris entre 20 et 40°, de préférence égal à 30°.The angle β of the truncated cone of the connecting surface 15 is between 20 and 40 °, preferably equal to 30 °.

Pour assurer que le brûleur selon l'invention combine la fonction chauffage direct et chauffage indirect par rayonnement de la voûte du four, le rapport D1/D2 des couronnes C1 et C2, respectivement de la série d'orifices 10 de passage du gaz et de la série d'orifices de passage de l'air est compris entre 0,4 et 0,5.To ensure that the burner according to the invention combines the direct heating and indirect heating by radiation function of the oven roof, the ratio D1 / D2 of the rings C1 and C2, respectively of the series of orifices 10 for the passage of gas and of the series of air passage openings is between 0.4 and 0.5.

Si ce rapport D1/D2 est inférieur à 0,4, la flamme est de type "jet", impactant directement sur le produit, et en cas d'utilisation de gaz naturel, il y a décollement de la flamme et risque d'extinction. Si ce rapport est supérieur à 0,5, la flamme est très courte, perturbée, et il y a surchauffe de l'ouvreau, surtout si on utilise du gaz naturel.If this ratio D1 / D2 is less than 0.4, the flame is of the "jet" type, directly impacting the product, and in the case of the use of natural gas, there is separation of the flame and risk of extinction . If this ratio is greater than 0.5, the flame is very short, disturbed, and the burner overheats, especially if natural gas is used.

De plus, le rapport entre le diamètre D2 de la couronne C2 de la série d'orifices 12 de passage de l'air et le diamètre D3 du logement 9 aménagée dans le revêtement interne de la voûte du four est compris entre 0,6 et 0,8.In addition, the ratio between the diameter D2 of the crown C2 of the series of air passage orifices 12 and the diameter D3 of the housing 9 arranged in the internal lining of the roof of the oven is between 0.6 and 0.8.

Si ce rapport D2/D3 est inférieur à 0,6, il se produit une flamme molle, mal dirigée, sensible aux variations de pression interne du four. Si ce rapport est supérieur à 0,8, la flamme est une torche du type tuyère d'avion, il y a un fort décollement de la flamme si on utilise du gaz naturel, et à fort débit la flamme est soufflée pour tout type de gaz.If this ratio D2 / D3 is less than 0.6, a soft, poorly directed flame is produced, sensitive to variations in the internal pressure of the furnace. If this ratio is greater than 0.8, the flame is an airplane nozzle type torch, it there is a strong delamination of the flame if natural gas is used, and at high flow the flame is blown for all types of gas.

Enfin, le rapport entre le diamètre D3 du logement 9 aménagée dans le revêtement interne de la voûte du four et la distance H entre la surface frontale 13 du nez du brûleur et la voûte du four est compris entre 0,9 et 1.Finally, the ratio between the diameter D3 of the housing 9 fitted in the internal lining of the roof of the oven and the distance H between the front surface 13 of the burner nose and the roof of the oven is between 0.9 and 1.

Si ce rapport D3/H est inférieur à 0,9, il y a surchauffe interne et production trop importante de NOx en cas d'utilisation de gaz sidérurgique. Si ce rapport est supérieur à 1, la flamme est mal dirigée et la combustion est incomplète.If this D3 / H ratio is less than 0.9, there is internal overheating and too much NOx production when using steel gas. If this ratio is greater than 1, the flame is badly directed and the combustion is incomplete.

Cette configuration permet à la flamme de se développer dans le logement 9 aménagé dans la voûte du four. Cette flamme n'est pas directement plaquée contre la paroi de la voûte du four, mais se développe à l'intérieur du four sous la forme d'un cône d'angle très obtus, de l'ordre de 160 à 170°.This configuration allows the flame to develop in the housing 9 arranged in the roof of the oven. This flame is not directly pressed against the wall of the roof of the oven, but develops inside the oven in the form of a very obtuse angle cone, of the order of 160 to 170 °.

Selon les valeurs des rapports D1/D2, D2/D3 et D3/H, la flamme se développe à l'intérieur du four plus ou moins plaquée contre la paroi de la voûte du four.According to the values of the ratios D1 / D2, D2 / D3 and D3 / H, the flame develops inside the oven more or less pressed against the wall of the roof of the oven.

Ainsi un rapport des diamètres D1/D2 égal à 0,40 ou égal à 0,50 permet d'assurer que le brûleur combinera effectivement la fonction chauffage direct et chauffage indirect par rayonnement de la voûte du four.Thus a ratio of diameters D1 / D2 equal to 0.40 or equal to 0.50 makes it possible to ensure that the burner will effectively combine the direct heating and indirect heating function by radiation from the roof of the oven.

Par exemple, un rapport D1/D2 égal à 0,43 est très proche de l'idéal si on utilise un gaz sidérurgique, mais n'est pas totalement satisfaisant si on utilise du gaz naturel.For example, a D1 / D2 ratio of 0.43 is very close to ideal if a steel gas is used, but is not completely satisfactory if natural gas is used.

Un rapport D1/D2 égal à 0,48 par exemple , est très proche de l'idéal pour le gaz naturel, mais provoque des flammèches si on utilise un gaz mixte à fort débit et produit une quantité trop importante de NOx.A D1 / D2 ratio of 0.48, for example, is very close to ideal for natural gas, but causes sparks if a mixed gas is used at high flow rates and produces too much NOx.

Le meilleur compromis pour une utilisation multi-combustibles est assuré pour un rapport D1/D2 compris entre 0,44 et 0,48, de préférence égal à 0,46.The best compromise for multi-fuel use is provided for a D1 / D2 ratio between 0.44 and 0.48, preferably equal to 0.46.

De même, le meilleur compromis concernant le rapport des diamètres D2/D3 est atteint lorsque ce rapport D2/D3 est compris entre 0,66 et 0,70, de préférence égal à 0,68.Likewise, the best compromise concerning the ratio of diameters D2 / D3 is reached when this ratio D2 / D3 is between 0.66 and 0.70, preferably equal to 0.68.

Enfin, le rapport entre le diamètre D3 et la distance H est optimum lorsqu'il est compris entre 0,93 et 0,97, de préférence égal à 0,95.Finally, the ratio between the diameter D3 and the distance H is optimum when it is between 0.93 and 0.97, preferably equal to 0.95.

Un tel brûleur permet d'obtenir un chauffage du four selon deux modes combinés, le chauffage direct et le chauffage indirect radiant, et ceci à partir d'une vitesse d'éjection des gaz égal à 40 mètres par seconde.Such a burner makes it possible to obtain heating of the furnace according to two combined modes, direct heating and indirect radiant heating, and this from a gas ejection speed equal to 40 meters per second.

Un tel brûleur peut ainsi fonctionner avec une vitesse d'éjection des gaz de 40 à 100 mètres par seconde, ce qui lui confère une grande latitude de réglage de la puissance de chauffe, tout en assurant une température de voûte homogène.Such a burner can thus operate with a gas ejection speed of 40 to 100 meters per second, which gives it great latitude in adjusting the heating power, while ensuring a homogeneous vault temperature.

De plus, un tel brûleur est multi-combustibles, c'est-à-dire qu'il conserve ses propriétés quel que soit le type de gaz utilisé, du gaz naturel au gaz sidérurgique.In addition, such a burner is multi-fuel, that is to say that it retains its properties regardless of the type of gas used, from natural gas to steel gas.

Claims (7)

Brûleur à gaz, notamment pour un four de réchauffage de produits sidérurgiques, comportant un canal central (3) d'alimentation en gaz combustible, un canal annulaire (4) concentrique d'alimentation en air et un nez de brûleur (7), ledit nez de brûleur (7) comportant une surface frontale (13) en regard avec l'intérieur du four et : - une première série d'orifices (10) pour le passage du gaz, disposés en cercle sur une couronne (C1) de diamètre moyen D1 et en communication avec le canal central (3), - une seconde série d'orifices (12) pour le passage d'air, disposés en cercle sur une couronne (C2) de diamètre moyen D2 autour des orifices (10) de passage de gaz, et en communication avec le canal annulaire (4) d'alimentation en air, caractérisé en ce que : - les orifices (10) pour le passage du gaz sont coaxiaux à la direction axiale (X) du nez du brûleur, - les orifices (12) de passage d'air sont orientés en hélice pour créer un flux d'air tourbillonnant provoquant une dépression qui aspire le gaz, - le rapport des diamètres D1/D2 des couronnes (C1) et (C2) est compris entre 0,4 et 0,5. Gas burner, in particular for a furnace for heating steel products, comprising a central channel (3) for supplying combustible gas, an annular channel (4) concentric with air supply and a burner nose (7), said burner nose (7) comprising a front surface (13) facing the interior of the furnace and: a first series of orifices (10) for the passage of gas, arranged in a circle on a ring (C1) of average diameter D1 and in communication with the central channel (3), - A second series of orifices (12) for the passage of air, arranged in a circle on a ring (C2) of average diameter D2 around the orifices (10) for the passage of gas, and in communication with the annular channel (4 ) air supply, characterized in that: the orifices (10) for the passage of the gas are coaxial with the axial direction (X) of the burner nose, the air passage orifices (12) are oriented in a helix to create a swirling air flow causing a vacuum which sucks in the gas, - The ratio of diameters D1 / D2 of the rings (C1) and (C2) is between 0.4 and 0.5. Brûleur à gaz selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le nez (7) du brûleur comporte une partie (14) en retrait vers l'intérieur du brûleur par rapport à la surface frontale (13) dudit nez, sensiblement plane, perpendiculaire à l'axe du brûleur, dans laquelle débouchent les deux séries d'orifices, la partie en retrait (14) et la surface frontale (13) étant reliées entre elles par une surface de liaison (15).Gas burner according to claim 1, characterized in that the burner nose (7) has a portion (14) recessed towards the inside of the burner relative to the front surface (13) of said nose, substantially planar, perpendicular to the axis of the burner, into which the two series of orifices open, the recessed part (14) and the front surface (13) being connected together by a connecting surface (15). Brûleur à gaz selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la surface (15) de liaison entre la surface frontale (13) et la partie en retrait (14) de la face amont du nez du brûleur est sensiblement en forme de tronc de cône, dont la grande base est située au niveau de la surface frontale (13).Gas burner according to claim 2, characterized in that the connecting surface (15) between the front surface (13) and the recessed part (14) of the upstream face of the burner nose is substantially in the form of a truncated cone , the large base of which is situated at the level of the front surface (13). Brûleur à gaz selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'angle β du tronc de cône de la partie en retrait est compris entre 20 et 40 degrés, de préférence égal à 30 degrés.Gas burner according to claim 3, characterized in that the angle β of the truncated cone of the recessed part is between 20 and 40 degrees, preferably equal to 30 degrees. Brûleur à gaz selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le rapport des diamètres D1/D2 des couronnes (C1) et (C2) est égal à 0,46.Gas burner according to claim 1, characterized in that the ratio of the diameters D1 / D2 of the rings (C1) and (C2) is equal to 0.46. Voûte de four de réchauffage de produits sidérurgiques, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend au moins un logement (9) cylindrique de diamètre D3, aménagé dans le revêtement interne de la voûte du four, dans lequel est maintenu un brûleur selon les revendications précédentes, et en ce que le rapport entre le diamètre D2 de la couronne des orifices pour le passage de l'air du brûleur et le diamètre D3 du logement (9) est compris entre 0,6 et 0,8, de préférence égal à 0,68.Oven roof for reheating steel products, characterized in that it comprises at least one cylindrical housing (9) of diameter D3, arranged in the internal lining of the roof of the oven, in which a burner is maintained according to the preceding claims, and in that the ratio between the diameter D2 of the crown of the orifices for the passage of air from the burner and the diameter D3 of the housing (9) is between 0.6 and 0.8, preferably equal to 0.68. Voûte de four de réchauffage de produits sidérurgiques selon la revendication 6 , caractérisé en ce que le rapport entre le diamètre D3 du logement (9) et la distance H entre la surface frontale du nez du brûleur et la voûte du four est compris entre 0,9 et 1, de préférence égale à 0,95.Oven roof for reheating steel products according to claim 6, characterized in that the ratio between the diameter D3 of the housing (9) and the distance H between the front surface of the burner nose and the roof of the oven is between 0, 9 and 1, preferably equal to 0.95.
EP96402273A 1995-11-23 1996-10-25 Gas burner for a furnace for reheating steel industry products Expired - Lifetime EP0775868B1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9513905A FR2741702B1 (en) 1995-11-23 1995-11-23 GAS BURNER FOR OVEN FOR HEATING STEEL PRODUCTS
FR9513905 1995-11-23

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EP0775868B1 EP0775868B1 (en) 1999-09-22

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AT (1) ATE184978T1 (en)
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0823593A3 (en) * 1996-08-05 1998-11-04 The BOC Group plc Low emission swirl burner
ES2159217A1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2001-09-16 Adiego Tomas Adiego Device to prevent heat loss from the flame ring of a burner.
WO2003081136A1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2003-10-02 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Burner
WO2008070627A3 (en) * 2006-12-04 2008-08-21 Praxair Technology Inc Combustion with variable oxidant low nox burner
US20100139324A1 (en) * 2007-04-12 2010-06-10 Saint- Gobain Isover Internal combustion burner
EP3350513A1 (en) * 2015-07-31 2018-07-25 Nuvera Fuel Cells, LLC BURNER ASSEMBLY WITH LOW NOx EMISSIONS

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DE102008011567B4 (en) * 2008-02-28 2010-01-28 Corall, Paul, Dipl.-Ing. Testing device for checking the functionality of smoke extraction systems

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FR2532405A1 (en) * 1982-08-25 1984-03-02 Air Liquide METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ELECTRICALLY IGNITING AN OXYCOMBUSTIBLE BURNER
EP0495690A1 (en) * 1991-01-16 1992-07-22 Sollac Mixer of air and combustion gas for gas burner of industrial furnaces
EP0674135A1 (en) * 1994-03-24 1995-09-27 Sollac S.A. Gas burners for industrial furnaces

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FR2193464A5 (en) * 1972-07-21 1974-02-15 Airco Inc
FR2532405A1 (en) * 1982-08-25 1984-03-02 Air Liquide METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ELECTRICALLY IGNITING AN OXYCOMBUSTIBLE BURNER
EP0495690A1 (en) * 1991-01-16 1992-07-22 Sollac Mixer of air and combustion gas for gas burner of industrial furnaces
EP0674135A1 (en) * 1994-03-24 1995-09-27 Sollac S.A. Gas burners for industrial furnaces

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0823593A3 (en) * 1996-08-05 1998-11-04 The BOC Group plc Low emission swirl burner
ES2159217A1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2001-09-16 Adiego Tomas Adiego Device to prevent heat loss from the flame ring of a burner.
WO2003081136A1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2003-10-02 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Burner
US7004408B2 (en) 2002-03-22 2006-02-28 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Burner
WO2008070627A3 (en) * 2006-12-04 2008-08-21 Praxair Technology Inc Combustion with variable oxidant low nox burner
US7549858B2 (en) 2006-12-04 2009-06-23 Praxair Technology, Inc. Combustion with variable oxidant low NOx burner
US7896647B2 (en) 2006-12-04 2011-03-01 Praxair Technology, Inc. Combustion with variable oxidant low NOx burner
US20100139324A1 (en) * 2007-04-12 2010-06-10 Saint- Gobain Isover Internal combustion burner
US9587822B2 (en) * 2007-04-12 2017-03-07 Saint-Gobain Isover Internal combustion burner
EP3350513A1 (en) * 2015-07-31 2018-07-25 Nuvera Fuel Cells, LLC BURNER ASSEMBLY WITH LOW NOx EMISSIONS
JP2018522200A (en) * 2015-07-31 2018-08-09 ヌヴェラ・フュエル・セルズ，エルエルシー Burner assembly with reduced NOx emissions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0775868B1 (en) 1999-09-22
FR2741702B1 (en) 1997-12-26
DE69604366D1 (en) 1999-10-28
ATE184978T1 (en) 1999-10-15
DE69604366T2 (en) 2000-05-11
FR2741702A1 (en) 1997-05-30
ES2136955T3 (en) 1999-12-01

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