EP0759124B1 - Dispositif de pompe peristaltique - Google Patents
Dispositif de pompe peristaltique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0759124B1 EP0759124B1 EP95920136A EP95920136A EP0759124B1 EP 0759124 B1 EP0759124 B1 EP 0759124B1 EP 95920136 A EP95920136 A EP 95920136A EP 95920136 A EP95920136 A EP 95920136A EP 0759124 B1 EP0759124 B1 EP 0759124B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- shaft
- wheels
- axis
- plate
- cavity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B43/00—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members
- F04B43/12—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members having peristaltic action
- F04B43/1253—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members having peristaltic action by using two or more rollers as squeezing elements, the rollers moving on an arc of a circle during squeezing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pump device peristaltic and a peristaltic pump element.
- Peristaltic pumps are notably, but not exclusively, used in the medical field to deliver drugs in liquid form, for example for infusions with a very regular flow.
- these pumps consist of an engine assembly and a cassette.
- the cassette is essentially consisting of a tube in which the liquid circulates pump, this tube being deformable and pressed against a wall.
- the pebble drive is obtained by the rotation of the motor assembly shaft when the cassette climbed on the latter.
- we define in the tube of the chambers filled with liquid we define in the tube of the chambers filled with liquid, the rotation of the rollers causing the displacement of these chambers from the entrance of the tube until his exit. This gives the transfer of the liquid from the inlet of the tube to its outlet with a very precise flow rate which depends on one hand on the volume of the tube between two crushing points and of course the speed of rotation of all the rollers.
- a first object of the present invention is to provide a peristaltic pump device in which what has been called the cassette and which must be discarded after each use has a simpler structure and therefore a lower cost.
- the second set constitutes the equivalent of part of the prior art cassette and will be called the insert.
- This one has a very simple structure since it is reduced to a portion of wall preferably provided with a cover and the portion of deformable tubing which cooperates with the rollers. This structure is so very simple and inexpensive.
- the set of pebbles is an integral part of the first set, i.e. motor device, this one of course not being changed between two uses of the peristaltic pump.
- said cavity of the housing of the first set is substantially cylindrical of revolution around said shaft and has a bottom, and it is characterized in that said cavity further comprises means for guiding in translation of said plate in the direction of said shaft, and in that it is provided with elastic means interposed between said bottom and said plate tending to separate said plate from said bottom.
- said means for mounting the rollers comprise a plate mounted freely in rotation on said plate around the axis of the orifice of said plate and provided with a passage opposite of said orifice capable of letting said shaft pass.
- the peristaltic pump device consists on the one hand of an engine assembly and on the other part of a second assembly constituting the insert.
- the insert 10 includes a housing 12 which defines an internal cavity cylindrical 14.
- the cavity 14 is limited by a side wall cylindrical of the housing 16 corresponding to an angle at the center C greater than 180 ° and which is for example of the order of 210 °, the wall of the cavity being completed by a massive portion 18.
- the upper edge of the wall 16 is preferably closed by a transparent cover or not 19.
- the end lower 20 of the wall 16 is open. In other words, the cavity 14 opens out at its lower end.
- a tubular conduit 22 made of a material deformable as will be explained later.
- this tubular pipe 22 has a cross section shaped substantially ellipse whose major axis is parallel to the direction of the wall height.
- the tubular conduit 22 is housed more precisely in a curved recess 24 on the internal face of the wall 16.
- the inlet end 22a and the outlet end 22b of the tube 22 are fixed in the massive part 18 of the housing of the insert 10.
- the tube 22 is thus completely immobilized inside the housing of the insert. As the shows Figure 1, the face of the tube 22 facing the inside of the cavity 14 is free.
- the engine part which has the general reference 30 essentially comprises a housing 32 defining a cavity 34 capable of receive the cassette 10 as will be explained later.
- the part motor 30 also comprises, mounted on the housing 32, a motor 36 of suitable type with the output shaft 38 projecting inside the cavity 34 along the axis of revolution of the cavity XX '.
- the tree 38 comprises, in this mode, a frustoconical free end 40.
- the shape of the internal cavity 34 of the housing 32 coincides with the external shape of the casing 12 of the cassette.
- Cavity 34 has a bottom 42 through which the shaft 38 passes through the opening 44.
- Inside the cavity 34 there is an assembly 46 for mounting rollers 48. In the particular embodiment described in connection with Figures 1 and 3, the number of rollers is 3 and they are referenced 48a, 48b and 48c.
- the mounting assembly 46 consists essentially of a plate 50 whose external edge 50c coincides with the internal wall of the cavity 34. Thus the plate 50 can move inside the cavity 34 while being guided in translation in the direction XX '.
- the tray 50 has an axial orifice 52.
- the plate 54 On the plate 50 is mounted a guide plate for the rollers 54.
- the plate 54 is rotatably mounted around the axis XX 'relative to the plate 50 but it is immobilized in translation relative to this same plate in the direction XX '.
- This result is obtained by providing for example in the central part of the plate 54 a cylindrical sleeve 56 ending in a lip 58 which cooperates with a lower shoulder 59 of the center of the plate 50.
- the sleeve 56 of the plate 54 defines an axial orifice 60 of diameter d greater than the diameter of the shaft 38.
- the plate 54 has radial grooves 62a, 62b and 62c, the number of which is equal to the number of rollers 48.
- the plate 54 is completed by an upper plate 64 integral with the plate 54 and itself provided with radial slots 66a, 66b and 66c coinciding with the grooves 62a of the lower plate 54.
- Each roller 48a to 48c has a pivot axis xx ' materialized by a shaft 68, the ends 70 and 72 of which project out end faces 74 and 76 of each roller.
- the ends 70 and 72 of the axis of each roller enter the grooves 62 and 66 respectively from the lower plate 54 and the upper plate 64.
- the distance between these two plates is very slightly greater than the height h of the rollers in such a way that they can pivot freely around their axis xx 'while being substantially immobilized in translation in direction XX '.
- each roller comprises a lateral face, preferably curved, 80 which has a diameter D around the axis xx '.
- a spring 78 or any other suitable elastic system is disposed in the cavity 34 of the motor device and is interposed between the bottom 42 of the cavity and the underside 50b of the plate 50. The spring therefore tends to maintain in high position the plate 50 inside the cavity 54, the plate being retained by a shoulder 79 on the periphery of cavity 34.
- the insert 10 is engaged around the rollers 48 of the motor device 30.
- This engagement is easily done since the rollers 48 can move freely towards the axis XX 'under the effect of contact between the part of the tube 22 which projects into the cavity of the insert and the lateral surface 80 of the rollers 48a to 48c.
- part of the lower end face 76 of the rollers 48 protrudes above the axial orifice 60 of the plate 54.
- Figure 4 shows the insert engaged around the rollers 48.
- the rollers and the insert are held in the high position under the action of the spring 78 tending to push the plate 50 towards the upper end of the cavity 34 thanks to the shoulder 79.
- the frustoconical end 40 of the shaft 38 pushes back gradually the rollers 48a to 48c by moving them away from the axis XX ', which of course tends to locally compress the tube 22 at the three zones of contact.
- the rollers are guided by the slides radial 62 and 66.
- Figure 5 shows an alternative embodiment which allows facilitate the engagement of the insert 10 around the rollers 48 then the passage from the end of the shaft 38 between the rollers.
- FIG. 5 shows that the periphery of the underside 76 of the rollers 48 is bevelled at 82.
- the free end of the shaft 38 which is then referenced 40 ′ has, in an axial plane, a curvature which goes decreasing from the side wall 38a of the tree to its top 84.
- FIG. 7 we will describe a second alternative embodiment of the peristaltic pump device.
- the insert 10 not being modified, we will describe only the modifications to the motor means 30 '.
- the 50 'plateau is always provided with its axial orifice 52 and its shoulder 59.
- a sleeve 90 is mounted to rotate freely in orifice 52. It is immobilized in translation along the direction of the axis XX 'and its chamfered end 92 protrudes above the upper face 50a of the plateau.
- Plate 54 ′ corresponding to plate 54 of FIG. 3, has an axial bore 94 which is engaged around the sleeve 90, it can slide in the bore 94.
- the plate 54 ' has radial grooves 62 ′ in number equal to that of the rollers 48.
- Each groove 62 ' has one end which opens into bore 94 and another closed end 96.
- a slide 98 In each groove 62 ′ is mounted a slide 98.
- Each slide 98 is pierced with an orifice 100 intended to receive the lower end 72 of the pivot axis of a roller.
- the end 102 of the slide facing the bore 94 is rounded in a plane of vertical cut.
- a return spring 104 is mounted in each groove 62 'between the slide 98 and the closed end 96 of the groove. Under the effect of spring 104, the end 102 of the slide 98 protrudes into the bore 94 coming to bear on the bevelled part 92 of the sleeve 90.
- the upper plate 64 ' has the same structure as the plate lower 54 'with its grooves 66', its slides 98 'in which are engaged the upper ends 70 of the axes of the rollers 48 and its return springs 104 '.
- a pusher 106 In the axial bore 94 'is engaged a pusher 106 having a beveled end 108 on which the slides 98 'are in support.
- the tray 50 is pushed in. and the insert in the cavity 34 of the housing. During this insertion, the side wall of the shaft 38 completely pushes the rollers 48 so so that these locally compress the pipe 22.
- the pump is then ready for use.
- the roller 48a in FIG. 6a has its pivot axis x, x ' which is arranged in the plane of symmetry AA of the motor device, the two other rollers 48b and 48c being arranged symmetrically with respect to on plan AA '.
- the rollers 48b and 48c being further away.
- This particular positioning can be obtained by combination of a position sensor mounted in the housing 32 detecting the actual position of the rollers, this sensor controlling a limited operation of the motor to bring the roller 48a into the desired position.
Description
un premier ensemble comportant :
- des moyens d'entraínement en rotation,
- un arbre entraíné en rotation par lesdits moyens d'entraínement et présentant une extrémité libre,
- un boítier présentant une cavité dans laquelle fait saillie l'extrémité libre dudit arbre,
- une pluralité de galets, chaque galet présentant un axe de pivotement et une face latérale active de révolution autour dudit axe, et
- des moyens de montage desdits galets comprenant :
- un plateau monté déplaçable dans ladite cavité selon l'axe dudit arbre et présentant un orifice apte à laisser passer l'extrémité libre dudit arbre,
- des moyens mobiles en rotation autour de la direction de l'axe dudit arbre par rapport audit plateau, lesdits moyens mobiles comprenant des moyens pour sensiblement immobiliser en translation lesdits galets par rapport audit plateau selon la direction de leurs axes de pivotement et pour maintenir l'axe de pivotement desdits galets parallèles audit axe de l'arbre, pour autoriser la rotation de chaque galet et pour guider en translation selon des directions rayonnantes les axes desdits galets ; et
- une paroi comportant au moins une portion cylindrique, et
- une conduite tubulaire déformable solidaire de la face interne de ladite paroi,
- des moyens d'entraínement en rotation (36),
- un arbre (38) entraíné en rotation par lesdits moyens d'entraínement et présentant une extrémité libre (40),
- un boítier (32) présentant une cavité (34) dans laquelle fait saillie l'extrémité libre dudit arbre,
- une pluralité de galets (48), chaque galet présentant un axe de pivotement et une face latérale (80) active de révolution autour dudit axe, et
- des moyens de montage desdits galets comprenant un
plateau (50) monté déplaçable dans ladite cavité selon l'axe dudit arbre
et présentant un orifice (52) apte à laisser passer l'extrémité libre dudit
arbre, ledit élément de pompe se caractérisant en ce que lesdits moyens
de montage comprennent en outre :
- des moyens mobiles en rotation (54, 64) autour de la direction de l'axe dudit arbre par rapport audit plateau, lesdits moyens mobiles comprenant des moyens pour sensiblement immobiliser en translation lesdits galets par rapport audit plateau selon la direction de leurs axes de pivotement, pour maintenir l'axe de pivotement desdits galets parallèles audit axe de l'arbre, pour autoriser la rotation de chaque galet et pour guider en translation (62, 66) selon des directions rayonnantes les axes desdits galets ;
par quoi, en enfonçant lesdits moyens de montage dans ladite cavité, l'extrémité libre dudit arbre pénètre à travers ledit orifice de telle manière que la paroi latérale de l'arbre en coopérant avec lesdits galets écarte lesdits galets de l'axe de l'arbre selon les directions rayonnantes en provoquant l'écrasement localisé de ladite conduite tubulaire. - la figure 1 est une vue de dessus du dispositif moteur avant la mise en place de l'insert ;
- la figure 2 est une vue de dessus de l'insert ;
- la figure 3 est une vue en coupe verticale du dispositif de pompe montrant l'insert et le dispositif moteur séparés ;
- la figure 4 est une vue semblable à la figure 3 mais montrant l'insert engagé sur les galets du dispositif moteur ;
- la figure 5 montre une partie du dispositif de pompe péristaltique selon une première variante de réalisation ;
- les figures 6a et 6b montrent en vue de dessus respectivement l'engagement de l'insert et l'enfoncement de l'insert et des galets selon la première variante de réalisation ;et
- la figure 7 montre une vue partielle de la partie moteur d'une deuxième variante de réalisation.
Claims (14)
- Dispositif de pompe péristaltique, comprenant :un premier ensemble comportant des moyens d'entraínement en rotation (36) et un arbre (38) entraíné en rotation par lesdits moyens d'entraínement et présentant une extrémité libre (40),un boítier (32) présentant une cavité (34) dans laquelle fait saillie l'extrémité libre dudit arbre,une pluralité de galets (48), chaque galet présentant un axe de pivotement et une face latérale (80) active de révolution autour dudit axe, etdes moyens de montage desdits galets comprenant un plateau (50) monté déplaçable dans ladite cavité selon l'axe dudit arbre et présentant un orifice (52) apte à laisser passer l'extrémité libre dudit arbre, ledit dispositif se caractérisant en ce que : ledit boítier, ladite pluralité de galets et lesdits moyens de montage font partie dudit premier ensemble ;
en ce que lesdits moyens de montage comprennent en outre :des moyens mobiles en rotation (54, 64) autour de la direction de l'axe dudit arbre par rapport audit plateau, lesdits moyens mobiles comprenant des moyens pour sensiblement immobiliser en translation lesdits galets par rapport audit plateau selon la direction de leurs axes de pivotement, pour maintenir l'axe de pivotement desdits galets parallèles audit axe de l'arbre, pour autoriser la rotation de chaque galet et pour guider en translation (62, 66) selon des directions rayonnantes les axes desdits galets ; et en ce que ledit dispositif comprend en outre :une paroi (16) comportant au moins une portion cylindrique, etune conduite tubulaire (22) déformable solidaire de la face interne de ladite paroi,
par quoi, en enfonçant lesdits moyens de montage dans la cavité dudit premier ensemble, l'extrémité libre dudit arbre pénètre à travers ledit orifice de telle manière que la paroi latérale de l'arbre en coopérant avec lesdits galets écarte lesdits galets de l'axe de l'arbre selon les directions rayonnantes en provoquant l'écrasement localisé de ladite conduite tubulaire entre lesdits galets et ladite paroi dudit deuxième ensemble. - Dispositif de pompe selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ladite cavité (34) du boítier (32) du premier ensemble est sensiblement cylindrique de révolution autour dudit arbre et comporte un fond (42), en ce que ladite cavité comporte en outre des moyens de guidage en translation (34) dudit plateau selon la direction dudit arbre, et en ce que ladite cavité est munie de moyens élastiques (78) interposés entre ledit fond et ledit plateau tendant à écarter ledit plateau dudit fond.
- Dispositif de pompe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de montage des galets comprennent une plaque (54) montée libre en rotation sur ledit plateau (50) autour de l'axe de l'orifice (52) dudit plateau et munie d'un passage (60) en regard dudit orifice apte à laisser passer ledit arbre (38).
- Dispositif de pompe selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'elle comprend n galets (48), chaque galet présentant en outre deux faces d'extrémité (74, 76) perpendiculaires à son axe de pivotement, les extrémités (70, 72) dudit axe de pivotement faisant saillie hors desdites faces d'extrémité.
- Dispositif de pompe selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que ladite plaque (54) des moyens de montage comprend n moyens formant glissière (62, 66) aptes à recevoir une extrémité des axes de pivotement desdits galets, lesdits moyens formant glissière s'étendant radialement par rapport à l'axe dudit passage.
- Dispositif de pompe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité (40) dudit arbre (38) est conique pour favoriser le passage dudit arbre entre lesdits galets (48) lors de l'enfoncement desdits moyens de montage dans la cavité.
- Dispositif de pompe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité (40) dudit arbre (38) présente dans un plan de section axiale, un contour présentant un rayon de courbure allant en diminuant lorsqu'on s'éloigne de la partie cylindrique dudit arbre.
- Dispositif de pompe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 et 5, caractérisé en ce que la périphérie de la face d'extrémité (76) de chaque galet, la plus proche dudit plateau, est chanfreinée (82).
- Dispositif de pompe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de montage comprennent en outre des moyens élastiques (86, 104, 104') tendant à rapprocher lesdits galets (48) du centre dudit plateau (50).
- Dispositif de pompe selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de montage comprennent une contre-plaque (64, 64') solidaire de ladite plaque (54, 54') et parallèle à celle-ci, ladite contre-plaque comprenant n autres moyens formant glissières (66) destinés à recevoir l'autre extrémité (70) des axes de pivotement desdits galets (48).
- Dispositif de pompe selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que chaque moyen formant glissière (62', 66') est muni d'un coulisseau (98, 98') présentant un orifice( 100), les extrémités (70, 72) des axes de pivotement des galets étant engagées dans lesdits orifices, un moyen élastique (104, 104') étant disposé dans chaque moyen formant glissière entre l'extrémité externe d'un moyen formant glissière et le coulisseau correspondant.
- Dispositif de pompe selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que ledit premier ensemble comprend en outre des moyens formant poussoir (106) mobiles en translation par rapport à ladite plaque (54') et ladite contre-plaque (64'), aptes à coopérer avec lesdits coulisseaux (98, 98') pour provoquer un écartement limité desdits galets (48) préalablement à l'enfoncement des moyens de montage dans la cavité (34) dudit premier ensemble.
- Dispositif de pompe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que ladite conduite tubulaire (22) a, en section droite, une forme elliptique.
- Elément de pompe péristaltique destiné à coopérer avec une conduite tubulaire déformable (22) ayant un axe longitudinal présentant une position en forme d'arc de cercle, comprenant :des moyens d'entraínement en rotation (36),un arbre (38) entraíné en rotation par lesdits moyens d'entraínement et présentant une extrémité libre (40),un boítier (32) présentant une cavité (34) dans laquelle fait saillie l'extrémité libre dudit arbre,une pluralité de galets (48), chaque galet présentant un axe de pivotement et une face latérale (80) active de révolution autour dudit axe, etdes moyens de montage desdits galets comprenant un plateau (50) monté déplaçable dans ladite cavité selon l'axe dudit arbre et présentant un orifice (52) apte à laisser passer l'extrémité libre dudit arbre, ledit élément de pompe se caractérisant en ce que lesdits moyens de montage comprennent en outre :des moyens mobiles en rotation (54, 64) autour de la direction de l'axe dudit arbre par rapport audit plateau, lesdits moyens mobiles comprenant des moyens pour sensiblement immobiliser en translation lesdits galets par rapport audit plateau selon la direction de leurs axes de pivotement, pour maintenir l'axe de pivotement desdits galets parallèles audit axe de l'arbre, pour autoriser la rotation de chaque galet et pour guider en translation (62, 66) selon des directions rayonnantes les axes desdits galets ;
par quoi, en enfonçant lesdits moyens de montage dans ladite cavité, l'extrémité libre dudit arbre pénètre à travers ledit orifice de telle manière que la paroi latérale de l'arbre en coopérant avec lesdits galets écarte lesdits galets de l'axe de l'arbre selon les directions rayonnantes en provoquant l'écrasement localisé de ladite conduite tubulaire.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9405794 | 1994-05-11 | ||
FR9405794A FR2719873A1 (fr) | 1994-05-11 | 1994-05-11 | Dispositif de pompe péristaltique. |
PCT/FR1995/000617 WO1995031643A1 (fr) | 1994-05-11 | 1995-05-11 | Dispositif de pompe peristaltique |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0759124A1 EP0759124A1 (fr) | 1997-02-26 |
EP0759124B1 true EP0759124B1 (fr) | 1999-09-08 |
Family
ID=9463115
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95920136A Expired - Lifetime EP0759124B1 (fr) | 1994-05-11 | 1995-05-11 | Dispositif de pompe peristaltique |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5741125A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0759124B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3935930B2 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU687207B2 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69512050T2 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2136857T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2719873A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1995031643A1 (fr) |
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US3447478A (en) * | 1967-03-03 | 1969-06-03 | Miles Lab | Peristaltic pump |
GB1578022A (en) * | 1976-05-05 | 1980-10-29 | Iles F | Peristaltic pumps |
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US4705464A (en) * | 1986-05-09 | 1987-11-10 | Surgidev Corporation | Medicine pump |
FR2644212B1 (fr) * | 1989-03-13 | 1991-11-15 | Malbec Edouard | Cassette pour pompe peristaltique a tube deformable, et pompe peristaltique equipee d'une telle cassette |
FR2690715B1 (fr) * | 1992-04-30 | 1994-07-22 | Debiotech Sa | Pompe peristaltique a cassette munie d'un ensemble de detrompage. |
-
1994
- 1994-05-11 FR FR9405794A patent/FR2719873A1/fr active Pending
-
1995
- 1995-05-11 WO PCT/FR1995/000617 patent/WO1995031643A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1995-05-11 JP JP52941295A patent/JP3935930B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-11 ES ES95920136T patent/ES2136857T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-05-11 EP EP95920136A patent/EP0759124B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-05-11 DE DE69512050T patent/DE69512050T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-11 AU AU25709/95A patent/AU687207B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-05-11 US US08/737,375 patent/US5741125A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0759124A1 (fr) | 1997-02-26 |
FR2719873A1 (fr) | 1995-11-17 |
AU687207B2 (en) | 1998-02-19 |
JPH10507799A (ja) | 1998-07-28 |
DE69512050D1 (de) | 1999-10-14 |
ES2136857T3 (es) | 1999-12-01 |
WO1995031643A1 (fr) | 1995-11-23 |
AU2570995A (en) | 1995-12-05 |
US5741125A (en) | 1998-04-21 |
JP3935930B2 (ja) | 2007-06-27 |
DE69512050T2 (de) | 2000-03-30 |
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