EP0759580B1 - Multiaktive elektrophotographische Elemente enthaltend ein Substrat dass an einer Oberfläche hervertretende Partikel enthält - Google Patents

Multiaktive elektrophotographische Elemente enthaltend ein Substrat dass an einer Oberfläche hervertretende Partikel enthält Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0759580B1
EP0759580B1 EP96202311A EP96202311A EP0759580B1 EP 0759580 B1 EP0759580 B1 EP 0759580B1 EP 96202311 A EP96202311 A EP 96202311A EP 96202311 A EP96202311 A EP 96202311A EP 0759580 B1 EP0759580 B1 EP 0759580B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
support
beads
charge
layer
multiactive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96202311A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0759580A1 (de
Inventor
David Michael c/o Eastman Kodak Co. Woytek
Douglas Edward c/o Eastman Kodak Co. Garman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eastman Kodak Co
Original Assignee
Eastman Kodak Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/585,326 external-priority patent/US5753401A/en
Application filed by Eastman Kodak Co filed Critical Eastman Kodak Co
Publication of EP0759580A1 publication Critical patent/EP0759580A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0759580B1 publication Critical patent/EP0759580B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording-members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat or to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/10—Bases for charge-receiving or other layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording-members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat or to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording-members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat or to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
    • G03G5/0525—Coating methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording-members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat or to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrophotography.
  • Multiactive electrophotoconductive elements are known.
  • such elements comprise a conductive support in electrical contact with a charge-generation layer and a charge-transport layer.
  • Methods and materials for making these elements are described in many patents such as U. S. Patents 3,615,414; 4,175,960 and 4,082,551. Methods for using these elements are also described in these patent publications.
  • a roll of polymer support of non-standard width and several thousand meters long, is slit, and at the same time knurled to a greater thickness.
  • the width of the rolls are non-standard in that the widths required by this method must be specially made.
  • knurls are placed in the center and along the edges of the slit support.
  • Knurling involves the application of rollers to the support.
  • the rollers have a relief or embossed pattern thereby creating a relief pattern in portions of the support to which the rollers are applied.
  • Knurls in the support assist in providing the slip needed to transport the support, and any layers thereon, over rollers and flat surfaces. Knurls also enable the support to be wound into rolls especially during vacuum-coating operations.
  • the slit and knurled support is coated with a metal layer in a vacuum chamber and then slit again.
  • a charge-transport layer is solvent-coated directly on the metallized support.
  • a charge-generation layer is then solvent-coated over the charge-transport layer.
  • a hard overcoat layer may be solvent-coated over the charge-generation layer.
  • a final slitting step is required to remove portions of the element containing knurled support. Subsequently this element is cut into smaller commercial lengths. These smaller elements are stacked in trays. Interleaving sheets are inserted between elements. The stacks of smaller elements are then cured in an oven. The interleaving sheets permit gases to escape between the sheets, reduce static attraction and allow slippage to accomodate movement of the elements as they cure.
  • steps in manufacturing the multiactive element may include perforating and slitting the element to commercial widths.
  • the support must be wide enough to accommodate the width of the final multiactive element and the width of knurled portions. Since the knurled portions of the support are ultimately discarded, waste and increased cost are incurred.
  • the thicker element created by knurling also limits the length of support that can be coated with a metal layer in one batch in the vacuum-coating chamber. Also the initial slitting step is required because of the non-standard width required in the starting support.
  • the need to insert interleaving sheets between the stacked smaller elements creates additional disadvantages resulting from the cost of the interleaving material, time required to produce it and the additional manufacturing step of inserting and removing it between elements in the stacks.
  • the interleaving material is also a source of contamination. When dirty interleaving sheets are placed in contact with the smaller elements the dirt is transferred to the sheet and is embedded into the film surface under the heat and pressure of the baking stack. This embedded dirt can cause copy artifacts.
  • the interleaving also takes up room in the tray that could otherwise be used for the smaller units of the multiactive elements.
  • the present invention provides a method of making a multiactive photoconductive element; said method comprising the steps of:
  • planar supports having beads protruding from the surface opposite the metal-coated layer eliminates the need for knurling, the first slitting step, the need to use nonstandard polymeric support widths and the interleaving sheets during the curing step. Also elimination of knurling increases the length of polymer support that can be metal-coated in a single vacuum-coating operation.
  • the method of the invention further provides a multiactive electrophotographic element comprising a support bearing, in the following order, a metal layer, a charge-transport layer and a charge-generation layer and a carbon layer along the edges of the charge-transport layer that extends to the metal layer, characterized in that the support has beads protruding from the surface opposite the surface upon which the conducting layer resides.
  • planar polymeric supports having beads protruding from at least one surface.
  • a wide variety of polymers are used as supports in the electrophotographic arts. Such polymers are disclosed, for example in U.S. Patent 4,082, 551 and 4,175,960 and the other patents and literature mentioned therein.
  • the beads are added to the entire cross section of the support, or alternately, to a thin, co-extruded layer on one side of the support.
  • the beads protrude from the intended back surface 0.1 to 4.0 ⁇ m (microns), preferably 0.1 to 1.0 ⁇ m (microns)
  • These protruding beads provide sufficient separation to allow the support, and any layers thereon, to slip against itself when wound into rolls or moved across large flat surfaces. The separation reduces the propensity of the support to static charge when being unwound from rolls or transported against static-inducing surfaces, such as plush materials used to prevent film scratching.
  • bead size should be limited to 0.5 to 8.0 ⁇ m (microns). More protrusion can result in vacuum-coating or solvent-coating difficulties. Shape of the beads can also have an impact on allowable protrusion, round beads or slightly flattened beads having minimal effect on coating operations. When extruded in the polymer, and protruding only 50% of their diameter, such beads tend to be effectively attached to the film base. Dusting and contamination from dislodged beads is avoided. Bead protrusion of no more than 3-4 ⁇ m (microns) also avoids contamination and conveyance issues associated with larger beads. The number of beads present in the support is at least 50 parts of beads per million parts of support. This level of bead content ensures the minimum number of protruding beads on at least one surface.
  • haze should be kept below 4.0% to avoid unwanted attenuation of the light source.
  • Glass can be used because its index of refraction is similar to that of the preferred polymer supports. The use of glass allows a relatively heavy loading of bead material in the copolymer resin without producing unacceptable haze. This is important when the beads are uniformly distributed through the entire cross section of the film base.
  • Polymer beads can also be used because of the similarity of index of refraction.
  • Silica beads are very tough, but can produce unacceptable haze at very low loadings. However, heavier loadings of large silica beads can be used if the beads are restricted to only a portion of the film's cross section, such as afforded by the use of the thin coextruded layer mentioned above.
  • planar support polymers include biaxially oriented polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN).
  • PET polyethyleneterephthalate
  • PEN polyethylenenaphthalate
  • Polyethyleneterephthalate containing beads protruding from one surface is available commercially from ICI under the trade name MelinexTM. These supports are available in rolls having a standard width of 1.12m (44 inches) and a variety of lengths.
  • Vacuum-deposited metal layers such as silver, nickel, chromium, titanium, aluminum and the like are useful. Vacuum-coated metal layers are known from the patent publications referred to previously. Conducting materials such as nickel can be vacuum-deposited on transparent film supports in sufficiently thin layers to allow electrophotograhic layers prepared therefrom to be exposed through the transparent film support if so desired.
  • a supply roll of the planar support used in the invention is loaded into the vacuum chamber of a vacuum-coating machine. The air is then evacuated therefrom.
  • a metal preferably nickel, is vaporized in an enclosure within the chamber.
  • the support is unwound from the supply roll, conveyed across an aperture in the top of the vaporization enclosure, and wound onto a takeup roll. As the support is transported past the aperture, the metal is deposited on the surface of the support opposite the bead-bearing surface. This metal layer becomes the grounding layer for the subsequently coated charge-transport and charge-generating layers.
  • the charge-transport layer is solvent-coated on the metal-coated support prepared according to the above vacuum-coating procedure. Because many, if not most, conventional organic photoconductor-containing compositions are preferably coated using organic solvent vehicles, organic solvent-coating on a commercial scale is much practised in this art.
  • the charge-generation layer is applied on the charge-transport layer.
  • the method of application will depend in part on the charge-generating material use in the layer. For example vacuum-deposition of perylene pigments can be carried out. In many cases solvent-coating will be useful as is the case for charge-transport layers.
  • Various coating solvents for preparing multiactive elements compositions useful in the present invention include: aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, including substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, mesitylene, etc.; ketones such as acetone, 2-butanone, etc.; halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, ethylene chloride; ethers including cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether; and mixtures of the foregoing.
  • aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, including substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, mesitylene, etc.
  • ketones such as acetone, 2-butanone, etc.
  • halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, ethylene chloride
  • ethers including cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, diethyl
  • Such “multiactive" photoconductive compositions contain a charge-generation layer in electrical contact with a charge-transport layer.
  • the charge-generation layer of such a “multiactive” composition comprises a multiphase "aggregate” composition as described hereinabove.
  • the charge-transport layer of such "multiactive" compositions comprises an organic photosensitive charge-transport material such as described in the aforementioned patent, for example, a p-type organic photoconductor such as the arylamine, polyarylalkane and pyrrole materials noted earlier herein in U.S. Patent 4,062,681.
  • Coatings were applied to the metal-coated support with a solvent-coating machine. Such machines are commercially available. With the machine used in this invention three uniform layers were coated in one pass. Coating and drying characteristics were controlled to avoid coating artifacts.
  • the charge-transport layer (CTL) was applied at the first coating station. A carbon layer was also coated at the first station along the edges of the CTL. The latter layer extended to the metal layer.
  • the charge-generation layer (CGL) was applied over the CTL.
  • the result of the preceding step is a long roll of a planar multiactive electrophotographic element.
  • the latter element is cut into commercial length sheets. This cutting operation can be carried out using commercially available sheeting equipment.
  • the beaded support used in the invention facilitates steering and web conveyance in sheeting equipment.
  • the commercial length sheets are stacked in trays and baked in an oven to stabilize and cure the solvent-coated layers.
  • solvents escape from the coated layers.
  • the overcoat is too smooth and hard to permit the gases to escape between the sheets.
  • the gases collect in pockets that result in deformities in the sheets.
  • the support and coated layers expand and contract at different rates.
  • the smooth overcoat and smooth support block or stick together. If the sheets are stuck together, the movement during curing results in small buckles and deformities in the sheets. These deformities can result in copy artifacts.
  • interleaving material was inserted between each sheet in a stack to avoid these problems. Such interleaving material was polymeric and coated on both sides with 8-10 ⁇ m (micron) beads in a binder.
  • the beaded support used in the invention avoids the need for interleaving material between the sheets.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines multiaktiven, fotoleitfähigen Elements, gekennzeichnet durch folgende Schritte:
    A. Bereitstellen einer Rolle aus einem multiaktiven, leitfähigen Element durch:
    i. Bereitstellen einer rändelungsfreien Rolle eines ebenen, polymerischen Trägers, auf dessen einer Oberfläche Erhebungen hervorstehen;
    ii. Vakuumbeschichten eines Metalls auf der Oberfläche des Trägers, welche der die Erhebungen aufweisenden Oberfläche gegenüber liegt;
    iii. Lösungsbeschichten einer Ladungstransportschicht auf der Metallschicht;
    iv. Aufbringen einer ladungserzeugenden Schicht auf der Ladungstransportschicht und
    v. Beschichten einer Kohlenstoffschicht entlang der Kante der Ladungstransportschicht und dadurch Ausbilden einer Rolle eines multiaktiven, fotoleitfähigen Elements;
    B. Schneiden der langen fotoleitfähigen Elemente in kleinere, multiaktive, fotoleitfähige Elemente;
    C. Anordnen der kleineren multiaktiven, fotoleitfähigen Elemente in Stapeln, wobei jedes dieser Elemente in einem bestimmten Stapel direkten Kontakt mit den benachbarten Elementen in dem Stapel hat;
    D. Trocknen der Stapel aus kleineren, ebenen Einheiten.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Stapel keine Zwischenblätter zwischen benachbarten Elementen aufweisen.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Erhebungen auf der Oberfläche des Trägers 0,1 bis 4,0 µm hervorstehen.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Erhebungen auf der Oberfläche des Trägers 0,1 bis 1,0 µm hervorstehen.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Erhebungen nur auf einer Oberfläche des Trägers hervorstehen.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Erhebungen zwischen 0,5 und 8,0 µm groß sind.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Anzahl der vorhandenen Erhebungen mindestens 50 Erhebungsteile pro einer Million Trägerteile beträgt.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der ebene, polymerische Träger zuvor nicht geschnitten worden ist.
  9. Multiaktives, elektrofotografisches Element mit einem Träger, auf dem in der nachfolgend genannten Reihenfolge eine Metallschicht, eine Ladungstransportschicht und eine ladungserzeugende Schicht aufgebracht sind, sowie eine Kohlenstoffschicht entlang der Kanten der Ladungstransportschicht, welche sich zur Metallschicht erstreckt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Träger Erhebungen aufweist, die auf der Oberfläche hervorstehen, welche der Oberfläche gegenüber liegt, auf der die leitfähige Schicht angeordnet ist.
  10. Element nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Erhebungen 0,1 bis 4,0 µm auf der Oberfläche des Trägers hervorstehen.
EP96202311A 1995-08-22 1996-08-19 Multiaktive elektrophotographische Elemente enthaltend ein Substrat dass an einer Oberfläche hervertretende Partikel enthält Expired - Lifetime EP0759580B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US585326 1990-09-20
US265195P 1995-08-22 1995-08-22
US2651 1995-08-22
US08/585,326 US5753401A (en) 1996-01-11 1996-01-11 Multiactive electrostatographic elements having a support with beads protruding on one surface

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0759580A1 EP0759580A1 (de) 1997-02-26
EP0759580B1 true EP0759580B1 (de) 2000-11-15

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EP (1) EP0759580B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH09106083A (de)
DE (1) DE69610955T2 (de)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5884646B2 (ja) * 2012-05-31 2016-03-15 三菱化学株式会社 電子写真感光体及び画像形成装置

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0363658A (ja) * 1989-08-01 1991-03-19 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd 電子写真感光体

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR0159913B1 (ko) * 1989-11-14 1999-02-18 마에타 카쯔노수케 감열전사 및 감열공판원지용 적층 폴리에스테르 필름
US5190608A (en) * 1990-12-27 1993-03-02 Xerox Corporation Laminated belt
US5213928A (en) * 1991-11-04 1993-05-25 Xerox Corporation Imaging member containing polysiloxane homopolymers

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0363658A (ja) * 1989-08-01 1991-03-19 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd 電子写真感光体

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE WPI Week 9117, 19 March 1991 Derwent World Patents Index; AN 91-122661, FUJI XEROX *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0759580A1 (de) 1997-02-26
DE69610955T2 (de) 2001-05-03
DE69610955D1 (de) 2000-12-21
JPH09106083A (ja) 1997-04-22

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