EP0742954B1 - Detektor für ionisierende strahlung mit mikro-proportionalzählrohren - Google Patents

Detektor für ionisierende strahlung mit mikro-proportionalzählrohren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0742954B1
EP0742954B1 EP95941134A EP95941134A EP0742954B1 EP 0742954 B1 EP0742954 B1 EP 0742954B1 EP 95941134 A EP95941134 A EP 95941134A EP 95941134 A EP95941134 A EP 95941134A EP 0742954 B1 EP0742954 B1 EP 0742954B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
upper electrode
insulating material
radiation
gas
microcounters
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EP95941134A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0742954A1 (de
Inventor
Marc Lemonnier
Thierry Claude Bucaille
Jo[L Robert Charlet
Michel Bordessoule
François BARTOL
Stephan Megtert
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J47/00—Tubes for determining the presence, intensity, density or energy of radiation or particles
    • H01J47/06—Proportional counter tubes

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a gas detector for detecting radiation ionizing such as ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , or even radiation x or ultra violet radiation from a multitude of proportional microcounters assembled to form a proportional counter.
  • Such a detector finds many applications in the fields of medical imaging, biology, particle physics, or still crystallography, and in many areas requiring non-destructive testing.
  • the detector of the invention is of the type of those in which primary electrons from ionization of radiation by gas are multiplied under the effect of a strong electric field local, in a gas.
  • the best known of these detectors is the parallel plate detector. It has a counter realized by means of two distant parallel grids each other by a few millimeters and between which is the multiplication of electrons. This area between the two parallel grids is called "multiplication area". The area of multiplication of such a detector is therefore presented under the shape of a single volume delimited by the two grids. By the very fact that it constitutes a single volume relatively large, such a counter has the disadvantage of being very sensitive to breakdown.
  • the counters of these detectors parallel plates can only have one resolution limited space and, due to the thickness plate / grid, they cannot be arranged so that constitute detectors of various forms.
  • the wire detector This includes a plurality of equidistant wires, stretched in a plane. By hand and on the other side of this plane, two taut grids are placed forming cathodes. The multiplication of electrons is done near the wires since it reigns, at this place, a high electric field. However, the area multiplication of such a detector cannot be isotropic; furthermore it does not allow the detector to have various forms.
  • microstrip detector Another type of gas detector, more recent, is the microstrip detector.
  • the counter In this microstrip detector, the counter consists of coplanar electrodes etched on an insulating support.
  • Such a microstrip detector is described in the French patent FR-A-2 602 058.
  • the major drawback of this detector is its relatively small gain which is significantly limited to 5,000 since it does not allow to superimpose several counters.
  • the counters of these detectors microbands have multiplication zones anistropes, located on very fine tracks (approximately 10 ⁇ m), which makes them very sensitive to breakdown. These detectors also have the disadvantage of being relatively fragile.
  • the object of the present invention is precisely remedy the drawbacks of different detectors described previously. To this end, it offers a gas detector comprising a counter consisting of a plurality of proportional microcounters independent.
  • the invention relates an ionizing radiation detector comprising a gas filled enclosure, inside which there is a proportional counter and an area absorption in which the gas is ionized by radiation, characterized in that the counter proportional has at least one electrode lower and at least one upper electrode, parallel to each other and separated by a layer of insulating material, the upper electrode as well as the layer of insulating material comprising at least one breakthrough in which an electric field reigns substantially uniform and which constitutes an area of multiplication of electrons from ionization of radiation.
  • Each portion of the counter including a upper electrode part and layer part insulating holes and part of an electrode lower constitutes an independent microcomputer, also called elementary cell.
  • the lower electrode is a anode and the upper electrode is a cathode.
  • the insulating material is a rigid material which can either be photosensitive, which makes it possible to facilitate the manufacture of the detector, or highly resistive (with a resistivity of the order of 10 9 to 10 13 ⁇ .cm) , or fluorescent, which transforms UV radiation from the multiplication into visible radiation.
  • the proportional counter includes a plurality of upper electrodes arranged one above the others, in a plane parallel to the lower electrode and separated from each other by a layer of insulating material, the holes in each upper electrode being aligned with the holes in the layers of insulating material.
  • FIG. 1A there is shown schematically a gas detector conforming to the invention.
  • This detector comprises an enclosure 1 shown in phantom in the figure.
  • This enclosure 1 is filled with a gas mixture which comprises usually a rare gas (such as argon, krypton, xenon, etc.) and which is under pressure chosen.
  • a gas mixture which comprises usually a rare gas (such as argon, krypton, xenon, etc.) and which is under pressure chosen.
  • This gas mixture ensures the absorption of radiation. received by the detector.
  • This gas mixture is therefore ionized by radiation in an area called "absorption zone", in which a field prevails weak and uniform electric. This ionization creates electrical charges that we seeks to multiply, thanks to the proportional counter 2.
  • This proportional counter 2 includes a multitude of microcounters (also called “cells elementary ”) referenced 4. Each of these microcounters 4 is achieved by means of two electrodes located in different planes and carried to different potentials so as to create a field electric which attracts electric charges from ionization of radiation in the gas.
  • the microcounters are arranged in bands 3 of microcompteurs.
  • microcounters arranged in bands (or rows).
  • these microcounters can be arranged according to all kinds of geometry (for example, in squares), but that they can also be independent. This choice of representation in "band” is simply intended to facilitate understanding of the appended figures.
  • each band 3 of the microcomputer comprises an upper electrode 5, namely a cathode, a lower electrode 6, to know an anode, and a layer of insulating material 7 located between the two electrodes 5 and 6.
  • the cathode 5 and the insulating layer 7 are perforated by holes 8 leading to the anode 6.
  • Each breakthrough 8 constitutes a multiplication area. So each microcomputer has a cathode portion 5, a portion of insulating layer 7, an anode portion 6 and a zone of multiplication 8.
  • each band 3 may have several breakthroughs 8
  • each microcomputer 4 is independent since it has its own multiplication.
  • a counter 2 of the invention may include a multitude of areas of multiplication, which greatly limits the risks of breakdown.
  • Figure 1B shows more precisely a strip 3 of microcounters.
  • this strip 3 comprises an electrode upper 5 and a lower electrode 6.
  • the electrode upper 5 is a cathode and the lower electrode 6 is an anode.
  • Cathode 5 and anode 6 are separated from each other by a layer 7 of a insulating material.
  • this material insulation is also photosensitive, which allows facilitate the fabrication of the detector.
  • the insulating material is also highly resistive.
  • the material insulator is fluorescent so as to transform the UV radiation due to the multiplication in radiation visible which can, for example, be counted.
  • Cathode 5, as well as the insulating layer 7 are drilled with holes 8 inside which reigns an electric field, which creates areas of multiplication.
  • the electric field is intense and almost uniform. So it's naturally towards these areas of multiplication directed by the electric charges created by ionization of radiation in the area absorption.
  • the cathode can be brought to a few hundred volts, so that attract the primary charges and the anode brought to a even higher voltage, so as to ensure the multiplication of these primary charges.
  • each strip of microcounters a substrate, such as ceramic to ensure better solidity of the counter.
  • FIG. 2A there is shown, in section, microcounters 4 produced according to a different embodiment from that shown in FIG. 1B.
  • the cathodes and the anodes are arranged in two directions perpendicular: the cathodes 5 are arranged in lines and anodes 6 are arranged in rows.
  • Each breakthrough 8 leads to an anode 6, as in the previous embodiment.
  • a proportional counter 2 produced by means of a multitude of bands 3 of microcounters of the type of that shown in Figure 2A.
  • the proportional counter 2 shown on this FIG. 2B comprises a plurality of cathodes 5 arranged in lines and a plurality of anodes 6 arranged in columns.
  • the cathodes 5 are separated from the anodes 6 by a layer 7 of insulating material, rigid and photosensitive.
  • the cathodes 5 as well as the layer of insulating material 7 are perforated by holes 8, which lead to the anodes 6, as shown in the figure 2B.
  • Such an arrangement of electrodes 5 and 6 allows coding of events in two directions. It can therefore be, for example, used in imaging.
  • the breakthroughs 8 of the microcounters 4 were presented on this figure 2B as round section holes.
  • all of these microcounters can have 8 breakthroughs (or obviously) of different shapes.
  • these obviously can be slots, parallel or non-parallel to each other; they can be conical, cylindrical, etc., and of variable size.
  • FIG. 3A there is shown two examples of these recesses.
  • the recess 8 has a conical shape which has the advantage of preventing the ions from the multiplication do not adhere to the wall 8 'of the recess, that is to say to the material 7.
  • the recess 8 of the microcomputer has a concave wall 8 ′ whose advantage is similar to that of the recess of Figure 3A.
  • the ratio between the full part of a microcomputer and the hollowed out part of this microcomputer is typically chosen between 1 and 10.
  • the recesses are circular holes whose ratio between the hole depth and hole width varies generally between 3 and 1/2.
  • the light emitted during multiplication can be collected to form images or to perform counting or to obtain a signal synchronization signaling the event (i.e. the avalanche of ions).
  • the strip 3 has two cathodes 5a and 5b and two layers 7a and 7b of materials photosensitive insulators: the insulating layer 7a is disposed between cathodes 5a and 5b, and the layer insulator 7b is disposed between the cathode 5b and the anode common 6.
  • the breakthroughs 8 are made in all the thickness made up of cathodes and insulating layers.
  • Such a multi-stage assembly of cathodes increases the height of the holes 8 and therefore the volume of the area of multiplication.
  • the multiplication power of this area is thus increased and the collection of ions created during multiplication is facilitated and increased.
  • FIG 5 there is shown a view of front of a multistage counter produced by of several plates 3a, 3b, of microcounters superimposed one above the other.
  • the microcounters are arranged in the form of bands roughly of the type shown on the Figure 1B.
  • Each plate can be either placed directly on the bottom plate is separated from its neighboring plate with gas identical to that prevailing in the activation area (as is the case in this figure) or by an insulating layer.
  • the anode 6a, 6b of each of the plates 3a, 3b comprises a hole 8a, 8b aligned with the holes in the cathodes 5a, 5b and insulating layers 7a, 7b and opening out on an additional anode 6c.
  • anodes additional 6c are required to ensure creation of the electric field over the entire height of drilled and placed under the clearance made by the openings 8a and 8b.
  • each microcount 4 has its own multiplication 8. This means that each microcomputer is independent. However, in some applications microcounters 4 can be linked between them, either through their cathode, either through their anode.
  • FIG 6 there is shown a plate 3 of microcounters of which microcounters 4 are connected by their anodes 6 to an external circuit. More specifically, the plate 3 is glued to a support 13 carrying the anodes 6 of the microcounters 4. Each anode 6 is connected by means of tracks P1, P2, of contact to the external circuit, for example, up to an amplifier 15 arranged itself on a support 17. According to this example, tracks P1 and P2 pass through the support 13. Furthermore, as shown on this figure 6, a voltage source 19 is connected to plate 3 by cathode 5.
  • each of them can be connected directly to a separate amplifier.
  • Each microcomputer can then to be considered as the pixel of a linear detector or two-dimensional.
  • the invention thus has the advantage of facilitate the connection by the fact that it can either on the cathode side, or on the anode side, or still on the back of the detector.
  • the tracks of link between microcounters and amplifiers can be engraved or screen printed when manufacturing the proportional counter, so as to further facilitate the connection.
  • each microcomputer allows to give an electrical signal, depending on the quantity of electrons received.
  • This electrical signal can be used for energy measurement and for measurement of impact position. More specifically, the positioning of the impact of the beam (or location spatial) can be obtained directly by identifying the microcomputer affected, in case the area absorption is low. Otherwise, the electrons from ionization are found broadcast on at least part of the counter proportional. We can then proceed to the search for the centroid, that is to say the microcomputer which received the greater share of scattered electrons.
  • centroid among microcounters affected we can either use a logical method known which consists in digitizing the signal derived by the microcounters affected then to calculate the centroid corresponding, either by an analog method in picking up electrical signals on lines to delay type R.C, L.C or R. Whatever the process chosen to determine the location of events, you have to process the signals from the cathode, signals from the anode and, for some embodiments using an anode additional signals from this anode additional.
  • FIG 7 there is shown another embodiment of the invention in which several bands 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e of microcounters are arranged to form a sequence of U and U reversed. These bands are of the type shown in Figure 1B.
  • This particular arrangement allows realize a delay line as we can use to locate events.
  • the different cathodes 5a-5e are juxtaposed perpendicular to each other other. Each of these cathodes 5a-5e corresponds to a anode 6a-6e separated from its corresponding cathode 5a-5e, by a layer of insulating material 7a-7e.
  • FIG. 8 a further another embodiment of a proportional counter according to the invention. Unlike linear meters described in the previous embodiments, this proportional counter 2 is cylindrical. Such a counter cylindrical can be used, for example, in crystallography.
  • this counter 2 has an open cylinder shape of which opening 12 ensures the introduction of radiation to inside the cylinder.
  • This counter 2 therefore includes a cathode plane 5 forming the inner wall of the cylinder and an anode plane 6 forming the outer wall of the cylinder.
  • Anode 6 and cathode 5 are separated by a layer 7 of insulating and photosensitive material.
  • This cylinder having been shown in section, we see on the section of said cylinder of the openings 8. Such openings 8 are thus distributed over the entire length of the cylinder; they are shown in dotted lines, since covered by the anode 6.
  • a wire electric 9 crosses the cylinder longitudinally, this electric wire to bring a certain potential inside the cylinder. For example, we could bring cathode 5 to zero potential, anode 6 to potential of +1000 volts and the electric wire 9 to one potential of -200 volts.
  • each set of microcounters is therefore produced by means of a sheet of insulating material covered on each of its faces of a material driver.
  • the insulator can be glass or photosensitive glass or still any other plastic material having a rigidity sufficient dielectric.
  • the counter is mainly formed from the multiplication zone, it can be very thin, that is to say of the order of a few tens of microns. We can thus obtain a counter proportional barely thicker than a sheet of paper.
  • This allows, as will be easily understood, to build detectors of very varied forms, for example cylindrical, as shown in Figure 6.
  • the parallax generally created in an area absorption is eliminated, which allows to have a thick absorption area (around one hundred millimeters).
  • the multiplier areas have a geometry such that it ensures the inexistence of breakdown between the electrodes, even at the ends of the plates, since the electrodes, cathodes and anodes do not are not in the same plane.
  • the anodes being simple and robust, they are not subject to deterioration under the effect of possible breakdown or the electronic and ion bombardment they suffer.
  • proportional meters described in Figures 1A to 8 can be used in gas detectors to determine different types of radiation.
  • detectors of X-rays used in crystallography we can use circular proportional counters, linear or spherical allowing very high rates count.
  • the counters are placed on goniometers, in front of X sources or in front of synchrotron radiation sources.
  • plan anodes or cathodes may include, for example screen printing, all electrical routes necessary to external circuits.
  • FIG. 9 a spectrum is shown showing the resolution of the energy measurements, for an energy of six thousand electron volts, in an argon / CO 2 mixture under atmospheric pressure.
  • the multiplication gain obtained can be be around 20,000, which ensures a completely correct processing of electrical signals.
  • the spatial resolution is around 50 ⁇ m.
  • Such a proportional counter allows advantageously to support counting rates raised by micro-counter; this rate can be around 100,000 events per second.
  • the meters according to the invention can have a high density of microcounters, this allows working with very high fluxes.
  • the detectors thus constructed are compact and light with relatively low manufacturing costs low compared to detectors produced according to other technologies, which increases considerably their field of use.

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  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Detektor für ionisierende Strahlen, umfassend einen gasgefüllten Behälter (1), innerhalb dessen sich ein Proportionalzähler (2) und eine Absorptionszone (A) befinden, in der das Gas durch die Strahlen ionisiert wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Proportionalzähler wenigstens eine untere Elektrode (6) und wenigstens eine obere Elektrode (5) umfaßt, die zueinander parallel und durch eine Schicht aus Isoliermaterial (7) getrennt sind, wobei die obere Elektrode ebenso wie die Schicht aus Isoliermaterial wenigstens eine Bohrung (8) aufweist, in der ein im wesentlichen gleichförmiges elektrisches Feld herrscht und die eine Vervielfachungszone für die Elektronen darstellt, die aus der lonisierung des Gases durch die Strahlen entstehen.
  2. Detektor nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die untere Elektrode eine Anode und die obere Elektrode eine Kathode ist.
  3. Detektor nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schicht aus Isoliermaterial starr ist.
  4. Detektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schicht aus Isoliermaterial entweder photosensibel oder hoch resistiv oder fluoreszierend ist.
  5. Detektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Proportionalzähler eine Mehrzahl von oberen Elektroden umfaßt, die aufeinander parallel zur unteren Elektrode und voneinander durch eine Schicht aus Isoliermaterial getrennt angeordnet sind, wobei die Bohrungen jeder oberen Elektrode zu den Bohrungen der Materialschichten ausgerichtet sind, die neben der oberen Elektrode liegen.
  6. Detektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Proportionalzähler umfaßt:
    eine Mehrzahl von oberen Elektroden, die in ein und derselben Ebene mit ein und derselben ersten Richtung und miteinander verbunden angeordnet sind; und
    eine Mehrzahl von unteren Elektroden, die in ein und derselben zweiten Ebene parallel zur ersten Ebene mit ein und derselben zweiten Richtung und miteinander verbunden angeordnet sind;
  7. Detektor nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Proportionalzähler die Form eines offenen Zylinders aufweist, in dessen Zentrum das Gas durch die Strahlen ionisiert wird, wobei der Zähler umfaßt:
    eine obere Elektrode (5) und eine untere Elektrode (6), die beide die Form eines offenen Zylinders aufweisen, wobei die untere Elektrode die obere Elektrode umgibt;
    eine Schicht aus Isoliermaterial (7), die die zwei Elektroden trennt;
    einen elektrischen Potentialzufuhrdraht (9), der den durch die Elektroden gebildeten Zylinder und die Isolierschicht in Längsrichtung durchquert, um zwischen sich selbst und der oberen Elektrode eine Absorptionszone zu erzeugen;
    wenigstens eine in der oberen Elektrode und der Isolierschicht vorgesehene Bohrung (4), in der ein im wesentlichen gleichförmiges elektrisches Feld herrscht und die eine Vervielfachungszone für die Elektronen bildet, die aus der lonisierung des Gases durch die Strahlen entstehen.
  8. Detektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die obere Elektrode und die untere Elektrode voneinander unabhängig und jeweils mit einem Eingang einer elektronischen Verarbeitungsschaltung verbunden sind.
EP95941134A 1994-11-25 1995-11-23 Detektor für ionisierende strahlung mit mikro-proportionalzählrohren Expired - Lifetime EP0742954B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9414158 1994-11-25
FR9414158A FR2727525B1 (fr) 1994-11-25 1994-11-25 Detecteur de rayonnements ionisants a microcompteurs proportionnels
PCT/FR1995/001548 WO1996017373A1 (fr) 1994-11-25 1995-11-23 Detecteur de rayonnements ionisants a microcompteurs proportionnels

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EP0742954A1 EP0742954A1 (de) 1996-11-20
EP0742954B1 true EP0742954B1 (de) 2003-02-12

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US (1) US5742061A (de)
EP (1) EP0742954B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3822239B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2181913C (de)
DE (1) DE69529605T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2727525B1 (de)
WO (1) WO1996017373A1 (de)

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FR2727525B1 (fr) 1997-01-10
CA2181913C (en) 2006-01-31
US5742061A (en) 1998-04-21
JPH09508750A (ja) 1997-09-02
FR2727525A1 (fr) 1996-05-31
JP3822239B2 (ja) 2006-09-13
EP0742954A1 (de) 1996-11-20
DE69529605D1 (de) 2003-03-20
DE69529605T2 (de) 2003-12-04
WO1996017373A1 (fr) 1996-06-06
CA2181913A1 (en) 1996-06-06

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