EP1702177A1 - Staged combustion method with optimised injection of primary oxidant - Google Patents

Staged combustion method with optimised injection of primary oxidant

Info

Publication number
EP1702177A1
EP1702177A1 EP04816508A EP04816508A EP1702177A1 EP 1702177 A1 EP1702177 A1 EP 1702177A1 EP 04816508 A EP04816508 A EP 04816508A EP 04816508 A EP04816508 A EP 04816508A EP 1702177 A1 EP1702177 A1 EP 1702177A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
jet
oxidant
fuel
primary
injected
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP04816508A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Rémi Pierre Tsiava
Bertrand Leroux
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Original Assignee
Air Liquide SA
LAir Liquide SA a Directoire et Conseil de Surveillance pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Air Liquide SA, LAir Liquide SA a Directoire et Conseil de Surveillance pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude filed Critical Air Liquide SA
Publication of EP1702177A1 publication Critical patent/EP1702177A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/32—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid using a mixture of gaseous fuel and pure oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/235—Heating the glass
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/20—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone
    • F23D14/22—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone with separate air and gas feed ducts, e.g. with ducts running parallel or crossing each other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/06041—Staged supply of oxidant

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a staged combustion process using a primary oxidant jet and a secondary oxidant jet, in which the injection of the primary oxidant has been optimized.
  • the performance of a combustion process in an industrial oven must meet two criteria: - limit the release of atmospheric pollutants (NOx, dust, ...) which must be in quantity lower than the limit set by legislation, - control the temperature of the walls of the furnace and of the charge to be heated so as to meet both the constraints relating to the quality of the product subjected to combustion and to energy consumption.
  • An advantageous solution to meet these two criteria is to lower the temperature of the combustion flame and one of the means used is staged combustion.
  • staged combustion of fuels consists in dividing the quantity of oxidant necessary for the total combustion of the fuel into at least two oxidant streams introduced at different distances from the fuel stream.
  • a first stream of oxidant is introduced at very close distance from the fuel stream.
  • This flow closest to the fuel flow is called the primary flow; it allows partial combustion of the fuel at a controlled temperature which limits the formation of NOx.
  • the other oxidant streams are introduced at a greater distance from the fuel than the primary oxidant stream; they make it possible to complete the combustion of fuel which has not reacted with the primary oxidant. These flows are called secondary flows.
  • the document WO 02/081967 describes a process making it possible to implement this type of staged combustion process.
  • the oxidant is separated into three separate streams, which are injected at different distances from the fuel injection point and at different speeds.
  • a first jet of oxidant is injected at a high speed into the center of the fuel jet.
  • a second jet of oxidant is injected with a lower speed at a first distance from the fuel jet.
  • a third jet of oxidant is injected at a second distance from the fuel jet, this second distance being greater than the first distance. It can be useful to implement this type of process with variable burner powers, for example when the oven load changes. It may thus be desirable to use low burner power, i.e. to use the burners with low fuel speed compared to the nominal burner speed.
  • the object of the present invention is to propose a staged combustion process in which it is possible to modify the power of the burner, and in particular to lower it by adding to its nominal power, without this change in power leading to a change in flame direction and deterioration of the oven wall.
  • the invention therefore relates to a method of combustion of a fuel, in which a jet of fuel and at least two jets of oxidant are injected, the first oxidant jet, called primary, being injected in contact with the jet of fuel and in order to generate a first incomplete combustion, the gases resulting from this first combustion still comprising at least part of the fuel, and the second jet of oxidant being injected at a distance from the jet of fuel so as to enter into combustion with the part of the fuel present in the gases from the first combustion, in which the primary oxidant jet is divided into two primary jets:
  • a first jet of primary oxidizer said to be central, injected at the center of the fuel jet, and
  • the invention therefore consists of a staged combustion process in which the oxidant necessary for the combustion of the fuel is divided in the form of two jets.
  • the first jet called primary
  • the primary oxidant jet is divided into two jets injected differently with respect to the fuel jet.
  • the first primary oxidant jet called central
  • the second primary oxidant jet called cladding
  • this process can be implemented by the use of an injection pipe made up of two concentric tubes, one for fuel injection, the other for the central primary oxidant.
  • the injection pipe is placed in a ceramic pipe and the primary cladding oxidizer is injected into the space defined between the pipe and the injection pipe.
  • the end of the injection rod can be set back from or in the same plane as the injection wall in the oven.
  • the amount of oxidant present in the primary oxidant jet is less than the total amount of oxidant necessary for the total combustion of the fuel.
  • the second stream of oxidant makes it possible to supply the quantity of oxidant necessary for the completion of the combustion of the fuel.
  • the second jet of oxidant is injected at a distance from the second jet of primary oxidant, which means that the distance between these two jets is not zero.
  • this distance is at least 80 mm, even more preferably at least 90 mm.
  • the sum of the quantities of all the oxidants injected is substantially stoichiometric, that is to say within a range of plus or minus 15% relative to the stoichiometric quantity necessary for the total combustion of the fuel.
  • the amount of second oxidant generally represents 10 to 98% of the total amount of oxidant injected, preferably 50 to 98%, even more preferably 75 to 98%, the primary oxidant (which corresponds to both the primary oxidant central and the primary cladding oxidant) representing an amount between 2 and 90%, preferably between 2 and 50%, even more preferably between 2 to 25% of the total amount of oxidant.
  • the injection speed of the central primary oxidant jet is greater than the injection speed of the fuel jet.
  • the injection speed of the central primary oxidant jet is generally at least 50 m / s, preferably between 50 and 150 m / s.
  • the injection speed of the fuel jet is preferably greater than the injection speed of the primary cladding oxidant jet, even more preferably between 5 and 15 m / s.
  • the injection speed of the second oxidant jet can be greater than the injection speed of the primary cladding oxidant jet.
  • the distance at which the second oxidant jet is injected and the speed of this second oxidant jet are preferably such that the ratio of the distance defined between the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet and the injection point of the second oxidant jet on the injection speed of the second oxidant jet is between 10 "3 s and 10 " 2 s, preferably between 3.10 "3 s and 8.5.10 " 3 s.
  • This relationship makes it possible to solve the problem of the invention while ensuring a low emission of NO x and an improved flame brightness allowing visual control of the combustion by the operator.
  • a third oxidant jet can be injected at a point located between the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet and the injection point of the second oxidizing jet.
  • the advantage of injecting this third oxidizing jet is that it allows to play on the flow rates between the second and third oxidizing jets and to modify the moment of the burner and the length of the flame so as to control the profile. transfer charge to the oven.
  • the injection speed of the second oxidant jet is greater than or equal to the injection speed of the third oxidant jet.
  • the ratio of the distance defined between the injection point of the second oxidant jet and the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet over the distance defined between the injection of the third oxidant jet and the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet is between 2 and 10.
  • the amount of oxidant present in the third jet is preferably 50 to 75% of the total amount of oxidant injected by the second and third jets, this total amount of oxidant injected by the second and third jets representing 10 to 98% of the total amount of oxidant injected, preferably 50 to 98% , even more preferably 75 to 98%.
  • the distance at which the third oxidant jet is injected and the speed of this third oxidant jet are preferably such that the ratio of the distance defined between the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet and the injection point of the third oxidant jet on the injection speed of the third oxidant jet is between preferably between 1.5.10 "3 s and 4.10 _3 s.
  • the two primary oxidant jets have the same oxygen concentration.
  • the oxygen concentration of the central primary oxidant jet can be greater than the oxygen concentration of the primary cladding oxidant jet and of the second and third jets. - be the case when the supply of high purity oxygen is limited.
  • the oxidant with high oxygen concentration is then injected in the form of the central primary oxidant jet, while air is injected into all s the other oxidant jets
  • the second oxidant jet may itself be made up of a plurality of second oxidant jets.
  • the jets of second oxidant are preferably arranged regularly around the jets of fuel and primary oxidant. This arrangement can also be applied to the jet of third oxidant.
  • the process is preferably carried out with gaseous fuels. If the fuel is liquid, then it is desirable that an atomizing gas is used to atomize the liquid; according to the invention, the atomizing gas can be the oxidant, in particular air or oxygen. The atomizing gas can be introduced in place of the cladding oxidant and / or in place of the central oxidant.
  • the invention relates to the use of the above method for heating a glass charge or for a reheating oven.
  • the implementation of the method according to the invention makes it possible to achieve the objective of a stretched flame, that is to say of a flame not deviating towards a wall of the furnace.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a device for implementing the method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 represents a part of the device which is designed symmetrically with respect to the axis AA '.
  • Figure 1 gives a front view of the device and the corresponding section along the axis BB ".
  • the device consists of openings 5, 6, 7 drilled in the wall of the furnace 8 and an injection rod 9 consisting two coaxial tubes.
  • the injection rod is placed in the opening 5.
  • This opening 5 is wide enough for a free space 10 exists between the outer tube of the cane and the wall of the opening.
  • primary 2, 3 is injected both into the central tube of the cane 9 and into the free space 10.
  • the fuel 1 is injected into the space defined between the inner tube and the outer tube of the injection cane 9
  • the second oxidant 4 is injected into the opening 7 furthest from the central opening 5.
  • the third oxidizing 11 is injected into the intermediate opening 6.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a fuel combustion method in which one jet of fuel and at least two jets of oxidant are injected. According to the invention, the first jet of oxidant, known as the primary oxidant jet, is injected such as to be in contact with the jet of fuel and to produce a first incomplete combustion, the gases produced by said first combustion comprising at least one part of the fuel, and the second jet of oxidant is injected at a distance from the jet of fuel such as to combust with the part of the fuel present in the gases produced by the first combustion. Moreover, the primary oxidant jet is divided into two primary jets, namely: a first primary oxidant jet, known as the central jet, which is injected at the centre of the jet of fuel; and a second primary oxidant jet, knows as the sheathing jet, which is injected coaxially around the fuel jet.

Description

Procédé de combustion étagée avec injection optimisée de l'oxydant primaire. Staged combustion process with optimized injection of the primary oxidant.
La présente invention concerne un procédé de combustion étagée mettant en œuvre un jet d'oxydant primaire et un jet d'oxydant secondaire, dans lequel l'injection de l'oxydant primaire a été optimisée. Les performances d'un procédé de combustion dans un four industriel doivent répondre à deux critères : - limiter les rejets de polluants atmosphériques (NOx, poussières,...) qui doivent être en quantité inférieure à la limité fixée par la législation, - contrôler la température des parois du four et de la charge à chauffer de manière à répondre, à la fois aux contraintes relatives à la qualité du produit soumis à la combustion et à la consommation énergétique. Une solution avantageuse pour répondre à ces deux critères est d'abaisser la température de la flamme de combustion et un des moyens utilisés est la combustion étagée. Le procédé de combustion étagée des combustibles consiste à diviser la quantité d'oxydant nécessaire à la combustion totale du combustible en au moins deux flux d'oxydant introduits à différentes distances du flux de combustible. Ainsi, un premier flux d'oxydant est introduit à très proche distance du flux de combustible. Ce flux le plus proche du flux de combustible est dénommé le flux primaire ; il permet la combustion partielle du combustible à une température contrôlée qui limite la formation des NOx. Les autres flux d'oxydant sont introduits à plus grande distance du combustible que le flux d'oxydant primaire ; ils permettent d'achever la combustion du combustible n'ayant pas réagi avec l'oxydant primaire. Ces flux sont dénommés flux secondaires. Le document WO 02/081967 décrit un procédé permettant de mettre en œuvre ce type de procédé de combustion étagée. L'oxydant est séparé en trois flux distincts, qui sont injectés à différentes distances du point d'injection du combustible et à différentes vitesses. Ainsi, un premier jet d'oxydant est injecté avec une vitesse élevée au centre du jet de combustible. Ensuite, un deuxième jet d'oxydant est injecté avec une vitesse plus faible à une première distance du jet de combustible. Enfin, un troisième jet d'oxydant est injecté à une deuxième distance du jet de combustible, cette deuxième distance étant supérieure à la première distance. Il peut être utile de mettre en œuvre ce type de procédé avec des puissances variables de brûleur, par exemple lorsque la charge du four change. Il peut être ainsi souhaitable d'utiliser des basses puissance de brûleur, c'est-à-dire d'utiliser les brûleurs avec de faibles vitesse de combustible par rapport au régime nominal des brûleurs. Or, l'utilisation des brûleurs avec de faibles vitesses de combustible par rapport au régime nominal peut conduire à une élévation de la flamme : dans le cas d'une injection des combustibles et comburants dans un plan horizontal, la flamme remonte vers la voûte du four industriel et peut l'abîmer. Le but de la présente invention est de proposer un procédé de combustion étagée dans lequel il est possible de modifier la puissance du brûleur, et notamment de l'abaisser par apport à sa puissance nominale, sans que ce changement de puissance conduise à un changement de direction de flamme et à la détérioration de la paroi du four. Dans ce but, l'invention concerne donc un procédé de combustion d'un combustible, dans lequel on injecte un jet du combustible et au moins deux jets d'oxydant, le premier jet d'oxydant, dit primaire, étant injecté au contact du jet de combustible et de manière à engendrer une première combustion incomplète, les gaz issus de cette première combustion comportant encore au moins une partie du combustible, et le deuxième jet d'oxydant étant injecté à distance du jet de combustible de manière à entrer en combustion avec la partie du combustible présent dans les gaz issus de la première combustion, dans lequel le jet d'oxydant primaire est divisé en deux jets primaires :The present invention relates to a staged combustion process using a primary oxidant jet and a secondary oxidant jet, in which the injection of the primary oxidant has been optimized. The performance of a combustion process in an industrial oven must meet two criteria: - limit the release of atmospheric pollutants (NOx, dust, ...) which must be in quantity lower than the limit set by legislation, - control the temperature of the walls of the furnace and of the charge to be heated so as to meet both the constraints relating to the quality of the product subjected to combustion and to energy consumption. An advantageous solution to meet these two criteria is to lower the temperature of the combustion flame and one of the means used is staged combustion. The process of staged combustion of fuels consists in dividing the quantity of oxidant necessary for the total combustion of the fuel into at least two oxidant streams introduced at different distances from the fuel stream. Thus, a first stream of oxidant is introduced at very close distance from the fuel stream. This flow closest to the fuel flow is called the primary flow; it allows partial combustion of the fuel at a controlled temperature which limits the formation of NOx. The other oxidant streams are introduced at a greater distance from the fuel than the primary oxidant stream; they make it possible to complete the combustion of fuel which has not reacted with the primary oxidant. These flows are called secondary flows. The document WO 02/081967 describes a process making it possible to implement this type of staged combustion process. The oxidant is separated into three separate streams, which are injected at different distances from the fuel injection point and at different speeds. Thus, a first jet of oxidant is injected at a high speed into the center of the fuel jet. Then, a second jet of oxidant is injected with a lower speed at a first distance from the fuel jet. Finally, a third jet of oxidant is injected at a second distance from the fuel jet, this second distance being greater than the first distance. It can be useful to implement this type of process with variable burner powers, for example when the oven load changes. It may thus be desirable to use low burner power, i.e. to use the burners with low fuel speed compared to the nominal burner speed. However, the use of burners with low fuel speeds compared to the nominal speed can lead to an increase in the flame: in the case of an injection of combustibles and oxidizers in a horizontal plane, the flame rises towards the roof of the industrial oven and can damage it. The object of the present invention is to propose a staged combustion process in which it is possible to modify the power of the burner, and in particular to lower it by adding to its nominal power, without this change in power leading to a change in flame direction and deterioration of the oven wall. To this end, the invention therefore relates to a method of combustion of a fuel, in which a jet of fuel and at least two jets of oxidant are injected, the first oxidant jet, called primary, being injected in contact with the jet of fuel and in order to generate a first incomplete combustion, the gases resulting from this first combustion still comprising at least part of the fuel, and the second jet of oxidant being injected at a distance from the jet of fuel so as to enter into combustion with the part of the fuel present in the gases from the first combustion, in which the primary oxidant jet is divided into two primary jets:
- un premier jet d'oxydant primaire, dit central, injecté au centre du jet de combustible, eta first jet of primary oxidizer, said to be central, injected at the center of the fuel jet, and
- un second jet d'oxydant primaire, dit de gainage, injecté de manière coaxiale autour du jet de combustible. L'invention consiste donc en un procédé de combustion étagée dans lequel l'oxydant nécessaire à la combustion du combustible est divisé sous forme de deux jets. Le premier jet, dit primaire, est injecté au contact du jet de combustible, ce qui signifie que la distance entre le jet de combustible et le jet d'oxydant primaire est nulle (mis à part la présence éventuelle d'une paroi de canalisation conduisant ces différents jets). Selon la caractéristique essentielle de l'invention, le jet d'oxydant primaire est divisé en deux jets injectés de manière différente vis-à-vis du jet de combustible. Le premier jet d'oxydant primaire, dit central, est injecté au centre du jet de combustible, et le second jet d'oxydant primaire, dit de gainage, est injecté de manière coaxiale autour du jet de combustible. En pratique, ce procédé pourra être mis en œuvre par l'utilisation d'une canne d'injection constituée de deux tubes concentriques, l'un pour l'injection du combustible, l'autre pour l'oxydant primaire central. La canne d'injection est placée dans un ouvreau céramique et l'oxydant primaire de gainage est injecté dans l'espace défini entre l'ouvreau et la canne d'injection. L'extrémité de la canne d'injection peut être placée en retrait de ou dans le même plan que la paroi d'injection dans le four. Selon l'invention, la quantité d'oxydant présente dans le jet d'oxydant primaire est inférieure à la quantité totale d'oxydant nécessaire à la combustion totale du combustible. Le deuxième jet d'oxydant permet d'apporter la quantité d'oxydant nécessaire à l'achèvement de la combustion du combustible. Le deuxième jet d'oxydant est injecté à distance du second jet d'oxydant primaire, ce qui signifie que la distance entre ces deux jets n'est pas nulle. De préférence, cette distance est d'au moins 80 mm, encore plus préférentiellement d'au moins 90 mm. Généralement, la somme des quantités de tous les oxydants injectés est sensiblement stœchiométrique, c'est-à-dire comprise dans un intervalle de plus ou moins 15 % par rapport à la quantité stœchiométrique nécessaire à la combustion totale du combustible. La quantité de deuxième oxydant représente généralement 10 à 98 % de la quantité totale d'oxydant injecté, de préférence 50 à 98 %, encore plus préférentiellement 75 à 98 %, l'oxydant primaire (qui correspond à la fois à l'oxydant primaire central et à l'oxydant primaire de gainage) représentant une quantité comprise entre 2 et 90 %, de préférence entre 2 et 50 %, encore plus préférentiellement entre 2 à 25 % de la quantité totale d'oxydant. Selon l'invention, il est préférable que la vitesse d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central soit supérieure à la vitesse d'injection du jet de combustible. Par cette caractéristique, le jet d'oxydant central garantit à la fois un bon entraînement du jet de combustible et une vitesse suffisamment importante de ce jet de combustible. Ainsi, le combustible est parfaitement entraîné vers la zone de combustion avec le deuxième oxydant. La vitesse d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central est généralement d'au moins 50 m/s, de préférence comprise entre 50 et 150 m/s. La vitesse d'injection du jet de combustible est préférablement supérieure à la vitesse d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire de gainage, encore plus préférentiellement entre 5 et 15 m/s. Selon un mode avantageux, la vitesse d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant peut être supérieure à la vitesse d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire de gainage. Selon l'invention, la distance à laquelle le deuxième jet d'oxydant est injecté et la vitesse de ce deuxième jet d'oxydant sont préférablement telles que le rapport de la distance définie entre le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central et le point d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant sur la vitesse d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant est compris entre 10"3s et 10"2s, de préférence entre 3.10"3s et 8,5.10"3s. Cette relation permet de résoudre le problème de l'invention tout en assurant une faible émission de NOxet une luminosité de flamme améliorée permettant le contrôle visuel de la combustion par l'opérateur. Selon un mode particulier du procédé de l'invention, un troisième jet d'oxydant peut être injecté en un point situé entre le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central et le point d'injection du deuxième jet oxydant. L'avantage de l'injection de ce troisième jet oxydant est qu'elle permet de jouer sur les débits entre les deuxième et troisième jets d'oxydant et de modifier le moment du brûleur et la longueur de la flamme de manière à contrôler le profil de transfert à la charge du four. De préférence, la vitesse d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant est supérieure ou égale à la vitesse d'injection du troisième jet d'oxydant. Il a été observé qu'il était préférable que le rapport de la distance définie entre le point d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant et le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central sur la distance définie entre le point d'injection du troisième jet d'oxydant et le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central soit compris entre 2 et 10. Dans le cas de ce mode particulier, la quantité d'oxydant présente dans le troisième jet représente de préférence 50 à 75 % de la quantité totale d'oxydant injecté par les deuxième et troisième jets, cette quantité totale d'oxydant injecté par les deuxième et troisième jets représentant 10 à 98 % de la quantité totale d'oxydant injecté, de préférence 50 à 98 %, encore plus préférentiellement 75 à 98 %. Selon l'invention, la distance à laquelle le troisième jet d'oxydant est injecté et la vitesse de ce troisième jet d'oxydant sont préférablement telles que le rapport de la distance définie entre le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central et le point d'injection du troisième jet d'oxydant sur la vitesse d'injection du troisième jet d'oxydant est compris entre de préférence entre 1,5.10"3s et 4.10_3s. Selon une première variante du procédé selon l'invention, les deux jets d'oxydant primaires.présentent la même concentration en oxygène. Il est alors en outre avantageux d'utiliser un oxydant dans le deuxième jet, et éventuellement le troisième jet, présentant la même composition que le premier jet, car il est alors possible de n'avoir qu'une seule source d'oxydant à diviser entre les différents points d'injection d'oxydants. Toutefois, selon une deuxième variante du procédé selon l'invention, la concentration en oxygène du jet d'oxydant primaire central peut être supérieure à la concentration en oxygène du jet d'oxydant primaire de gainage et des deuxième et troisième jets. Ce peut-être le cas lorsque l'approvisionnement en oxygène de haute pureté est limité. L'oxydant de concentration élevée en oxygène est alors injecté sous forme du jet d'oxydant primaire central, tandis que de l'air est injecté dans tous les autres jets d'oxydant. Le jet de deuxième oxydant peut être lui-même constitué d'une pluralité de jets de deuxième oxydant. Pour une bonne symétrie de l'ensemble de combustion, les jets de deuxième oxydant sont, de préférence, disposés de façon régulière autour des jets de combustible et d'oxydant primaire. Cette disposition peut également être appliquée au jet de troisième oxydant. Le procédé est de préférence mis en œuvre avec des combustibles gazeux. Si le combustible est liquide, il est alors souhaitable qu'un gaz d'atomisation soit utilisé pour atomiser le liquide ; selon l'invention, le gaz d'atomisation peut être l'oxydant, notamment de l'air ou de l'oxygène. Le gaz d'atomisation peut être introduit à la place de l'oxydant de gainage et/ou à la place de l'oxydant central. Enfin, l'invention concerne l'utilisation du procédé précédente pour le chauffage d'une charge de verre ou pour un four de réchauffage. La mise en œuvre du procédé selon l'invention permet d'atteindre l'objectif de flamme tendue, c'est-à-dire de flamme ne déviant pas vers une paroi du four. La figure 1 illustre un dispositif pour la mise en œuvre du procédé selon l'invention.- A second primary oxidant jet, called cladding, injected coaxially around the fuel jet. The invention therefore consists of a staged combustion process in which the oxidant necessary for the combustion of the fuel is divided in the form of two jets. The first jet, called primary, is injected in contact with the fuel jet, which means that the distance between the fuel jet and the primary oxidant jet is zero (apart from the possible presence of a pipe wall leading these different jets). According to the essential characteristic of the invention, the primary oxidant jet is divided into two jets injected differently with respect to the fuel jet. The first primary oxidant jet, called central, is injected at the center of the fuel jet, and the second primary oxidant jet, called cladding, is injected coaxially around the fuel jet. In practice, this process can be implemented by the use of an injection pipe made up of two concentric tubes, one for fuel injection, the other for the central primary oxidant. The injection pipe is placed in a ceramic pipe and the primary cladding oxidizer is injected into the space defined between the pipe and the injection pipe. The end of the injection rod can be set back from or in the same plane as the injection wall in the oven. According to the invention, the amount of oxidant present in the primary oxidant jet is less than the total amount of oxidant necessary for the total combustion of the fuel. The second stream of oxidant makes it possible to supply the quantity of oxidant necessary for the completion of the combustion of the fuel. The second jet of oxidant is injected at a distance from the second jet of primary oxidant, which means that the distance between these two jets is not zero. Preferably, this distance is at least 80 mm, even more preferably at least 90 mm. Generally, the sum of the quantities of all the oxidants injected is substantially stoichiometric, that is to say within a range of plus or minus 15% relative to the stoichiometric quantity necessary for the total combustion of the fuel. The amount of second oxidant generally represents 10 to 98% of the total amount of oxidant injected, preferably 50 to 98%, even more preferably 75 to 98%, the primary oxidant (which corresponds to both the primary oxidant central and the primary cladding oxidant) representing an amount between 2 and 90%, preferably between 2 and 50%, even more preferably between 2 to 25% of the total amount of oxidant. According to the invention, it is preferable that the injection speed of the central primary oxidant jet is greater than the injection speed of the fuel jet. By this characteristic, the central oxidant jet guarantees both good training of the fuel jet and a sufficiently high speed of this fuel jet. Thus, the fuel is perfectly entrained towards the combustion zone with the second oxidant. The injection speed of the central primary oxidant jet is generally at least 50 m / s, preferably between 50 and 150 m / s. The injection speed of the fuel jet is preferably greater than the injection speed of the primary cladding oxidant jet, even more preferably between 5 and 15 m / s. According to an advantageous mode, the injection speed of the second oxidant jet can be greater than the injection speed of the primary cladding oxidant jet. According to the invention, the distance at which the second oxidant jet is injected and the speed of this second oxidant jet are preferably such that the ratio of the distance defined between the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet and the injection point of the second oxidant jet on the injection speed of the second oxidant jet is between 10 "3 s and 10 " 2 s, preferably between 3.10 "3 s and 8.5.10 " 3 s. This relationship makes it possible to solve the problem of the invention while ensuring a low emission of NO x and an improved flame brightness allowing visual control of the combustion by the operator. According to a particular embodiment of the process of the invention, a third oxidant jet can be injected at a point located between the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet and the injection point of the second oxidizing jet. The advantage of injecting this third oxidizing jet is that it allows to play on the flow rates between the second and third oxidizing jets and to modify the moment of the burner and the length of the flame so as to control the profile. transfer charge to the oven. Preferably, the injection speed of the second oxidant jet is greater than or equal to the injection speed of the third oxidant jet. It has been observed that it is preferable that the ratio of the distance defined between the injection point of the second oxidant jet and the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet over the distance defined between the injection of the third oxidant jet and the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet is between 2 and 10. In the case of this particular mode, the amount of oxidant present in the third jet is preferably 50 to 75% of the total amount of oxidant injected by the second and third jets, this total amount of oxidant injected by the second and third jets representing 10 to 98% of the total amount of oxidant injected, preferably 50 to 98% , even more preferably 75 to 98%. According to the invention, the distance at which the third oxidant jet is injected and the speed of this third oxidant jet are preferably such that the ratio of the distance defined between the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet and the injection point of the third oxidant jet on the injection speed of the third oxidant jet is between preferably between 1.5.10 "3 s and 4.10 _3 s. According to a first variant of the process according to the invention, the two primary oxidant jets have the same oxygen concentration. It is then also advantageous to use a oxidant in the second jet, and possibly the third jet, having the same composition as the first jet, because it is then possible to have only one source of oxidant to be divided between the different oxidant injection points However, according to a second variant of the method according to the invention, the oxygen concentration of the central primary oxidant jet can be greater than the oxygen concentration of the primary cladding oxidant jet and of the second and third jets. - be the case when the supply of high purity oxygen is limited. The oxidant with high oxygen concentration is then injected in the form of the central primary oxidant jet, while air is injected into all s the other oxidant jets The second oxidant jet may itself be made up of a plurality of second oxidant jets. For good symmetry of the combustion assembly, the jets of second oxidant are preferably arranged regularly around the jets of fuel and primary oxidant. This arrangement can also be applied to the jet of third oxidant. The process is preferably carried out with gaseous fuels. If the fuel is liquid, then it is desirable that an atomizing gas is used to atomize the liquid; according to the invention, the atomizing gas can be the oxidant, in particular air or oxygen. The atomizing gas can be introduced in place of the cladding oxidant and / or in place of the central oxidant. Finally, the invention relates to the use of the above method for heating a glass charge or for a reheating oven. The implementation of the method according to the invention makes it possible to achieve the objective of a stretched flame, that is to say of a flame not deviating towards a wall of the furnace. FIG. 1 illustrates a device for implementing the method according to the invention.
La figure 1 représente une partie du dispositif qui est conçu de façon symétrique par rapport à l'axe AA'. La figure 1 donne une vue de face du dispositif et la coupe correspondante selon l'axe BB". Le dispositif est constitué d'ouvreaux 5, 6, 7 percés dans la paroi du four 8 et d'une canne d'injection 9 constituée de deux tubes coaxiaux. La canne d'injection est placée dans l'ouvreau 5. Cet ouvreau 5 est suffisamment large pour qu'un espace libre 10 existe entre le tube extérieur de la canne et la paroi de l'ouvreau. L'oxydant primaire 2, 3 est injecté à la fois dans le tube central de la canne 9 et dans l'espace libre 10. Le combustible 1 est injecté dans l'espace défini entre le tube intérieur et le tube extérieur de la canne d'injection 9. Le deuxième oxydant 4 est injecté dans l'ouvreau 7 le plus éloigné de l'ouvreau central 5. Le troisième oxydant 11 est injecté dans l'ouvreau 6 intermédiaire. FIG. 1 represents a part of the device which is designed symmetrically with respect to the axis AA '. Figure 1 gives a front view of the device and the corresponding section along the axis BB ". The device consists of openings 5, 6, 7 drilled in the wall of the furnace 8 and an injection rod 9 consisting two coaxial tubes. The injection rod is placed in the opening 5. This opening 5 is wide enough for a free space 10 exists between the outer tube of the cane and the wall of the opening. primary 2, 3 is injected both into the central tube of the cane 9 and into the free space 10. The fuel 1 is injected into the space defined between the inner tube and the outer tube of the injection cane 9 The second oxidant 4 is injected into the opening 7 furthest from the central opening 5. The third oxidizing 11 is injected into the intermediate opening 6.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé de combustion d'un combustible, dans lequel on injecte un jet du combustible et au moins deux jets d'oxydant, le premier jet d'oxydant, dit primaire, étant injecté au contact du jet de combustible et de manière à engendrer une première combustion incomplète, les gaz issus de cette première combustion comportant encore au moins une partie du combustible, et le deuxième jet d'oxydant étant injecté à distance du jet de combustible de manière à entrer en combustion avec la partie du combustible présent dans les gaz issus de la première combustion, caractérisé en ce que le jet d'oxydant primaire est divisé en deux jets primaires :1. A method of burning a fuel, in which a jet of fuel and at least two jets of oxidant are injected, the first jet of oxidant, said to be primary, being injected in contact with the jet of fuel and so as to generate a first incomplete combustion, the gases resulting from this first combustion still comprising at least part of the fuel, and the second oxidant jet being injected at a distance from the fuel jet so as to enter into combustion with the part of the fuel present in the gases from the first combustion, characterized in that the primary oxidant jet is divided into two primary jets:
- un premier jet d'oxydant primaire, dit central, injecté au centre du jet de combustible, eta first jet of primary oxidizer, said to be central, injected at the center of the fuel jet, and
- un second jet d'oxydant primaire, dit de gainage, injecté de manière coaxiale autour du jet de combustible.- A second primary oxidant jet, called cladding, injected coaxially around the fuel jet.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la vitesse d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central est supérieure à la vitesse d'injection du jet de combustible.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the injection speed of the central primary oxidant jet is greater than the injection speed of the fuel jet.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la vitesse d'injection du jet de combustible est supérieure à la vitesse d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire de gainage.3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the injection speed of the fuel jet is greater than the injection speed of the primary cladding oxidant jet.
4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la vitesse d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant est supérieure à la vitesse d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire de gainage.4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the injection speed of the second oxidant jet is greater than the injection speed of the primary cladding oxidant jet.
5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le rapport de la distance définie entre le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central et le point d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant sur la vitesse d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant est compris entre lO^s et 10"2s.5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ratio of the distance defined between the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet and the injection point of the second oxidant jet on the speed d the injection of the second oxidant jet is between 10 and 10 "2 s.
6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'un troisième jet d'oxydant est injecté en un point situé entre le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central et le point d'injection du deuxième jet oxydant.6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a third oxidant jet is injected at a point located between the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet and the injection point of the second jet oxidant.
7. Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que la vitesse d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant est supérieure à la vitesse d'injection du troisième jet d'oxydant. 7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that the injection speed of the second oxidant jet is greater than the injection speed of the third oxidant jet.
8. Procédé selon la revendication 6 ou 7 caractérisé en ce que le rapport de la distance définie entre le point d'injection du deuxième jet d'oxydant et le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central sur la distance définie entre le point d'injection du troisième jet d'oxydant et le point d'injection du jet d'oxydant primaire central est compris entre 2 et 10.8. Method according to claim 6 or 7 characterized in that the ratio of the distance defined between the injection point of the second oxidant jet and the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet over the distance defined between the injection point of the third oxidant jet and the injection point of the central primary oxidant jet is between 2 and 10.
9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les deux jets d'oxydant primaires présentent la même concentration en oxygène.9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the two primary oxidant jets have the same oxygen concentration.
10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que la concentration en oxygène du jet d'oxydant primaire central est supérieure à la concentration en oxygène du jet d'oxydant primaire de gainage.10. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the oxygen concentration of the central primary oxidant jet is greater than the oxygen concentration of the primary cladding oxidizer jet.
11. Utilisation du procédé défini selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10 pour le chauffage d'une charge de verre ou pour un four de réchauffage. 11. Use of the method defined according to one of claims 1 to 10 for heating a glass charge or for a reheating oven.
EP04816508A 2003-12-16 2004-12-06 Staged combustion method with optimised injection of primary oxidant Ceased EP1702177A1 (en)

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FR0351078A FR2863692B1 (en) 2003-12-16 2003-12-16 TIRED COMBUSTION PROCESS WITH OPTIMIZED INJECTION OF PRIMARY OXIDANT
PCT/FR2004/050654 WO2005059440A1 (en) 2003-12-16 2004-12-06 Staged combustion method with optimised injection of primary oxidant

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RU2006125444A (en) 2008-01-27
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JP2007517179A (en) 2007-06-28
CN100460757C (en) 2009-02-11
CN1894541A (en) 2007-01-10
RU2361148C2 (en) 2009-07-10
US8714969B2 (en) 2014-05-06
US20070172781A1 (en) 2007-07-26
FR2863692A1 (en) 2005-06-17

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