EP0745740B1 - Method for mounting a structural member on a metallic framework and structure so obtained - Google Patents

Abstract

The procedure consists of fitting the structural component (3) onto the frame (2), creating a space (6) between them which is surrounded by an outer member (12) and can be filled with a self-hardening material through holes (7) in the structural component. The spacer (10) is made from a moulded, thermally shaped or extruded synthetic material, with a lubricating coating of graphite or molybdenum disulphide. The holes in the structural component receive projecting fixing elements (14) which are attached to the frame and embedded in the poured self-hardening material.

Description

The invention relates to a method of assembling one or more construction elements on a metal frame, and a structure as well got.

In the fields of building and public works in particular, it is common to use metal frames as a support for a construction element obtained by casting a setting material such as concrete, cement, or mortar.

For example, it is usual to provide for a bridge or a floor of building, a lattice frame of beams, profiles or boxes, on which is rigidly fixed a concrete slab.

Document US-4,972,537 describes a composite panel intended for a bridge and supported by a beam, the panel comprising a structure rectangular, a reinforcement grid, structural elements and channels, as well as a concrete formwork, which traps the grid and partially the structural elements, the structural elements and the channels being provided a locking hole through which extends a locking rod engaging in a loop fixed to the beam.

Document FR-2 698 111 describes a process for producing an apron bridge, according to which beams provided with reliefs are put in place attachment, we drag on the parts thereof without reliefs for fixing precast concrete elements before joining them with beams.

The known works of this type and the processes currently enabling their construction, such as those described in the aforementioned documents, has drawbacks.

On the one hand, when the element is cast in the assembly position on the frame, formwork and casting are complex, expensive, and involve considerable means to ensure good security.

On the other hand, when the element is prefabricated, section recesses important must be provided for the pouring of a concrete of connection to the frame. The same applies to the connection between them, as well as to the frame, of several prefabricated building elements.

These recesses weaken the element, do not allow obtaining a continuous connection and often require exposure (to corrosion and shock) concrete reinforcement.

In all these cases, the connection is stiffened from the start of taking the poured material or bonding concrete, which generates internal stresses, both in the building element (s) and in the frame.

These constraints, in particular due to the shrinkage of the concrete when it sets, weaken the structure which forces it to be oversized, or even cause alterations (cracks, etc.).

Similarly, putting in the assembly position causes stresses (friction, deformation, etc.) which negatively affect the mechanical strength of the structure.

Prestressing the element is generally ineffective for overcome these problems.

The invention aims to overcome in particular the drawbacks mentioned upper.

A first object of the invention is a method of assembly on a metal frame of at least one building element such as slab or wall, obtained by casting and then taking a material, for example concrete or cement.

Another object of the invention is a work in which at least one construction element and a frame are assembled according to the above process.

This is achieved by the subject of independent claims 1 and 46.

The invention in one of its embodiments is now described in detail, and with reference to annexed drawings.

La figure 2 est une vue partielle en coupe suivant la ligne II-II de la figure 1 ;

La figure 3 est une vue partielle en écorché, suivant la flèche III de la figure 2 ;

La figure 4 est une vue partielle similaire à la figure 2, et en coupe d'élévation, dans un exemple d'ouvrage précontraint et selon l'invention ;

La figure 5 est une vue similaire à la figure 4, mais illustrant un autre exemple, où un organe de glissement est en forme de bloc massif en matière synthétique, scellé dans le béton;

La figure 6 est une vue similaire aux précédentes, qui représente un organe de glissement en forme d'enveloppe ouverte et remplie à la coulée ; et

La figure 7 est une vue similaire à la figure 5, qui illustre un exemple où des moyens de contact avec glissement sont prévus sur l'élément et sur la charpente.

Figure 1 is a schematic elevational view partially in section and in a main direction of a work, which illustrates an embodiment of the invention, in which several prefabricated slabs are assembled with a frame;

Figure 2 is a partial sectional view along line II-II of Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a partial cutaway view, along arrow III of Figure 2;

Figure 4 is a partial view similar to Figure 2, and in elevation section, in an example of prestressed structure and according to the invention;

Figure 5 is a view similar to Figure 4, but illustrating another example, where a sliding member is in the form of a solid block of synthetic material, sealed in concrete;

Figure 6 is a view similar to the preceding, which shows a sliding member in the form of an open envelope and filled with the casting; and

Figure 7 is a view similar to Figure 5, which illustrates an example where sliding contact means are provided on the element and on the frame.

The works covered by the invention are designated in 1.

Each structure 1 is of the type comprising a metal frame 2, and at least one construction element 3, carried by the frame 2.

Although in the figures we only see the metal frame 2 I-shaped beam, other forms of metal frame can be used in the context of the invention. Frame 2 can therefore include a or several open or unopened boxes, wire mesh, beams or profile.

Similarly, Book 1 may include one (Figure 4) or more (Figure 1) construction elements 3, obtained by casting, in particular in a formwork, of a setting material.

The number, general shape, function, and material of each element 3 is not limited to the examples described and illustrated.

It can be a building slab or floor, an apron of bridge, or any other structure such as wall, partition, to which the invention may apply.

In the field of public works and building, the material to be taken is generally concrete, cement or the like.

Reinforcement reinforcements 4 (FIG. 2) are generally embedded in the material of element 3. And the construction element can be constituted of several parts comprising different materials.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of work 1 in which at least one construction element 3, here a substantially horizontal concrete slab, is assembled by connection or rigid fixing, to a frame 2.

The frame 2 has a wall 5, one face of which is stretched facing of element 3.

The element 3 has a surface 6, intended to be stretched opposite of the wall 5, when the element 3 is in a so-called assembly position, in which it will be rigidly connected to the frame 2.

The opposite parts of the wall 5 and the corresponding surface 6 define a definitive support zone of the element 3 on the frame 2.

The element 3 also includes at least one orifice 7 which passes through it right through, here roughly perpendicular to the final support area.

In cross section, that is to say along a plane perpendicular to the final bearing surface 6, the area of each through orifice 7 is reduced, comparison with the connection recesses which were provided in the concrete elements of the prior art.

For example, this area can be of the order of 1,200 to 10,000 mm ² .

Although they cross element 3 right through, that is to say from the final bearing surface 6 to an opposite face 8 (here the useful face of the structure 1), the reduced area of the orifices 7 does not reduce the mechanical strength of item 3 only to a limited extent.

In the figures, the through holes 7 are generally shaped cylindrical. In FIG. 3, the orifice 7a is formed in the form of a cylinder with a base circular. While the orifice 7b is of cylindrical shape with a base substantially oblong. Other forms can be provided.

In FIG. 5, there is seen an orifice 7, the longitudinal direction XX ′ of which is substantially perpendicular to the final bearing surface 6. The orifice 7 is of flared shape in the direction X-X ', so that its cross-sectional area transverse perpendicular to the direction X-X ', increases with distance from the surface 6.

The through holes 7 in FIG. 5 are delimited by a jacket 9. One or more orifices 7 may be provided with such a jacket 9.

Generally, the jacket 9 is used during the casting of 1, element 3, and constitutes a complementary form which is arranged in a formwork of manufacture of the element 3, so that one or more orifices 7 are provided when casting this element.

In such a case, the jacket 9 is therefore a form of formwork, for example example obtained from a tubular section, or by shaping a cutting of wire mesh, sheet or strip.

It may be planned to remove or leave in place all or some only shirts 9 used for the production of orifice 7 during the casting.

Alternatively, one or more orifices 7 can be provided in element 3, subsequent to the setting of the cast material. For example, they can be obtained by drilling or any other suitable type of machining.

On the illustrated works 1, the reference 10 designates, so general, means of contact with sliding.

The contact means 10 are provided to be interposed between the frame 2 and building element 3, in the assembly position.

In this position, the contact means 10 provide a space for connection 11 between the final bearing surface 6 of the element 3, and the opposite face of the wall 5 of permanent support on the frame 2.

On the side of the surface 6, each orifice 7 opens into a space of fitting 11.

We can foresee that an assembly between an element 3 and a frame 2 has a single connection space 11, or several contiguous spaces 11 or no.

In FIG. 3, the orifices 7 are arranged in a linear fashion.

Generally, a plurality or series of orifices 7 are provided here. small area.

Whereas in the prior art, large surface recesses were arranged at great distances from each other for the prefabricated building elements. And for the elements cast in place, the contacts with the frame were in the past extended on appreciably the entire load-bearing surface of the frame, rigidly connecting the latter and the element as soon as it is poured.

The arrangement of the orifices 7 can be provided for various reasons by example by "clouds" or zones grouping several "punctual" orifices 7 neighbors spread geometrically.

In each zone, the orifices 7 are arranged with a density (at more or less close proximity to each other) determined according to shear forces that the stops will have to undergo. So a high density is provided at the support points of the element, and a lower density at a distance of these supports. The distribution of the orifices 7 is therefore made proportional to the constraints, in order to avoid concentrations of harmful efforts.

Specifically, the orifices 7 are formed at regular intervals according to a provision in rectilinear series. To the right of each final support zone, and therefore of each wall 5 of the frame 2, the orifices 7 are arranged according to parallel lines, here 2 in number.

The spacings between the lines as well as between the different orifices 7 of each line is calculated to provide as many orifices 7 as necessary, insofar as the mechanical resistance of element 3 remains within acceptable limits.

Following the example of Figure 5, the sliding contact means 10 provide a connection space 11 whose thickness Y, measured according to the direction X-X ', is of the order of 5 to 50 mm.

It can be seen in FIG. 2 that containment members 12 are arranged between surface 6 and wall 5 in order to delimit and seal so substantially tight fitting space 11.

The containment members 12 can be of any material allowing a substantially waterproof caulking. It can be a torus in matter flexible synthetic, which can be left within or removed from the structure 1, once the assembly of the frame 2 and each element 3 is finished.

In FIG. 1, it can be seen that a common connection space is extended to the right of several elements 3. Similarly, a containment member 12 can delimit, at least in part, several connection spaces 11, for example between several elements 3 and a single frame.

By interposing members 12 between the wall of the frame 2 and the surface 6 of element 3, the connection spaces 11 are confined so as to be capable of being at least partially filled with a bonding material 13.

This filling can be carried out by the end of the orifices 7 opening into the useful face 8, since each connection space 11 is connected with one or more orifices 7.

The step of confining the space 11 by the members 12 is carried out, according to the examples of FIGS. 4 to 7, once the frame 2 has been put in place, and the element 3 is in the assembly position .
Alternatively, for example if the element 3 is obtained by casting is located directly on the frame 2 and in the assembly position, containment members 12 may be arranged in the formwork of the element 3, making provision to spare the or the connection spaces 11, cores of complementary shape.

In this case, the formwork cavity of the element 3 can be in part delimited by a confinement member 12.

Note that if the organs 12 are kept within the structure 1, they participate in the protection of the connection between the frame 2 and the element 3, especially against humidity.

Due to the reduced cross section of the orifices 7, as well as the possibility of distributing these 15 orifices in line with the final support area, the armatures 4 of element 3, can be fully embedded, and stretched distance from the orifices 7. These armatures 4, for example constituted by metal reinforcements, so there is no risk of being subjected to shocks or oxidation.

In FIGS. 1 and 2, each reference 14 designates a stop rigidly fixed to the frame 2.

Each stop 14 is fixed to the frame 2, so as to be tensioned inside a connection space 11 and a through hole 7.

A clearance is provided around each stop 14, in the connection space 11 as well as in the opening 7 which opens there. This game can be around 20 to 50 mm. Its function is to allow the passage of the connecting material 13 in each orifice 7 and each connection space 11, so as to form a block solid in which the stop 14 is embedded.

Following the example of Figure 2, the stops 14 are in the form of metal connectors or studs, generally extended in the direction longitudinal X-X '. One end of each stop 14 is extended in a connection space 11, and fixed to the face of the wall 5 opposite the surface 6.

This fixing step can be carried out by arc welding, possibly using the stop 14 as an electrode, in order to cause the fusion and rigid fixing of the stop 14 and the frame 2.

The rigid fixing operation of at least one stop 14 on the frame 2, can be carried out before or after the construction element 3 has been installed assembly position.

For example, by providing suitable cores (such as the folder 9), this fixing can be carried out before the element 3 is obtained by casting in situ in a formwork arranged on the frame 2.

One can also provide, in the case of an element 3 cast in situ or prefabricated, for example in the factory, that the stops are fixed to the frame 2 before or after the assembly position.

However, after fixing the stops 14, it is no longer possible to bring the or the elements 3 in the assembly position by sliding on the frame 2.

The same is true in the example in Figure 3, where in each port 7b, two stops 14a and 14b are extended when the element 3 is in position assembly.

Once fixed, each stop 14 is extended in the orifice 7 corresponding, and may have its free end opposite to the submerged frame 2 in the material 13. Alternatively, the free end of a stop 14 can project of face 8.

In FIG. 4, the reference 15 designates prestressing systems for item 3.

Here, each system 15 comprises an internal cable 16, extended in element 3. Each internal cable 16 is housed in a sheath 17, itself embedded in element 3.

Other prestressing systems can be provided, for example, by bar, with external cable or without sheath.

If structure 1 has several elements 3, the same system of prestressing 15 can compress several of these elements.

Before describing the different possible steps for the assembly of at least one construction element 3 on a frame 2, back to the means of contact

One function of the means 10 is to allow movement and / or deformations of the building element with respect to the frame, when this element 3 rests in the assembly position on the frame by through the means 10.

It is in particular this function which ensures the element of construction, a predetermined state of grip and solicitation, before it is rigidly fixed to the frame. This applies to prefabricated elements or for elements cast in situ.

For this purpose, the contact area of the contact means 10 is extended surface weak, while their coefficient of friction is less than that which is obtained by direct contact between the construction element 3 and the frame 2.

The "coefficient of friction of the contact means 10", is the coefficient friction between a means 10 and a frame 2 given. It is a function times of the material of the means 10 and that of the frame part 2 on which rest the contact means, dry or with lubrication.

Generally, the contact area of the contact means 10 is determined to be extended over 20% at most of the assembly area defined by the surface permanent support 6 and wall 5 of the frame 2.

In practice, this support area is only limited by resistance own mechanical means 10. In fact, being interposed between the frame and the element 3, the means 10 must support the latter.

At least, the means 10 support the element 3 at least in part, and until the bonding material 13 has not finished setting.

These criteria determine the choice of the material of the contact means 10.

We will also seek to obtain a coefficient of friction between the frame and the building element, when the means 10 are interposed, in the range of 0.01 to 0.5.

The contact means 10 may include at least one sliding in synthetic material, for example produced by molding, thermoforming or extrusion.

The synthetic material of this organ can be chosen from among the epoxies, polyurethanes, polyethylenes (possibly high density), polyamides, polyvinyl chloride and polytetrafluoroethylene.

At least one member of the contact means 10 can be metallic, for example example produced by machining, profiling, lapping, grinding, rolling or coming foundry.

The choice of the metal for a sliding member may include among the steels, mainly stainless, cast irons or any other metal capable of withstand the constraints mentioned above, while ensuring a coefficient of appropriate friction.

In some cases, provision can be made for the contact means 10 to be interposed in the form of a coating.

For example, a lubricant such as grease, paint, material coating initially fluid, pasty, or in the form of a deformable film can be applied on frame 2 or element 3.

Such a coating therefore forms part of the means 10. And for a lubricant such as molyphene graphite or bi-sulfide, it can be applied in particular to other means 10, for example a sliding surface.

In the examples, the contact means 10 are at least partly arranged and rigidly integral either with the element 3 or with the frame 2. On FIG. 7, the contact means 10 comprise a member rigidly fixed to the frame 2, and a member rigidly fixed to the element 3.

Such rigid fixing can be carried out, depending on the nature, shape and destination of the contact means 10, by welding, gluing, sealing, press-in, mechanical connection added such as screwing, riveting or the like.

In FIG. 6, the contact means 10 are arranged when obtaining by casting the building element 3, by implantation of a contact in a formwork.

Within the formwork, such an organ can partially delimit the cavity of casting, so as to project after formwork removal of the element 3 thus obtained.

The sliding member of FIG. 6 is in the form of an open envelope, the concavity of which is filled with the material of element 3.

Such an organ can be obtained from a sheet of polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, by thermoforming an elongated strip and continues, in order to give it a section in a plane parallel to the axis XX 'and perpendicular to surface 6, in the shape of an overturned omega.

In general, provision can be made for a member of the means 10 has a hollow shape, and is arranged so as to allow poured material and / or bonding material to be poured into its cavity, in order to fix it to element 3.

In the example of FIG. 5, the sliding member of the means 10 is sealed in element 3, so as to project from surface 6. This sealing is obtained by providing concavities in the part of the organ of sliding intended to be embedded in the material of element 3.

This type of fixing by taking the material of element 3 around shapes such as peripheral throat, shoulder or the like, is suitable for discreetly shaped sliding members, such as block, pad, foot or shoe (figure 1).

In this case, materials such as high density polyethylene or polyamide can be chosen for the sliding member. Its shaping can be obtained by extrusion and / or machining, in particular.

In FIGS. 3 and 7, a sliding strip of the means 10 is rigidly fixed for example by screwing, welding or gluing, to the wall 5 of the frame 2.

Such a band, here oriented in the longitudinal direction of the beam which includes wall 5, can be made from a steel sheet stainless polished, welded or glued to the frame 2.

Alternatively, such a strip can be made of plastic such that polyethylene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride or potytetrafluoethylene.

Like the sliding members provided on element 3, the means sliding 10 provided on the frame 2 can be continuous or discontinuous.

In the case where one or more elements 3 manufactured separately must be placed in the sliding assembly position, the contact means 10 are preferably arranged in the direction of this sliding, in general along the longitudinal direction of the frame, and over a distance corresponding to that which must be traversed by sliding by each element.

In order to guarantee the lowest possible friction, the metal sliding can be rectified, lapped or polished. A layer of lubricant can be added to it.

Contact between synthetic sliding members and the frame can be improved by applying to one or the other of these, a high resistance paint, such as epoxy or polyurethane.

It is thus possible to obtain a coefficient of friction which allows not only the placement of element 3, but allows related deformations including endogenous removal and desiccation of the material from element 3 of to be carried out freely.

Now, examples of methods of assembling a frame metal and at least one building element are described.

The first example concerns the case where a construction element single must be assembled to a frame. And where the building element is carried out in situ.

• mise en place de la charpente 2 ;
• si nécessaire, agencement d'organes de glissements 10 sur la charpente ;
• montage du coffrage sur la charpente 2 ;
• si nécessaire, agencement dans le coffrage de noyaux pour les orifices 7, les espaces de raccordement 11, et agencement dans le coffrage des moyens de contact 10 ;
• disposition d'armatures de ferraillage 4 ;
• coulée dans le coffrage d'un matériau apte à se solidifier par prisé (béton, ciment, mortier, etc);
• maturation du matériau coulé jusqu'à une valeur de prise et de retrait suffisamment stable ;
• décoffrage ;
• si nécessaire, précontrainte de l'élément 3 par les systèmes 15, éventuellement en ayant prévu de positionner les gaines 16 dans le coffrage ;
• fixation des butées 14 ;
• mise en place des organes de confinement 12 ;
• coulée dans les espaces de raccord 11 et les orifices 7 d'un matériau de liaison 13 ; et
• maturation du matériau de liaison 13 jusqu'à obtention d'une rigidification fixe de l'élément de construction 3 sur la charpente 2.

The steps to plan are:

• installation of the frame 2;
• if necessary, arrangement of sliding members 10 on the frame;
• mounting the formwork on the frame 2;
• if necessary, arrangement in the formwork of cores for the orifices 7, the connection spaces 11, and arrangement in the formwork of the contact means 10;
• arrangement of reinforcements 4;
• pouring into the formwork a material capable of solidifying by snuff (concrete, cement, mortar, etc.);
• maturation of the cast material to a sufficiently stable setting and shrinking value;
• formwork;
• if necessary, prestressing of the element 3 by the systems 15, possibly having planned to position the sheaths 16 in the formwork;
• fixing the stops 14;
• placement of containment members 12;
• pouring into the connection spaces 11 and the orifices 7 of a connection material 13; and
• maturation of the connecting material 13 until a fixed stiffening of the construction element 3 on the frame 2 is obtained.

Significantly comparable steps are to be expected when a plurality elements 3 are cast in situ, on the same frame 2.

Note that the bonding material 13 has a grip dimensionally stable, that is to say a limited or even zero shrinkage during its solidification. A hydraulic mortar can be used as the link 13.

• d'une part, mise en place de la charpente 2 ;
• d'autre part, fabrication par exemple en usine, de l'élément de construction 3 ;
• placement de l'élément 3, par levage et/ou par glissement en position d'assemblage, ainsi qu'en s'assurant de l'interposition entre la charpente et l'élément de construction des moyens de contact 10 :
• atteindre un état choisi de retrait et sollicitation de l'élément 3 ;
• soudage des butées 14 ;
• confinement de l'espace de raccord 11 à l'aide des organes 12 ;
• coulée dans l'espace de raccord 11 et dans les orifices traversants 7 du matériau de liaison 13 ; et
• solidification du matériau de liaison 13.

In the second example, the method of assembling a single prefabricated building element is described on a frame. The successive steps can be as follows:

• on the one hand, installation of the frame 2;
• on the other hand, manufacturing for example in the factory, of the building element 3;
• placement of the element 3, by lifting and / or sliding in the assembly position, as well as ensuring the interposition between the frame and the construction element of the contact means 10:
• reach a selected state of withdrawal and solicitation of the element 3;
• welding of the stops 14;
• confinement of the connection space 11 using the members 12;
• poured into the connection space 11 and into the through holes 7 of the connecting material 13; and
• solidification of the bonding material 13.

The third example this process aims at assembling several prefabricated and contiguous building elements, on a single frame. This process can be used to obtain work 1 of figure 1.

• d'une part mise en place de la charpente 2 ;
• d'autre part fabrication des éléments 3 préfabriqués ;
• mise en place d'un, de plusieurs ou de la totalité des éléments 3 ;
• atteinte de l'état choisi de retrait et de sollicitation (précontrainte si prévue) des éléments de construction 3 ;
• fixation rigide des butées 14 sur la charpente 2 ;
• confinement de l'espace de raccord 11 ;
• remplissage des orifices 7 et espaces de raccord 11 avec le matériau de liaison ; et
• solidification du matériau de liaison 13.

The following sequence of steps can then be provided:

• on the one hand, the structure 2 is put in place;
• on the other hand manufacture of the prefabricated elements 3;
• placement of one, several or all of the elements 3;
• achievement of the selected state of withdrawal and stress (pre-stress if provided) of the construction elements 3;
• rigid fixing of the stops 14 on the frame 2;
• confinement of the connection space 11;
• filling the orifices 7 and connection spaces 11 with the connecting material; and
• solidification of the bonding material 13.

Note that by adopting a very low prestressing rate, by example from 0.5 to 1 MPa, we are sure that all friction at the interface between element 3 and frame 2 are defeated. So the tensile stresses which would have appeared in element 3 during its taking, due to the withdrawal especially immediate, can be deleted.

By adopting an average prestressing rate. for example from 1 to 4 MPa, a compression reserve is provided which prevents the appearance, after solidification, cracks from internal stresses traction, born of long-term phenomena, such as deferred withdrawal or "creep".

If the chosen prestressing rate is greater than 4 MPa and for example close to 6 MPa, element 3 can be kept compressed, whatever the case of service load of structure 1, thus ensuring a excellent durability of the structure 1.

This last prestressing case applies in particular to the case where the or the construction elements 3 are prefabricated.

Claims (48)

1. A method of assembling at least one construction element (1), such as a slab or a surface element, to a metal structural framework (2), the construction element being obtained by casting a material, e.g. concrete or cement, and by allowing it to set, and the method comprising the following steps in an order remaining to be determined:

   putting the structural framework (2) in place;

   providing at least one through orifice (7) extending through the construction element, as well as at least one abutment 14 fixed rigidly to the structural framework;

   organizing the construction element (3) with its orifice (7) and the structural framework (2) with its abutment (14) in a manner such that, in the assembly position, the orifice (7) is situated facing the structural framework (2) and the abutment (14) is received with clearance in the orifice (7) ;

   rigidly fixing the construction element (3) in the assembly position in which it is to be assembled to the structural framework (2), by casting a bonding material in the through orifice and allowing it to set around the abutment;

      and said method further comprising the steps of:

   interposing contact means (10) between the structural framework (2) and the construction element as in the assembly position;

   choosing the contact means (10) such that:

   the surface area of abutment of the contact means is small;

   the contact means (10) provide a joint space (11) extending around the periphery of the through orifice between the construction element and the structural framework;

   imparting a predetermined state of setting and of stressing to the construction element; and

   confining the joint space (11); and then

   casting a bonding material (13) that sets in dimensionally stable manner, such as hydraulic mortar, in the joint space (11) and in the through orifice (7) so as fix the construction element (3) rigidly to the structural framework;

   the contact means (10) being sliding contact means, the coefficient of friction of the contact means (10) being lower than the coefficient of friction obtained by direct contact between the structural framework (2) and the construction element (3), so that said means (10) make it possible for the construction element (2) to be moved and/or deformed relative to the structural framework (2), when the element (3) is resting in the assembly position on the structural framework (2) via said means (10); and

   the contact means (10) being provided at least in part on the construction element (3) and being secured rigidly thereto at least in the assembly position.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact means (10) are provided at least in part on the structural framework (2) and are secured rigidly thereto at least in the assembly position.
3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that contact means (10) are provided both on the structural framework (2) and on the construction element (3).
4. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a step of applying a lubricant between the structural framework and the construction element before they are disposed in the assembly position, for the purpose of lubricating the contact means (10).
5. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said step of interposing contact means (10) is performed at least in part by depositing a coating, e.g. by applying a paint, a grease, or a coating material that is initially fluid, that is semi-solid, or that is in the form of a deformable film.
6. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the step of interposing contact means (10) is performed at least in part by rigid fixing, e.g. welding, bonding, gluing, sealing, force fitting, or separate mechanical fastening in particular by means of screws, rivets, or the like.
7. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the step of interposing contact means (10) is performed at least in part during casting of the construction element(3), e.g. by installing said contact means in formwork.
8. A method according to claim 6, characterized in that the contact means (10) are organized to delimit a portion of the cavity of formwork for obtaining the construction element(3) by casting.
9. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact means (10) are provided at least in part on the construction element subsequently to it being obtained by casting, and prior to it being disposed in the assembly position.
10. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one through orifice (7) is provided so as to have a small cross-sectional area, e.g. approximately in the range 1,200 mm to 10,000 mm.
11. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one through orifice (7) is provided on casting the construction element.
12. A method according to claim 9, characterized in that a through orifice (7) is provided by placing a sleeve of complementary shape in formwork, the sleeve being a tubular segment, for example, or being cut out to shape from wire netting, sheet metal, or foil.
13. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one through orifice (7) is provided subsequently to the setting of the cast material, e.g. by machining such as drilling.
14. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one through orifice (7) is provided so as to have a substantially cylindrical shape.
15. A method according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one through orifice (7) is provided so as to have a cylindrical shape with a substantially circular or oblong base.
16. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one through orifice (7) is provided so as to have a shape substantially flaring from the joint space (11) to its opposite open end, or in the form of a cluster of point orifices (7).
17. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that a plurality of through orifices (7) are provided on a linear, e.g. rectilinear, layout, or in a cluster of point orifices (7).
18. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the assembly position, at least two through orifices (7) open out in a common joint space.
19. A method according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that the orifices (7) in the same linear layout open out in the same joint space.
20. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the thickness of the joint space is approximately in the range 5 mm to 50 mm, in the assembly position.
21. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that obtaining the construction element (3) by casting includes a step of putting a reinforcing structure such as a metal reinforcement in place in formwork, so that, in the construction element (3), said reinforcing structure is embedded in the cast material, remote from the through orifices (7).
22. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one abutment (14) comprises a metal connector such as a stud extending in the longitudinal direction of the corresponding through orifice (7), in the assembly position.
23. A method according to claim 21, characterized in that at least one abutment (14) is fixed rigidly to the structural framework (2) by arc welding, the abutment serving, for example, as electrode during said welding.
24. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the predetermined state of setting of the construction element (3) is achieved at least in part by a step of aging the cast material, after which chosen shrinkage is reached.
25. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the predetermined state of stressing of the construction element (3) is achieved at least in part by a step of pre-stressing the cast material.
26. A method according to claim 25, characterized in that the pre-stressing step comprises putting at least one construction element under compression stress by means of at least one internal or external cable or bar, e.g. received in an embedded sheath.
27. A method according to claim 25, characterized in that the pre-stressing has a value of at least in the range 0.5 MPa to 1 MPa so as to compensate at least in part for the stresses due to the friction of the element and of the structural framework during setting of the cast material.
28. A method according to claim 25, characterized in that the prestressing has a value of at least in the range 1 MPa to 4 MPa so as to compensate at least in part for the stresses due to the shrinkage of the cast material subsequently to it setting, so as to prevent it from cracking.
29. A method according to claim 25, characterized in that the prestressing has a value of at least in the range 4 MPa to 6 MPa so as to compensate at least in part for the stresses due to the working loads on the construction element (3) and on the structural framework (2) as assembled together.
30. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the assembly position, the coefficient of friction obtained by interposing contact means (10) between the structural framework (2) and the construction element (3) is approximately in the range 0.01 to 0.5.
31. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the area of abutment of the contact means (10) is determined to extend over at the most 20% of the assembly area of the structural framework (2) and of the construction element (3) once they have been assembled together.
32. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact means (10) comprise at least one sliding member that is elongate or continuous such as a strip.
33. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact means (10) comprise at least one sliding member that is discrete, such as a block, a leg, a pad, or a shoe.
34. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact means (10) comprise at least one member in the form of a sheet or of an open casing.
35. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact means (10) comprise at least one member that is recessed or hollow and that is organized to enable the cast material and/or the stable-setting bonding material to be inserted into its concavity, e.g. so as to fix said member rigidly to the construction element (3).
36. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact means (10) comprise at least one member made of a synthetic material, e.g. made by molding, thermoforming, or extrusion.
37. A method according to claim 36, characterized in that the member is made of a synthetic material chosen from epoxides, polyurethanes, polyethylenes that are optionally high-density, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
38. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact means (10) comprise at least one metal member, e.g. made by machining, forming, lapping, truing, or rolling, or by being integrally cast.
39. A method according to claim 37, characterized in that the metal member is made of a synthetic material chosen from steels, stainless steels, or cast irons.
40. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the construction element (3) is obtained at least in part by casting and being allowed to set, prior to the step of disposing it in the assembly position.
41. A method according to claim 39, characterized in that the construction element (3) is an element that is prefabricated at least in part.
42. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the construction element is disposed in the assembly position by being lifted and/or by being slid relative to the structural framework (2) on the contact means (10).
43. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the construction element (3) is obtained at least in part by being cast in situ on the structural framework (2), e.g. directly in the assembly position.
44. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a step of interconnecting at least two construction elements (3) in the assembly position.
45. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the following steps are performed in succession:

    disposing at least one prefabricated construction element (3) in the assembly position;

    achieving a predetermined state of stressing;

    fixing an abutment (14) rigidly in each through orifice (7) ;

    confining each joint space (11) and

    connecting together the structural framework (2) and the construction element (3) by casting a bonding material.
46. A work (1) characterized in that it comprises at least one construction element (3) and a structural framework (2) assembled together using the method of claims 1 to 45.
47. A work (1) according to claim 46, characterized in that it includes at least two construction elements (3).
48. A work (1) according to claim 46, characterized in that the construction element (3) is part of or constitutes a slab extending in tension substantially horizontally, e.g. a floor of a bridge or of a building.

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