Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
  • A61K49/10—Organic compounds
  • A61K49/12—Macromolecular compounds
  • A61K49/126—Linear polymers, e.g. dextran, inulin, PEG
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
  • A61K49/085—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier conjugated systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids

Definitions

• This invention relates to the object characterized in the claims, i.e., oligonucleotide conjugates, which exhibit a complexing agent or a complex.
• These conju ⁇ gates are used in the field of NMR diagnosis.
• the imaging diagnosis has achieved great progress in the past decades and is continuously further developing. It is now possible to make visible the vascular system, most organs and many tissues in the living body without major intervention. Diseases are diagnosed in many cases, because they lead to clear changes of shape, size and position of anatomical structures in the body.
• Such anatomical data from the inside of the body can be obtained by x-ray technology, ultrasonic diagnosis and magnetic resonance tomography.
• the efficiency of each of the mentioned technologies can be improved by the use of pharmaceutical agents for enhancement of the natural con ⁇ trasts of the tissues and body fluids in the resulting picture.
• the pharmaceutical agents in question are introduced in body cavities or injected in blood vessels, with the purpose of changing the contrast of the cavities or vessels. In addition, they are spread through the bloodstream in the organism and can change the visibility of organs and tissues. In exceptional cases, such sub ⁇ stances are bound to certain structures in the body and/or actively transported and/or excreted from the latter. In this way, functions can also be made visible in individual cases and used to diagnose diseases.
• a general problem is the diagnosis and localization of pathological changes at a time at which no clear changes of shape, structure and circulation of the organs and tissues in question are available.
• Such a diagnosis and follow-up is of decisive importance, e.g., in the case of tumor diseases, including the search for metasta- ses, the assessment of an undersupply of tissues with oxygen and in the case of certain infections as well as metabolic diseases.
• the now available imaging diagnostic methods are essentially dependent on the availability of pharmaceuti ⁇ cal preparations which accumulate at sites of otherwise undetectable pathological changes.
• contrast media found commercially at this time are quite predominantly so-called nonspecific prepara ⁇ tions. They spread passively into those spaces into which they are introduced, e.g., by injection.
• EP-A-0 285 057 describes nucleotide-complexing agent conjugates, which are not suitable for use as in vivo diagnostic agents, i.a., because of the in vivo instabil ⁇ ity of the nucleotides used, and also hardly meet the other requirements of compatibility and pharmacokinetics.
• the polymers can be polynuc- leotides and oligonucleotides, but they are neither sta ⁇ bilized against a degradation by naturally occurring nuc ⁇ leases nor selected by a special process, so that they bond specifically with high bonding affinity to target structures.
• the object of this invention is the provision of specifically bonding diagnostic agents for the detection of target structures, by which, for example, the visuali ⁇ zation of organs, tissues and their pathological changes in vitro and in vivo is made possible.
• oligonucleotide conjugates which in addition to an oligonucleotide radical exhibit a complexing agent, bound by a direct bond or a connecting component, and whose oligonucleotiide radical is modified so that the degrada ⁇ tion by naturally occurring nucleases -is prevented or at least significantly inhibited.
• Object of this invention are:
• Oligonucleotide conjugates consisting of an oligonucleotide radical N and n substituents (B-K) , in which B stands for a direct bond or a connecting com ⁇ ponent to the oligonucleotide radical, and K means a complexing agent or complex of elements of atomic numbers 21-29, 42, 44 or 58-70, characterized in that oligonuc ⁇ leotide radical N exhibits a modification, which prevents or at least significantly inhibits the degradation by naturally occurring nucleases.
• the oligonucleotide conju ⁇ gates of this invention exhibit the general formula
• N is an oligonucleotide, which bonds specifically with high bonding affinity to other target structures and exhibits modifications that significantly reduce the degradation by naturally occurring nucleases
• B is a chemical bond or a connecting component, which produces the connection between N and K
• K is a complexing ligand, which exhibits at least one element of the atomic numbers mentioned in point 1 and n is a number between 1 and 30.
• N is an oligonucleotide with 5 to 200 nucleotides, wherein a) the 2'-position of the sugar unit, independently of one another, is occupied by the following groups: a group -OR, in which R means an alkyl radical with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which optionally contains up to 2 hydroxyl groups and which optionally is interrupted by 1-5 oxygen atoms, a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, an amine radical, an amino group and hydroxyl groups present in 3'- and 5' -positions optionally are etherified with radical R and/or b) the phosphodiesters, being used as the internuc- leotide bond, independently of one another, are replaced by phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates or alkylphos- phonates, especially preferably methyl phosphonate, and/or c) the terminal radicals in 3 ' - and 5'
• oligonuc- leotide N comprises 10 to 100 nucleotides.
• N is an oligonucleotide, which bonds specifically with high bonding affinity to other target structures and which can be obtained in that a mixture of oligonucleo- tides containing random sequences is brought together with the target structure, and certain oligonucleotides exhibit an increased affinity to the target structure relative to the mixture of the oligonucleotides, the lat ⁇ ter are separated from the remainder of the oligonucleo- tide mixture, then the oligonucleotides with increased affinity to the target structure are amplified to obtain a mixture of oligonucleotides that exhibits an increased portion of oligonucleotides that bond -on the target structures. 6.
• N is an oligonucleotide, which specifically bonds with high bonding affinity to other target structures, and which can be obtained in that a) first, a DNA strand is produced by chemical synthesis, so that on the 3' -end, this DNA strand exhibits a defined sequence, which is complementary to a promoter for an RNA-polymerase and at the same time com ⁇ plementary to a primer of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , and so that this DNA strand exhibits a defined DNA sequence on the 5' -end, which is complementary to a pri ⁇ mer sequence for the polymerase chain reaction, and the sequence between the defined sequences contains a random sequence, and in that b) this DNA strand is transcribed in an RNA strand with the help of an RNA-polymerase, and nucleotides are offered to the polymerase, which are modified in the 2' -position of the ribose unit, and in that c)
• tar ⁇ get structure is selected from macromolecules, tissue structures of higher organisms, such as animals or humans, organs or parts of organs of an animal or human, cells, tumor cells or tumors.
• connecting component (s) B is (are) bound a) to the 4'-end of oligonucleotide radical N reduced in 4'-position by the CH--0H group and/or b) to the 3' -end of oligonucleotide radical N reduced in 3'-position by a hydrogen atom and/or c) to the phosphodiester bridge (s), reduced by the OH group (s) , between two nucleotides in each case and/or d) to 1 to 30 nucleobase(s) , which is (are) reduced by a hydrogen atom respectively in 5-, 8-position(s) and/or the amino group(s) in 2-, 4- and 6-position(s) .
• X stands for a direct bond, an -NH or -S group
• Y stands for a straight-chain or branched-chain, saturated or unsaturated Ci-Cj o alkylene chain, which optionally contains 1-2 cyclohexylene, 1-5 imino, 1-3 phenylene, 1-3 phenylenimino, 1-3 phenylenoxy, 1-3 hydroxyphenylene, 1-5 amido, 1-2 hydrazido, 1-5 carbonyl, 1-5 ethylenoxy, a ureido, a thioureido, 1-2 carboxyalkyl- imino, 1-2 ester groups, 1-3 groups of Ar, in which Ar stands for a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-ring, which optionally contains 1-2 heteroatoms selected from nitro ⁇ gen, oxygen and sulfur and/or 1-2 carbonyl groups; 1-10 oxygen, 1-5 nitrogen and/or 1-5 sulfur atoms, and/or optionally is substituted by 1-5 hydroxy
• Z 1 stands for -C0NH-CH 2 -4' , -NH-CO-4', -O-P(O)R ⁇ NH- CH 2 -4', -0-P(0)R 1 -0-CH 2 -4' , -O-P(S)R ⁇ O-S' or -O-P(O)R' -O- 3', in which 4' or 3' indicates the linkage to the termi ⁇ nal sugar unit(s) and R 1 stands for O", S", a C 1 -C 4 alkyl or NR 2 R 3 group, with R 2 and R 3 meaning hydrogen and C.-C 4 alkyl radicals.
• cyclic saturated or unsaturated alkylenes with 3 to 6, especially 5 or 6 C atoms, which optionally can contain heteroatoms, such as N, S or O are suitable.
• cyclopentylene, pyrrolylene, furanylene, thiophenylene, imidazolylene, oxazolylidene, thiazolylene, pyrazolylene, pyrrolidylene, pyridylene, pyrimidylene, maleinimidylene and phthal- imidylene groups are considered.
• B has general formula X-Y-Z 2 , in which
• 3' 3' stands for the group -NR 2 ' , -0- or -S-, and X, Y and R 2 have the meaning indicated in point 9.
• radicals Y of connecting component Z x -Y-X or Z 2 -Y-X there can be mentioned as examples the radicals - (CH 2 ) 6 -NH-CS-NH-C 6 H 4 -CH(CH 2 C0 2 H) -CH 2 -C0-NH-CH 2 -CH(OH) -CH 2 - ,
• the number of imaging substituents B-K linked with the oligonucleotide radical is, on the one hand, limited by the value of the oligonucleotide, but is never greater than 30. According to the invention, 1 to 20 substitu- ents B-K are preferred.
• oligonucleotide radical N is in prin ⁇ ciple not limited.
• oligonucleotides with 5 to 200 nucleotides are practicable, especially preferred are oligonucleotides with 10 to 100 nucleo ⁇ tides.
• Oligonucleotides usable according to the invention are stabilized against degradation by nucleases occurring in vivo.
• Unmodified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are cleaved in vivo by endonucleases and exonucleases.
• the degradation reaction in the RNA series begins with an activation of the 2'-hydroxy group.
• Other catabolic enzymes are, e.g., ribozymes, which cleave the phosphodi- ester bond of RNS (see Science 261, 709 (1993) ) .
• the in vivo stability of R ⁇ S derivatives can be increased by partial or complete substitution of the 2'-hydroxyl group by other substituents.
• substituents are, e.g., alkoxy groups, especially the methoxy group (see, e.g., Chem. Pharm. Bull.
• the stabilization can be achieved in that the hydroxyl groups in 2'-position of the ribose units, inde ⁇ pendently of one another, are modified.
• a modifica ⁇ tion can be achieved by a replacement of this hydroxyl group by an OR group, a halogen atom, especially a fluor ⁇ ine atom, a hydrogen atom or an amine radical, especially by an amino group.
• Radical R of the alkoxy group stands, in this case, for a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical with 1 to 20 C atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, pro ⁇ pyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl or hexyl or a cyclic unsubstituted or substituted alkyl radical with 4 to 20 C atoms, such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
• a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical with 1 to 20 C atoms such as methyl, ethyl, pro ⁇ pyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl or hexyl or a cyclic unsubstituted or substituted alkyl radical with 4 to 20 C atoms, such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
• Another stabilization of the polynucleotide takes place in that the phosphodiesters being used as internuc ⁇ leotide bond are replaced partially or completely, and independently of one another, by phosphorothioates, phos- phorodithioates or alkylphosphonates, especially prefer- ably lower alkylphosphonates, such as methyl phosphonate.
• These internucleotide bonds can also be linked to the terminal radicals in 3'- and 5'-positions or else also connect 3'-3'- or 5' -5' -positions.
• the phosphodiester bond makes possible further linkages by hydroxyalkyl radicals, which are present on nitrogen or carbon atoms of the nucleobases, thus, for example, two thymidines can be linked by the hydroxyalkyl chains present in 3-posi ⁇ tion or two purine bases by the radicals present in 8-positions.
• the linkage can also take place to hydroxyl groups in 2'- or 3'- or 5' -position.
• the modified inter ⁇ nucleotide bonds can optionally occur preferably on the ends of the polynucleotide, and they are especially pre ⁇ ferably bound on the thymidine.
• oligonucleotide radicals N used are not limited to specific oligonucleotide sequences. But preferred are those oligonucleotides that bond specifically with high bonding affinity to other target structures.
• SELEX A process for identifying suitable oligonucleotides, which are required as initial substances for the conju ⁇ gates according to the invention, is described in US Patent 5,270,163.
• This process termed SELEX, can be used to make a nucleic acid ligand to any desired target molecule.
• the SELEX method involves selection from a mixture of candidate oligonucleotides and step-wise iterations of binding, partitioning and amplification, using the same general selection scheme, to achieve virtually any desired criterion of binding affinity and selectivity.
• the SELEX method includes steps of contacting the mixture with the target under conditions favorable for binding, partition ⁇ ing unbound nucleic acids from those nucleic acids which have bound specifically to target molecules, dissociating the nucleic acid- arget complexes, amplifying the nucleic acids dissociated from the nucleic acid-target complexes to yield a ligand-enriched mixture of nucleic acids, then reiterating the steps of binding, partitioning, dissocia ⁇ ting and amplifying through as many cycles as desired to yield highly specific, high affinity nucleic acid ligands to the target molecule.
• the basic SELEX method has been modified to achieve a number of specific objectives.
• U.S. pat ⁇ ent application Ser. No. 07/960,093, filed October 14, 1992 describes the use of SELEX in conjunction with gel electrophoresis to select nucleic acid molecules with specific structural characteristics, such as bent DNA.
• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/123,935, filed Sep ⁇ tember 17, 1993 describes a SELEX-based method for selecting nucleic acid ligands containing photoreactive groups capable of binding and/or photocrosslinking to and/or photoinactivating a target molecule.
• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/134,028, filed October 7, 1993 describes a method for identifying highly specific nuc ⁇ leic acid ligands able to discriminate between closely related molecules, termed Counter-SELEX.
• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/143,564, filed October 25, 1993 describes a SELEX-based method which achieves highly efficient partitioning between oligonucleotides having high and low affinity for a target molecules.
• U.S. pat ⁇ ent application Ser. No. 07/964,624, filed October 21, 1992 describes methods for obtaining improved nucleic acid ligands after SELEX has been performed.
• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/400,440, filed March 8, 1995 describes methods for covalently linking a ligand to its target.
• the SELEX method encompasses the identification of high-affinity nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides conferring improved characteristics on the ligand, such as improved in vivo stability or improved delivery characteristics. Examples of such modifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base substitutions.
• SELEX-identified nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/117,991, filed September 8, 1993, that describes oligonucleotides containing nucleotide derivatives chemically modified at the 5- and 2'-positions of pyrimidines.
• the SELEX method encompasses combining selected oli ⁇ gonucleotides with other selected oligonucleotides and non-oligonucleotide functional units as described in U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 08/284,063, filed August 2, 1994, and Ser. No. 08/234,997, filed April 28, 1994, respectively. These applications allow the combination of the broad array of shapes and other properties, and the efficient amplification and replication properties, of oligonucleotides with the desirable properties of other molecules.
• the SELEX process may be defined by the following series of steps:
• a candidate mixture of nucleic acids of differ- ing sequence is prepared.
• the candidate mixture gener ⁇ ally includes regions of fixed sequences (i.e., each of the members of the candidate mixture contains the same sequences in the same location) and regions of randomized sequences.
• the fixed sequence regions are selected either: (a) to assist in the amplification steps described below, (b) to mimic a sequence known to bind to the target, or (c) to enhance the concentration of a given structural arrangement of the nucleic acids in the candidate mixture.
• the randomized sequences can be totally randomized (i.e., the probability of finding a base at any position being one in four) or only partially randomized (e.g., the probability of finding a base at any location can be selected at any level between 0 and 100 percent) .
• the candidate mixture is contacted with the selected target under conditions favorable for binding between the target and members of the candidate mixture. Under these circumstances, the interaction between the target and the nucleic acids of the candidate mixture can be considered as forming nucleic acid-target pairs between the target and those nucleic acids having the strongest affinity for the target. 3) The nucleic acids with the highest affinity for the target are partitioned from those nucleic acids with lesser affinity to the target. Because only an extremely small number of sequences (and possibly only one molecule of nucleic acid) corresponding to the highest affinity nucleic acids exist in the candidate mixture, it is generally desirable to set the partitioning criteria so that a significant amount of the nucleic acids in the candidate mixture (approximately 5-50%) are retained during partitioning.
• nucleic acids selected during partitioning as having the relatively higher affinity to the target are then amplified to create a new candidate mixture that is enriched in nucleic acids having a relatively higher affinity for the target.
• the newly formed candidate mixture contains fewer and fewer unique sequences, and the average degree of affinity of the nucleic acids to the target will generally increase.
• the SELEX process will yield a candidate mixture containing one or a small number of unique nucleic acids representing those nucleic acids from the original candidate mixture having the highest affinity to the target molecule.
• the SELEX patents and applications describe and ela ⁇ borate on this process in great detail. Included are targets that can be used in the process; methods for partitioning nucleic acids within a candidate mixture; and methods for amplifying partitioned nucleic acids to generate enriched candidate mixture.
• the SELEX patents and applications also describe ligands obtained to a num ⁇ ber of target species, including both protein targets where the protein is and is not a nucleic acid binding protein. Therefore, the SELEX process can be used to provide high affinity ligands of a target molecule.
• Target molecules are preferably proteins, but can also include among others carbohydrates, peptidoglycans and a variety of small molecules.
• nucleic acid antibodies oligo ⁇ nucleotide ligands
• Oligonucleotide lig- ands are advantageous in that they are not limited by self tolerance, as are conventional antibodies.
• nucleic acid antibodies do not require animals or cell cultures for synthesis or production, since SELEX is a wholly in vitro process.
• nucleic acids can bind to complementary nucleic acid sequences.
• nucleic acids This property of nucleic acids has been extensively utilized for the detection, quantitation and isolation of nucleic acid molecules.
• the methods of the present inven ⁇ tion are not intended to encompass these well-known bind- ing capabilities between nucleic acids.
• the methods of the present invention related to the use of nucleic acid antibodies are not intended to encompass known binding affinities between nucleic acid molecules.
• a number of proteins are known to function via binding to nucleic sequences, such as regulatory proteins which bind to nucleic acid operator sequences. The known ability of certain nucleic acid binding proteins to bind to their natural sites, for example, has been employed in the detection, quantitation, isolation and purification of such proteins.
• oligonucleotide ligands are not intended to encompass the known binding affinity between nucleic acid binding proteins and nucleic acid sequences to which they are known to bind.
• novel, non- naturally-occurring sequences which bind to the same nucleic acid binding proteins can be developed using SELEX.
• the oligonucleotide ligands of the present invention bind to such target molecules which comprise a three dimensional chemical structure, other than a polynucleotide that binds to said oligonucleotide ligand through a mechanism which predominantly depends on Watson/Crick base pairing or triple helix binding, where- in said oligonucleotide ligand is not a nucleic acid hav ⁇ ing the known physiological function of being bound by the target molecule.
• SELEX allows very rapid determination of nucleic acid sequences that will bind to a protein and, thus, can be readily employed to determine the structure of unknown operator and binding site sequences which sequences can then be employed for appli ⁇ cations as described herein.
• SELEX is thus a general method for use of nucleic acid molecules for the detec- tion, quantitation, isolation and purification of pro ⁇ teins which are not known to bind nucleic acids.
• certain nucleic acid antibodies isolatable by SELEX can also be employed to affect the function, for example inhibit, enhance or activate the function, of specific target molecules or structures.
• nucleic acid antibodies can be employed to inhibit, enhance or activate the function of proteins.
• the oligonucleotides used in the conjugates according to the invention are obtained in a preferred embodiment according to the process described below.
• suitable oligonucleotides can be obtained in that a mixture of oligonucleotides containing random sequences is brought together with the target structure, and certain oligonucleotides exhibit an increased affin ⁇ ity to the target structure relative to the mixture of the oligonucleotides, the latter are separated from the remainder of the oligonucleotide mixture, then the oligo ⁇ nucleotides with increased affinity to the target struc ⁇ ture are amplified to obtain a mixture of oligonucleo ⁇ tides that exhibits an increased portion of oligonucleo ⁇ tides that bond to the target structures.
• a DNA strand is first produced in a preferred way by chemical synthesis.
• this DNA strand has a known sequence, which is used as promo ⁇ ter for an RNA polymerase and at the same time is comple ⁇ mentary to a primer sequence for the polymerase chain r ction (PCR) .
• PCR polymerase chain r ction
• tiiis is the promoter for the T7 RNA-polymerase.
• a random sequence is synthesized on the promoter. The random sequence can be obtained in that the suitable four bases are fed in the same ratio in the synthesis machine. Thus, completely random DNA sequences result. In a preferred embodiment, the length of the random sequence is about 15 to 100 nucleotides.
• another DNA sequence is synthesized which can be used for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .
• RNA polymerase in a com ⁇ plementary RNA strand.
• the T7 RNA polymerase is used.
• the nucleotides that are modified are offered to the RNA polymerase.
• the ribose is modified in 2' -position. In this case, this can be a substitution of the hydrogen atom or the hydroxyl group by an alkoxy group, preferably meth ⁇ oxy, amino or fluorine.
• the RNA oligonucleotides pro ⁇ quizd in this manner are then introduced in the selection process.
• Target structure is defined as a structure on which the oligo ⁇ nucleotide is to bond specifically and with high affin ⁇ ity.
• Such structures are, e.g., macromolecules, tissue structures of higher organisms, such as animals or humans, organs or parts of organs, cells, especially tumor cells or tumors.
• the target structure must not absolutely be in pure form, it can also be present on a naturally occurring organ or on a cell surface.
• Strin ⁇ gency may applied to the selection process by the addi ⁇ tion of polyamino (tRNA, heparin) , plasma or whole blood to the SELEX reaction. If an isolated protein is involved here, the latter can be bound to a solid phase, for example, a filter.
• tRNA polyamino
• heparin heparin
• the latter can be bound to a solid phase, for example, a filter.
• an excess of the target structure relative to the RNA mixture is used.
• the spe ⁇ cific oligonucleotide molecules bond on the target struc- tures, while the unbound oligonucleotides are separated from the mixture, for example by washing.
• RNA oligonucleotide molecules are separated from the target molecules or removed by washing with suitable buffers or solvents. With the help of the reverse transcriptase, the RNA oligonucleotide found is then transcribed in the comple ⁇ mentary DNA strand.
• the DNA strand to be obtained exhibits primer sequences (or promoter sequences) on both ends, an ampli- fication of the DNA sequences found can be performed sim ⁇ ply with the help of the polymerase chain reaction.
• RNA oligonucleotides amplified in this way are then transcribed with the help of the RNA polymerase again in RNA oligonucleotides and the thus obtained RNA oligonucleotides can be used in a further selection step (as described above) .
• the latter After separating the bonding RNA oligonucleotides, obtained in the second selection step, from the target molecules, the latter are again transcribed in DNA with the help of the reverse transcriptase, the thus obtained complementary DNA oligonucleotides are amplified with the help of the polymerase chain reaction and then tran- scribed again with the help of the RNA polymerase to the RNA oligonucleotides, which are available for a further selection step.
• the desired high specifici ⁇ ties and high bonding affinities can be obtained if the selection steps are repeated several times. Rarely will the desired oligonucleotide sequence be obtained as early as after one or two selection steps. As soon as the desired specificity and bonding affinity between target structure and oligonucleotide is obtained, the oligonuc- leotide(s) can be sequenced and as a result, the sequence of the specifically bonding oligonucleotides can be determined.
• this process can be used not only with suitable proteins, but also in vivo. But the above-mentioned selection process can also be performed on purified target structures. But it is essential, especially for the in vivo diagnosis, that the specificity of the oligonucleotides is provided for the target structure in the living environment. Therefore, the selection processes can also be performed on cells or cell cultures, on tissues or tissue sections, on perfused organs and even on living organisms.
• the modified oligonucleotides can withstand the degradation by the almost omnipresent RNAs.
• the desired oligo ⁇ nucleotide sequences are themselves accumulated on living organisms in the selection processes, since corresponding naturally occurring oligonucleotides would be degraded by the RNAs.
• Oligonucleotide radical N can exhibit one or more connecting components B, or substituents B-K, which can be selected independently of one another. Claimed are oligonucleotide conjugates, which contain 1 to 30 identi ⁇ cal or 2 to 30 different connecting components B.
• Connecting component B connects oligonucleotide radical N with a complexing agent or complex K.
• oligonucleotide radical N with a complexing agent or complex K.
• polydentate, open-chain or cyclic complexing ligands with 0, S and N donor atoms can be used.
• complexing agent-radicals K there can be mentioned the polyaminopolycarboxylic acids reduced by a hydrogen, a hydroxy group and/or an acetic acid group ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, trans-1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid,
• Suitable complexing agents are described, e.g., in EP 0 485 045, EP 0 071 564 and EP 0 588 229, in DE 43 10 999 and DE 43 11 023.
• figures 1 and 2 in which some advantageous structures are compiled. These figures are meant as a selection and do not limit this invention in any way in the represented complexing agents.
• Complexing agent K can contain all paramagnetic metal ions usual in NMR diagnosis. Suitable isotopes according to the invention are selected from the elements of atomic numbers 21-29, 42, 44 or 58-70.
• Suitable ions are, for example, the chromium(III) , iron(II) , cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), praseo- dymium(III), neodymium(III) , samarium(III) and ytter ⁇ bium(III) ion. Because of their very great magnetic moment, especially preferred are the gadolinium(III) , terbium(III) , dysprosium(III) , holmium(III) , manganese (II), erbium(III) and iron(III) ion.
• Those carboxylic acid groups that are not required for complexing the above-mentioned elements can option- ally be present as salts of an inorganic or organic base, such as alkali- or alkaline-earth metal hydroxides and -carbonates, especially sodium- and potassium hydroxide, or ammonia and alkylamines, or amino acid or as ester or amide.
• the invention further relates to processes for the production of the conjugates according to the invention.
• conjugates in which the substituent is bound on the 5'-end of the oligonucleotide can be obtained by reaction of the oligonucleotide with a phosphoramidite derivative (Tetrahedron 4j?, 1925-1963 (1993)).
• R' stands for an alkyl, alkoxy or arylalkoxy group, optionally containing N, N0 2 , Si or S0 2 , with 1 to 20 C atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, butyloxy, benzyloxy or phenylethoxy, which optionally can be substituted.
• substituents especially cyano and nitro groups are used.
• methoxy, / 9-cyanoethoxy or nitrophenylethoxy groups can be used.
• 3-cyanoethoxy groups are especially preferred.
• R' ' is a C.-C, alkyl radical, and ethyl and propyl radicals are especially suitable. Preferred are isopropyl radicals.
• R' ' ' is an alkyl or arylalkyl group, optionally containing S, O, N, CN, N0 2 or halogen, with 1 to 20 C atoms.
• protected amino and thioalkyl radi ⁇ cals as well as protected amino and thiooxaalkyl radicals are used.
• protective groups generally usual N- or S-protective groups can be used. For exam ⁇ ple, trifluoroacetyl, phthalimido and monomethoxytrityl groups are suitable.
• 3-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylamino-6- (tri- fluoroacetamido) -1-hexyl-phosphoramidite is used as phosphoramidite derivative.
• ⁇ 3-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylamino- (3,6,9-trioxa-ll- phthalimido-1-undecyl) -phosphoramidite is used as phos ⁇ phoramidite derivative.
• connecting component B is bound on the 3'-end of oligonucleotide N in a way analogous to the one described above by a phos- phorus-containing group.
• oligonucleotide and phosphoramidite can take place as solid-phase reac ⁇ tion, and the oligonucleotide can also be present on the column o'f an automatic synthesizer.
• an oligo- nucleotide of the desired sequence has been obtained and exposure of the 5' -hydroxy group of the oligonucleotide has taken place, e.g., with trichloroacetic acid, it is reacted with the phosphoramidite and the reaction product is oxidized and released.
• the thus obtained oligo- nucleotide derivative is coupled on the terminal amino or thiol group with the complexing agent or complex K optionally by another linker group.
• the radical bound in the first step by the phosphorus-containing group on the oligonucleotide then forms, together with the optionally present additional linker group, connecting component B.
• the linkage between oligonucleotide and the complex ⁇ ing agent can also take place so that the free 5' -hydroxyl group of the oligonucleotide is reacted with a complexing agent or complex, which terminally carries a bondable phosphorus radical.
• a complexing agent or complex which terminally carries a bondable phosphorus radical.
• R a stands for a C ⁇ alkyl radical, which optionally carries a cyano radical in /3-position
• R b stands for a secondary amino group
• R c stands for a trialkylammonium cation and K and B have the mentioned meaning, or the formula c) O S
• R d stands for an aryl radical, optionally substituted with one or more halogen atom(s) and/or one or more nitro group(s), or a C x -C 6 alkyl radical, which optionally is substituted in 3-position with a cyano radical
• K, B and R c have the mentioned meaning, and when using a radical of formula a) , an oxidation step to phosphate takes place after completion of the coupling reaction.
• radical -0R a or -OR c optionally can be cleaved off in a hydrolysis.
• the linkage of the oligonucleotide derivative by the linker with the complexing agent or complex K can take place also as a solid-phase reaction on the column of an automatic synthesizer.
• the compound according to the invention can then be isolated from the solid vehicle by dissolving.
• the linkage of the oligonucleotide with the linker can take place not only by the 5' -OH group of the sugar of the terminal nucleotide, but also by other functional groups, which can be generated from the 5' -OH group, such as, e.g., an amino or carboxy group.
• Such nucleotides carrying amino or carboxy groups are known and can be produced easily.
• the synthesis of a 5' -deoxy-5-amino- uridine is described in J. Med. Chem. 22. 1273 (1979) as well as in Chem. Lett. ___., 601 (1976) . 4' -Carboxy-5' - deoxy-uridine is accessible as described in J. Med. Chem. 21. 1141 (1978), or Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 2, 95 (1981) .
• linkage with the complexing agent then takes place by a linker carrying a carboxylic acid or amino group in a way known to one skilled in the art.
• the linker then forms connecting component B together with the -NH-CH 2 -4' or the -CO-4' group.
• oligonucleotide radical N the group -NH-CH 2 -4' or -CO-4' is considered necessary to connecting component B, while the oligonucleotide reduced in 4'-position by a CH 2 -OH group is designated as oligonucleotide radical N.
• a process for the production of conjugates in which the connecting component takes place on the phosphodi- ester or phosphorothioate bridges reduced by the OH groups, consists in the fact that first two sugar units are linked to a dinucleotide (see, e.g., Chem. Lett. 1305 (1993)) . In this case, there first results a triester of formula
• the complexing agent can optionally be linked, in a way known to one skilled in the art, by a linker with the amino group -- e.g., in the form of an amide bond.
• the linker then forms connecting component B together with group O-U-V (in which V stands for a group -NH) .
• An alternative process consists in that the phospho- triester passed through intermediately (e.g., by reaction with 1, 5-diaminopentane) is subjected to an aminolysis (see Biochemistry 22/ 7237 (1988) or J. Am. Chem. Soc.
• nucleobases offer an especially great variety for linking the complexing agents with the nucleotides.
• a linkage by the amino groups in 2-position in the pur ⁇ ines and in 4-position in the pyrimidines can take place directly. But it is often more advantageous first to modify the purines or pyrimidines and to link these deri- vatized bases with the complexing agents (optionally by additional linkers) .
• Suitable derivatized nucleobases are described, e.g., in Biochemie [Biochemistry] 7_l, 319 (1989), Nucl. Acids Res. 16., 4937 (1988) or Nucleosides Nucleotides 10., 633 (1991) .
• nucleo ⁇ bases An alternative process for linking by the nucleo ⁇ bases consists in the palladium-catalyzed coupling of bromine or iodine nucleobases with functionalized radi ⁇ cals (Biogenic and Medical Chemistry Letter V, 361 (1994)) .
• the complex ⁇ ing agent can then option ⁇ ally be linked with the nucleobase by another linker.
• an acrylic ester or an allylamine can be mentioned as examples (see Nucl. Acids Res. Ii, 6115 (1986) and Nucl. Acids Res. 1£, 4077 (1988) ) .
• the production of the metal complexes from the metal-free oligonucleotide conjugates according to the invention takes place as disclosed in DE 34 01 052, by the metal oxide or a metal salt (for example, the nitrate, acetate, carbonate, chloride or sulfate) of the desired metal isotope in water and/or a lower alcohol (such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol) being dis ⁇ solved or suspended and reacted with the solution or suspension of the equivalent amount of the oligonucleo ⁇ tide conjugate containing the complexing agent and then, if desired, present acidic hydrogen atoms being substitu ⁇ ted by cations of inorganic and/or organic bases or amino acids or free carboxylic acid groups being converted to amino acid amides.
• a metal salt for example, the nitrate, acetate, carbonate, chloride or sulfate
• a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol
• inorganic bases e.g., hydroxides, carbonates or bicarbonates
• organic bases such as, among others, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such as, e.g., ethanolamine, morpho- line, glucamine, N-methyl- and N,N-dimethyl-glucamine, as well as basic amino acids, such as, e.g., lysine, argi ⁇ nine and ornithine, or of amides of originally neutral or acid amino acids.
• the production of the pharmaceutical agents accor ⁇ ding to the invention also takes place in a way known in the art, by the oligonucleotide conjugates according to the invention -- optionally by adding the additives usual in galenicals -- being suspended or dissolved in aqueous medium and then the suspension or solution optionally being sterilized or sterilized by filtration.
• Suitable additives are, for example, physiologically harmless buf ⁇ fers (such as, for example, tromethamine) , additives of complexing agents (such as, for example, diethylenetri- aminepentaacetic acid) or -- if necessary -- electro ⁇ lytes, such as, for example, sodium chloride or -- if necessary -- antioxidants, such as, for example, ascorbic acid, or, especially for oral forms of administration, mannitol or other osmotically active substances.
• physiologically harmless buf ⁇ fers such as, for example, tromethamine
• additives of complexing agents such as, for example, diethylenetri- aminepentaacetic acid
• electro ⁇ lytes such as, for example, sodium chloride or -- if necessary -- antioxidants, such as, for example, ascorbic acid, or, especially for oral forms of administration, mannitol or other osmotically active substances.
• suspensions or solutions of the agents according to the invention in water or physiological salt solution are desired for enteral administration or other purposes, they can be mixed with one or more adjuvant (s) usual in galenicals (e.g., methyl cellulose, lactose, mannitol) and/or surfactant (s) (e.g., lecithins, Tween tR1 , Myrj tR1 ) .
• adjuvant e.g., methyl cellulose, lactose, mannitol
• surfactant e.g., lecithins, Tween tR1 , Myrj tR1
• the pharmaceutical agents according to the invention preferably contain 0.1 ⁇ mol/1 to 3 mmol/1 of the oligo ⁇ nucleotide conjugates according to the invention and are generally dosed in amounts of 0.1 ⁇ mol/kg - 1 mmol/kg
• This invention further relates to a process for detecting target structures.
• one or more of the above-described compounds are brought together in vivo or in vitro with the sample to be studied.
• the target structure is present in the sample, it can be detected there based on the signal.
• the process is especially suitable for a noninvasive diagnosis of diseases.
• one or more of the above- described compounds is administered in vivo and it can be detected based on the signal whether the target struc ⁇ ture, on which oligonucleotide radical N bonds specifi- cally and with high affinity, is present in the organism to be studied.
• Another embodiment of this invention comprises a diagnosis kit for in vivo detection of target structures, which contains one or more of the above-mentioned com- pounds as freeze-dried material as well as the physiolog ⁇ ically compatible liquid necessary to prepare the agent.
• the conjugates and agents according to the invention meet the many requirements that are to be set for a phar ⁇ maceutical agent for NMR diagnosis. They are distin- guished especially by a high specificity or affinity relative to the target structure in question. Relative to known oligonucleotide conjugates, the conjugates according to the invention exhibit an especially high in vivo stability. This was achieved by a substitution of the 2' -hydroxy group and the incorporation of modified thymidine sequences on the terminal hydroxyl groups of the oligonucleotides. Surprisingly, the specificity of the oligonucleotide is significantly impaired neither by this modification nor by the coupling with the complexing agent.
• Figure 1 shows a selection of cyclic complexing agents K, which can be used advantageously for this invention.
• "b” marks the bonding site on connecting component B.
• Figure 2 shows a selection of open-chain complexing agents K, which can be used advantageously for this invention.
• the polynucleotides described in the examples contain modified compounds.
• the nucleotides contain 2'-OCH 3 * : the internucleotide bond is a methyl phosphonate **: the internucleotide bond is a monothiophosphonate ***: the internucleotide bond is a dithiophosphonate
• oligonucleotide 5'-CUCAUGGAGCGCAAGACGAAUAGCUACAUA-3' with the modifica- tion of a -T'3-3'T-5', identified according to the SELEX process oligonucleotide which is bound by 5'-position on the vehicle, is produced in the usual way in an automatic synthesizer of the Pharmacia company (see Oligonucleo ⁇ tides and Analogues, A Practical Approach, Ed. F. Eck- stein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, 1991) , and the oligonucleotide is also present on the column of the solid vehicle.
• the oxidation of the formed phosphite to the completely protected phosphotriester takes place with iodine in tetrahydrofuran. Then, the column is washed in successive ⁇ sion with methanol and water. To remove the modified oligonucleotide from the solid vehicle, the contents of the column are conveyed in a multivial, mixed with 5 ml of 30% ammonia solution, the vessel is sealed and shaken overnight at 55°C. It is then cooled to 0°C, centrifuged, the vehicle is washed with 5 ml of water and the combined aqueous phases are subjected to a freeze-drying.
• the solid material is taken up in 2 ml of water, mixed with 2 ml of 0.5 M ammonium acetate solution and mixed with 10 ml ethanol, it is allowed to stand overnight at -20°C, centrifuged, the residue is washed with 1 ml of ethanol (-20°C) and finally dried in a vacuum at room temperature.
• the desired gadolinium complex is obtained according to the instructions, indicated under example lh) , by reaction of the title compound of example 2a) and gado ⁇ linium acetate.
• the desired manganese complex is obtained according to the instructions, indicated under example lh) , by reaction of the title compound of example 2a) and mangan ⁇ ese (II) acetate.
• the desired europium complex is obtained according to the instructions, indicated under example lh) , by reaction of the title compound of example 4a) and euro ⁇ pium acetate.
• Patent No. 5,270,163 identified according to the SELEX process with the modification of a sequence 5'- ⁇ *T*T*T*T placed in front, is produced in the usual way in an auto- matic synthesizer of the Pharmacia company (see Oligonuc ⁇ leotides and Analogues, A Practical Approach, Ed. F. Eck ⁇ stein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, 1991) , and the oligonucleotide is also present on the column of the solid vehicle. By reaction with trichloro- acetic acid solution in dichloromethane, the 5'-hydroxy group is opened. The load on the column is about 10 mg of the 35mer-oligonucleotide.
• the column is reacted with a solution of 50 ⁇ mol of j ⁇ -cyano- ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamino-S-trityl-6-mercapto) -phosphor ⁇ amidite in acetonitrile in the presence of tetrazole.
• the oxidation of the formed phosphite to the completely protected phosphotriester takes place with iodine in tetrahydrofuran.
• the column is washed in successive- sion with methanol and water.
• the contents of the column are conveyed in a multivial, mixed with 5 ml of 30% ammonia solution, the vessel is sealed and shaken overnight at 55°C. It is then cooled to 0°C, centrifuged, the vehicle is washed with 5 ml of water and the combined aqueous phases are subjected to a freeze-drying.
• the solid material is taken up in 2 ml of water, mixed with 2 ml of 0.5 M ammonium acetate solution and mixed with 10 ml of ethanol, it is allowed to stand overnight at -20°C, centrifuged, the residue is washed with 1 ml of ethanol (-20°C) and finally dried in a vacuum at room temperature.
• the product is dissolved in 0.5 ml of water, mixed with 0.1 ml of 1 M silver nitrate solution and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Then, it is mixed with 0.1 ml of 1 M dithiothreitol solution. After 15 minutes, it is centri ⁇ fuged, and the supernatant solution is extracted several times with ethyl acetate. After the freeze-drying, 8 mg of the desired title compound is obtained from the aque ⁇ ous solution.
• the purification takes place by reversed-phase chromatography on a 1 x 25 cm column with a 25 mmol triethylammonium acetate (pH 7) /acetonitrile gradient.
• the combined frac ⁇ tions are gently concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum, dissolved in a little water and desalted with the help of a Sephadex-G-10 column. By freeze-drying, 4 mg of the title compound is obtained as white powder.
• the desired gadolinium complex is obtained according to the instructions, indicated under example lh) , by reaction of the title compound of example 5b) and gado ⁇ linium acetate.
• the purification takes place by reversed-phase chromatography on a 1 x 25 cm column with a 25 mmol triethylammonium acetate (pH 7) /acetonitrile gradient.
• the combined fractions are gently concentrated by evaporation in -a vacuum, dissolved in a little water and desalted with the help of a Sepha- dex G-10 column.
• a Sepha- dex G-10 column By freeze-drying, 3 mg of the title compound is obtained as white powder.
• the desired iron complex is obtained according to the instructions, indicated under example lh) , by reac ⁇ tion of the title compound of example 6a) and iron(III) chloride.
• 5'-hydroxy group is opened.
• the load on the column is about 10 mg of the 30mer-oligonucleotide.
• the 5'-hydroxy group is reacted in the presence of tetrazole with the phosphoramidite obtained according to example 13a) .
• the phosphite is converted to the phosphotriester by treatment with iodine solution and the terminal DMT radical is cleaved by reaction with trichloroacetic acid solution in dichloromethane.
• the solid material is taken up in 2 ml of water, mixed with 2 ml of 0.5 M ammonium acetate solution and mixed with 10 ml of ethanol, it is allowed to stand overnight at -20°C, centrifuged, the residue is washed with 1 ml of ethanol (-20°C) and finally dried in a vacuum at room temperature. 6 mg of the title compound is obtained as colorless powder.
• the solution is fil- tered and mixed with stirring in small portions with enough cation exchanger IRC 50 until a pH of 3.5 is reached. After filtering, the solution is freeze-dried. 1.39 g of the desired substance is obtained as white powder with a water content of 4.9%.
• the desired gadolinium complex is obtained according to the instructions, indicated under example lh) , by reaction of the title compound of example 7b) and gado- linium acetate.
• the 30mer-oligonucleotide 5' -CUCAUGGAGCGCAAGACGAAUAGCUACAUA-3' identified accor ⁇ ding to the SELEX process, is produced in the usual way in an automatic synthesizer of the Pharmacia company (see Oligonucleotides and Analogues, A Practical Approach, Ed. F. Eckstein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, 1991) , and the oligonucleotide is also present on the column of the solid vehicle.
• the oligonucleotide is also present on the column of the solid vehicle.
• the loading of the column is about 10 mg of the 30mer-oligonucleotide.
• the column is reacted with a solution of 50 ⁇ mol of f 3-cyanoethyl-N,N- diisopropylamino- (3,6, 9-trioxa-ll-phthalimido-l-undecyl) - phosphoramidite (produced according to: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86., 6230-6234 (1989)) in the presence of tetrazole.
• the oxidation of the formed phosphite to the completely protected phosphotriester takes place with iodine in tetrahydrofuran.
• the column is washed in succession with methanol and water.
• the contents of the column are conveyed in a multivial, mixed with 5 ml of 30% ammonia solution, the vessel is sealed and shaken overnight at 55°C. It is then cooled to 0°C, centrifuged, the vehicle is washed with 5 ml of water and the combined aqueous phases are subjected to a freeze- drying.
• the solid material is taken up in 2 ml of water, mixed with 2 ml of 0.5 M ammonium acetate solution and mixed with 10 ml of ethanol; it is allowed to stand overnight at -20°C, centrifuged, the residue is washed with 1 ml of ethanol
• oligonucleotide 8a) 8 mg is dissolved in 2.5 ml of a mixture of a NaHC0 3 /- Na 2 C0 3 buffer (pH 8.0) and mixed with 1 mg of the gadolin- ium complex of 10- [7- (4-isothiocyanatophenyl) -2-hydroxy- 5-OXO-7- (carboxy-methyl) -4-aza-heptyl] -1,4,7-tris (carbox ⁇ ymethyl) -1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 8e) .
• the 30mer-oligonucleotide 5'-CUCAUGGAGCGCAAGACGAAUAGCUACAUA-3' is produced in the usual way in an automatic synthesizer of the Pharmacia company (see Oligonucleotides and Analogues, A Practical Approach, Ed. F. Eckstein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, (1991)) , and the oligonucleotide is also present on the column of the solid vehicle. By reaction with trichloroacetic acid solution in dichloromethane, the 5'-hydroxy group is opened. The load .on the column is about 10 mg of the 3Omer-oligonucleotide.
• the column is washed in succession with methanol and water; by reaction with trichloroacetic acid solution in dichloromethane, the 5'-hydroxyl group is opened.
• the contents of the column are conveyed in a multi- vial, mixed with 5 ml of 30% ammonia solution, the vessel is sealed and shaken overnight at 55°C. It is then cooled to 0°C, centrifuged, the vehicle is washed with 5 ml of water and the combined aqueous phases are subjected to a freeze-drying.
• the solid material is taken up in 2 ml of water, mixed with 2 ml of 0.5 M ammonium acetate solution and mixed with 10 ml of ethanol; it is allowed to stand overnight at -20°C, centrifuged, the residue is washed with 1 ml of ethanol (-20°C) and finally dried in a vacuum at room temperature.
• oligonucleotide 9a) 8 mg is dissolved in 2.5 ml of a mixture of a NaHC0 3 /- Na 2 C0 3 buffer (pH 8.0) and mixed with 3 mg of the gadolin- ium complex of 10- [7- (4-isothiocyanatophenyl) -2-hydroxy- 5-OXO-7- (carboxymethyl) -4-aza-heptyl] -1,4,7-tris (carboxy ⁇ methyl) -1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 8e) .
• Example 10 a) 5 ' - (8 -Amino- 3 , 6 -dioxa-octyl-l-phosphoric acid ester) of the 30mer-oligonucleotide
• the 30mer-oligonucleotide 5' -CUCAUGGAGCGCAAGACGAAUAGCUACAUA-3' is produced in the usual way in an automatic synthesizer of the Pharmacia company (see Oligonucleotides and Analogues, A Practical Approach, Ed. F. Eckstein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo (1991)), and the oligonucleotide is also present on the column of the solid vehicle. By reaction with tri- chloroacetic acid solution in dichloromethane, the 5'-hydroxy group is opened. The load on the column is about 10 mg of the 30mer-oligonucleotide.
• the contents of the column are conveyed in a multivial, mixed with 5 ml of 30% ammonia solution, the vessel is sealed and shaken overnight at 55°C. It is then cooled to 0°C, centrifuged, the vehicle is washed with 5 ml of water and the combined aqueous phases are subjected to a freeze-drying.
• the solid material is taken up in 2 ml of water, mixed with 2 ml of 0.5 M ammonium acetate solution and mixed with 10 ml of ethanol, it is allowed to stand overnight at -20°C, centrifuged, the residue is washed with 1 ml of ethanol (-20°C) and finally dried in a vacuum at room temperature.
• 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 8e 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 8e. It is stirred for 20 hours at room temperature, the pH is adjusted to 7.2 by adding 0.01 M hydrochloric acid, and the solution is sub ⁇ jected to an ultrafiltration through a membrane with the exclusion limit 3,000 (Amicon YM3) and then a freeze- drying.

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