EP1343194A1 - Strahlungsdetektoren und autoradiographische Abbildungsvorrichtungen mit solcher Detektoren - Google Patents

Strahlungsdetektoren und autoradiographische Abbildungsvorrichtungen mit solcher Detektoren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1343194A1
EP1343194A1 EP03290536A EP03290536A EP1343194A1 EP 1343194 A1 EP1343194 A1 EP 1343194A1 EP 03290536 A EP03290536 A EP 03290536A EP 03290536 A EP03290536 A EP 03290536A EP 1343194 A1 EP1343194 A1 EP 1343194A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
anode
electric field
detector
space
input
Prior art date
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Withdrawn
Application number
EP03290536A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Dominique Thers
Lionel Luquin
Philippe Michel Coulon
Georges Charpak
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Biospace Instruments
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Biospace Instruments
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Publication of EP1343194A1 publication Critical patent/EP1343194A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J47/00—Tubes for determining the presence, intensity, density or energy of radiation or particles
    • H01J47/02—Ionisation chambers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to radiation detectors and to autoradiographic imaging devices comprising such detectors.
  • the aim of the present invention is in particular to optimize the spatial resolution and / or the gain of this type of detector while retaining good operating stability.
  • a detector of the kind in question is characterized in that the lateral dimensions of each amplification space are greater than the dimensions, in a plane perpendicular to the electric field, of each opening of the electrode output on which this amplification space leads.
  • the detectors according to the invention have better spatial resolution and a higher gain than the detectors of the prior art, and nevertheless retain excellent operating stability.
  • This stability is possible even with input and output electrodes made up of very thin grids, of the order of only a few microns.
  • the exploitation of the electrical properties of thin grids even contributes to this stability. Thanks to this stability, it is possible to have a significant amplification, up to a factor of one hundred thousand, which facilitates the detection and localization of the radiation penetrating into this detector. Thanks to this stability, it is also possible to eliminate a large part of the insulating masses necessary for the separation of the input and output electrodes.
  • the spacer is adapted to provide, opposite each opening of the output electrode, an amplification space whose section perpendicular to the electric field is much greater than the section of this opening.
  • the insulation constituting the spacer therefore does not close the space located opposite this opening.
  • the electric field generated by the input and output electrodes is thus practically not deformed. This makes it possible, in particular, to obtain images of very large objects, for example 7 centimeters, while eliminating most of the masking effects linked to the presence of a spacer.
  • the information collected at the anode is therefore a more representative image of the source of ionizing radiation, thus increasing the spatial resolution of this type of detector.
  • the detector according to the invention makes it possible, for example, to obtain a spatial precision of around ten microns on surfaces of 50 ⁇ 50 cm 2 .
  • the detectors according to the invention comprising several stacking amplifying structures are very clearly distinguished from detectors of the type of those of the prior art comprising a stack of insulating plates, the two main faces of which are covered with a conductive material, which are pierced with openings and which are subjected to a potential difference at the origin of an electric field responsible for an avalanche multiplication in openings made in these plates.
  • the detector according to the invention makes it possible to produce numerous structures, for various applications, with successive electron amplifier spaces, in which the introduction of material is very reduced, compared to the state of the presently known art.
  • the effects of parasitic shadow or reduction of the spatial resolution coming from this material are thus very greatly reduced.
  • the input and output electrodes of the amplifying structure of the detector according to the invention consist of grids whose thickness, parallel to the general direction of the electric field between the anode and the cathode, is much less than the dimensions lateral openings of these grills, that is to say in a plane perpendicular to this electric field. Thanks to this arrangement, it is possible to choose the parameters of the electric fields between the different electrodes, so that the lines of force on each of the faces of a grid, create on this grid forces which balance each other at least in part. The thinness of the grids also limits the fraction of field lines which lead to the side walls of the openings in the grids and which therefore cannot contribute to the balancing of the grids. All this contributes to the stability of this grid and therefore to the parallelism of the input and output electrodes. It is thus possible to limit the mass of insulating material constituting the spacer between the input and output electrodes.
  • the detector according to the invention is clearly distinguished from those of the prior art in which the input and output electrodes consist of thick grids, relative to the distance which separates them, or in which the electrodes inlet and outlet are deposited on thick insulation and drilled with holes.
  • the invention relates to a autoradiographic imaging device comprising a detector comprising one and / or the other of the characteristics indicated above and further comprising a sample holder adapted so that this detector is placed at least 50 microns of a sample emitting ionizing radiation, mounted on the sample holder.
  • the detector 1 comprises a flattened enclosure 2 with two main faces 2a and 2b opposite and parallel to each other.
  • This enclosure 2 contains a medium suitable for emitting primary electrons under the effect of ionizing radiation emitted by a sample S placed near one 2a of the main faces 2a, 2b of the enclosure 2.
  • this medium is constituted of a gas circulating between an inlet 3 and an outlet 4.
  • This gas consists of a mixture comprising a noble gas and organic molecules. These organic molecules are intended to control the amplification process by avalanche. They are known to those skilled in the art under the Anglo-Saxon expression "quencher”.
  • the gas circulating in the enclosure 2 is chosen as a function of the application for which the detector 1 is intended, that is to say as a function of the particles to be detected, of the reading mode, of the detection electronics, etc.
  • this gas is advantageously at atmospheric pressure (for reasons of safety and economy) and comprises a noble gas whose electronic density mean is close to 10 electrons per atom, as is the case with neon.
  • the "quencher” advantageously consists of isobutane, present in the gas mixture up to a few percent of the number of molecules in this mixture.
  • the enclosure 2 contains a cathode 5, an anode 6 and an amplifying structure 7.
  • the cathode 5, the anode 6 and the amplifying structure 7 are mutually parallel and parallel to the two main faces 2a, 2b of the enclosure 2.
  • the anode 6 is located near the face 2b opposite that 2a near which is the sample S.
  • the amplifier structure 7 is located between the cathode 5 and the anode 6.
  • the space of the enclosure 2, located between the cathode 5 and the amplifier structure 7, constitutes a conversion space C.
  • the ionizing radiation emitted by the sample S enter the conversion space C via cathode 5.
  • the space of the enclosure 2 located between the amplifying structure 7 and the anode 6 constitutes a spreading space E.
  • the amplifying structure 7 comprises an input electrode 8 and an output electrode 9, parallel to the cathode 5 and to the anode 6 and delimiting an amplification stage A.
  • Polarization means 10 are connected to the cathode 5, to the anode 6 and to the input 8 and output 9 electrodes. They make it possible to bring the cathode 5 to a potential HV1 / the anode 6 to a potential HV2, the input electrode at a potential HV3 and the output electrode at a potential HV4, these potentials responding to the inequality HV2>HV4>HV3> HV1.
  • the polarization means 10 thus make it possible to create electric fields E1, E2 and E3 respectively in the conversion space C, in the amplification stage A and in the spreading space E.
  • the polarization means 10 cause the electrons from cathode 5, towards anode 6.
  • the cathode 5 consists of a thin electrically conductive plate pierced with small openings. Its thickness is advantageously substantially equal to 5 microns. It advantageously has a number of openings per linear inch of 200 LPI (Lines per inch).
  • It can optionally also consist of a woven grid (less expensive than the previous one), a sheet of metallized Mylar®, a sheet of unpierced metal (for example copper 10 microns thick), d '' a copper-colored adhesive tape stuck on a glass slide with an electrically conductive glue (for applications such as autoradiography, for example), a photocathode (possibly coupled with a detector Cerenkov), etc.
  • the input electrode 8 and the output electrode 9 are separated by a spacer 11.
  • the input electrode 8, the output electrode 9 and the spacer 11 are made up of independent elements which can be machined separately from each other. They are assembled and held together in the amplifying structure 7, but can be easily separated from each other, to be changed for example.
  • the input 8 and output 9 electrodes each consist respectively of a thin electrically conductive plate, of small thickness and pierced with small openings 12.
  • the openings 12 have the shape of a square of 39 microns on a side spaced from one another with a pitch p of 50 microns, which corresponds substantially to a number of openings 12 per linear inch of 500 LPI.
  • input 8 and output 9 electrodes of 2500 LPI which corresponds substantially to 8 micron openings spaced 10 microns apart.
  • Such input 8 and output 9 electrodes each form a grid which, given the small size of the openings 12, can be called a "micro-grid".
  • Such micro-grids have already been described, for example, in document EP 855086.
  • the spacer 11 consists of a grid formed of an insulating material whose dielectric permittivity is between 2 and 5.
  • This grid consists for example of a Kapton® plate having a thickness e advantageously less than 500 microns and preferably less than 300 microns, pierced with square windows 13 cut by laser or by chemical attack and separated by bars 14.
  • the windows 13 are open on the input electrode 8 and the output electrode 9.
  • the respective openings 12 of the input 8 and output 9 electrodes are not necessarily aligned, in the direction of the electric fields E1, E2 and E3.
  • the fact of not having to align the respective openings 12 of the input 8 and output 9 electrodes constitutes an advantage of the invention.
  • the volume delimited by the bars 14 of a window 13 and the input 8 and output 9 electrodes constitutes an amplification space 22.
  • the amplification stage A consists of one or more amplification spaces 22 depending on whether the spacer 11 has one or more windows 13. In a plane perpendicular to the electric field E2, the dimensions of the windows 13 are greater than the dimensions of the openings 12 of the input 8 and output 9 electrodes, which lead to the amplification spaces 22.
  • the width 1 of these bars 14, between two windows 13, in the plane of the plate constituting the spacer is less than 100 microns and the bars are separated one from the other others with a pitch P less than 5 cm.
  • optical opacity of such a spacer 11 is advantageously less than 30% and preferably less than 1%.
  • the anode 6 has a planar multilayer structure. It comprises an outer layer 15 and two inner layers 16, and a ground plane 17, the whole resting on an insulating substrate 28.
  • the outer layer 16 is segmented into elementary or block anodes 15 forming a two-dimensional checkerboard network whose rows are aligned along axes of coordinates X and Y.
  • Each block 15 forms a square of less than one millimeter aside, for example 650 microns.
  • the blocks 15 are alternately assigned to the reading of one or the other of the coordinates X and Y.
  • Two neighboring blocks 15 do not measure the position according to the same coordinate.
  • the space between the blocks 15 is as small as possible, but must make it possible to maintain perfect insulation between them.
  • this space is less than 100 microns.
  • the internal layers 16 are formed of crossed conductive tracks 18.
  • the tracks 18 extend parallel to the first rows of blocks 15.
  • the tracks 18 extend parallel to second rows of blocks 15, perpendicular to the first.
  • the blocks 15 of a row associated with the X coordinate are located on an internal layer different from that connected to the blocks arranged in a row corresponding to the Y coordinate.
  • the tracks 18 are separated from the blocks 15 by an insulator through which are drilled connection holes 19 (known to those skilled in the art under the Anglo-Saxon expression "via hole” ), lined with an electrically conductive material to ensure the electrical connection of the blocks 15 with the tracks 18 of one or the other of the internal layers 16 (see FIG. 3).
  • the connecting holes 19 have for example a diameter of 100 microns.
  • the tracks 18 are separated from each other by the smallest possible distance while maintaining perfect insulation between them.
  • the fact of having the tracks in superimposed layers isolated from each other makes it possible to gain integration while retaining the required quality of insulation.
  • the blocks 15, thanks to the tracks 18, are connected to fast amplifiers 20 themselves connected, via electronic reading channels, to electronic processing means 21 (see FIG. 5).
  • each track 18 connects periodically, in a row, a block 15 out of four.
  • a track X1 connects two blocks spaced by three blocks, these three blocks comprising two blocks adjacent to the two blocks linked to track X1, themselves same connected respectively to tracks Y1 and Y7, separated by a block connected to a track X2, this arrangement being reproduced on the whole of the checkerboard made up of the blocks 15 (in FIG. 6, two blocks 15 connected together are represented by identical patterns).
  • the electric field E3 prevailing in the spreading space E is moderate ( ⁇ 10 kV / cm) and conducive to a lateral spreading of the electron cloud 23 by diffusion of the electrons which constitute it, on the atoms and molecules of the gas.
  • the thickness of the spreading space, in the direction of the electric field E3, as well as the nature of the gas and the size of the blocks are determined so that the spatial extension of the electron cloud 23, at the level from anode 6, covers several blocks 15 (at least two in each direction of the X and Y coordinates) and so that it is possible to thus determine the barycenter of the electron cloud 23.
  • Isobutane stabilizes the avalanche process and to obtain a diffusion in the spreading space E, such that the avalanche extends over a sufficient number of blocks 15 to allow this determination of the barycenter of the electron cloud 23.
  • a current is then induced on a small group of blocks 15, and transmitted, via several electronic channels, to the electronic reading means 21.
  • the position of each avalanche is determined in each X or Y coordinate.
  • the load distributions measured on each block 15 are used to recalculate the position of the emitting point 24 of the original ionizing radiation. A precise measurement of this position can be obtained after correction of the geometric distortions due to the weighting method used to determine the barycenter of the electron cloud 23 interacting with the blocks 15 on which the measurement is carried out.
  • FIG. 7 A second embodiment of the detector 1 according to the invention is shown in FIG. 7. It differs from the first embodiment described above essentially by the fact that the conversion space C and the amplification stage A are confused there.
  • the detector 1 comprises a cathode 5 merged with the input electrode 8 and the sample S is placed directly in the vicinity of the input electrode 8 of the amplifying structure 7.
  • the input electrode 8 acts as a cathode.
  • the polarization means 10 make it possible to create electric fields E2 and E3 respectively in the amplification stage A and in the spreading space E.
  • the polarization means 10 drive the electrons from the input electrode 8, towards the anode 6.
  • the amplifying structure 7 has a thickness, parallel to the electric field E2, of less than 300 microns.
  • the spacer 11, defining the thickness of the amplification stage A, is adapted to the shape of the sample S.
  • Sample S emits an ionizing particle I. This interacts with the gas mixture to generate electrons of primary ionization.
  • a compromise is to be found between, on the one hand, a gas mixture sufficiently heavy for the beta particles to interact and, on the other hand, a gas mixture sufficiently light for the gain amplification is large enough to allow reading on an anode such as that described in connection with the first embodiment. Measurements have shown that this compromise can be achieved by using a mixture of gases at atmospheric pressure comprising neon and a few percent of isobutane.
  • a high electric field E2 greater than 25 kV / cm, is applied in the amplifying structure 7, which makes it possible to multiply the electrons of primary ionization.
  • an amplifying structure 7 such as that described in relation to the first embodiment, it is possible to obtain gains greater than 100,000, in proportional regime.
  • the electrons multiplied in the amplifying structure are entrained by the field E3 of the spreading space before creating a current in the blocks 15 of the anode 6.
  • Such a detector 1 it is the electrons created near the cathode, that is to say near the sample S, which are preferentially multiplied and the parallax effects originating from the isotropic emission of the emitting sources. of the sample S are greatly reduced.
  • a detector 1 also makes it possible to overcome the effects of the trajectory of the particles incident in the gas, including for high energy particles such as those conventionally emitted by markers. isotopes used in biology. This detector 1 thus makes it possible to very precisely locate the position of the emitting points 24 of ionizing radiation, whatever the isotopic markers used.
  • the detector 1 makes it possible to obtain distribution curves indicative of the position of the source points, having a width at half height less than 100 microns.
  • FIG. 8 A third embodiment of the detector 1 according to the invention is shown in FIG. 8. It differs from the second embodiment described above essentially by the fact that the input electrode is replaced by a face of the sample S, possibly metallized to make it conductive or polarized from the rear when it is partially conductive. In this case, the detector 1 does not have an independent cathode 5 and it is the sample S which acts as a cathode.
  • FIG. 9 A fourth embodiment of the detector 1 according to the invention is shown in FIG. 9. It differs from the second embodiment described above essentially by the fact that it comprises several amplifying structures 7a, 7b and 7c, similar to the amplifying structure 7 already described in relation to the second embodiment, but superimposed so that the input electrode 8 of the amplifying structure 7b is merged with the output electrode 9 of the amplifying structure 7a which itself is superimposed, and so on for the underlying amplifying structure.
  • the detector 1 also includes another amplifying structure 7d, located between the stack of amplifying structures 7a, 7b and 7c and the anode 6.
  • the amplifying structures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d of this embodiment can be identical to each other or be of different geometries.
  • a fifth embodiment of the detector 1 according to the invention is shown in Figure 10. It differs from the embodiments already described above essentially by the fact that the anode 6 as described above is replaced by a conductive grid 25 of high transparency (advantageously greater than 80%).
  • This grid 25 consists for example of a flat plate pierced with holes or a woven grid.
  • the amplifying structure is associated with an optical reading of the scintillation light emitted during the amplification process, by interaction of the electrons with the gas mixture contained in the detector 1.
  • a particular quencher such as, for example, triethylamine, which emits around a wavelength equal to 280 nanometers. This wavelength is compatible with the transparency of the optics (quartz or fluorine, for example) and the spectral sensitivity of the usual photo-cathodes of image intensifiers generally used for reading by CCD camera.
  • the autoradiographic imaging device 29 comprises a sample holder 30 adapted so that the detector 1 is placed within 50 microns of the sample S emitting ionizing radiation, mounted on this sample holder.
  • the input electrode is advantageously constituted by an at least partially electrically conductive face (possibly metallized) of the sample S placed on the sample holder 30.
  • the grid 25 makes it possible to apply a potential while letting the scintillation light pass.
  • This scintillation light is collected by a CCD camera 26 coupled to a light intensifier, through an exit window 27.
  • This exit window is transparent to the wavelengths emitted and closes the detector 1.
  • the calculation of the barycenter of the light spot created by each avalanche makes it possible to determine, as for the detection by paving stones described above, the position of the emitting point 24 of the initial ionizing particle I.
  • FIG. 11 schematically represents a device 29 for autoradiographic imaging comprising a detector 1 according to the fifth embodiment described above.
  • the detector 1 of this imaging device is replaced by a detector 1 such as those described in relation to the first, second, third and fourth embodiments.

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  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
EP03290536A 2002-03-08 2003-03-06 Strahlungsdetektoren und autoradiographische Abbildungsvorrichtungen mit solcher Detektoren Withdrawn EP1343194A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0202978 2002-03-08
FR0202978A FR2837000B1 (fr) 2002-03-08 2002-03-08 Detecteurs de radiations et dispositifs d'imagerie autoradiographique comprenant de tels detecteurs

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EP1343194A1 true EP1343194A1 (de) 2003-09-10

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EP (1) EP1343194A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2837000B1 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011045411A1 (en) * 2009-10-15 2011-04-21 Eos Imaging A radiographic imaging device and a detector for a radiographic imaging device
WO2019122244A1 (fr) * 2017-12-22 2019-06-27 Orano Mining Procédé d'analyse à l'aide d'un détecteur de particules alpha

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2926893B1 (fr) 2008-01-25 2012-07-27 Centre Nat Rech Scient Procede de localisation d'un radionucleide a positons, applications et dispositif de mise en oeuvre
FR2950731B1 (fr) 2009-09-29 2012-04-13 Centre Nat Rech Scient Detecteurs de radiations et dispositifs d'imagerie autoradiographique comprenant de tels detecteurs
US9217793B2 (en) * 2012-10-25 2015-12-22 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Apparatus and method for detecting radiation
JP6790005B2 (ja) 2018-02-23 2020-11-25 株式会社東芝 検出素子および検出器
JP6790008B2 (ja) * 2018-03-14 2020-11-25 株式会社東芝 検出素子および検出器

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4639601A (en) * 1982-11-25 1987-01-27 Pullan Brian R Apparatus for detecting and determining the distribution of radioactivity on a medium
FR2739941A1 (fr) * 1995-10-11 1997-04-18 Commissariat Energie Atomique Detecteur de position, a haute resolution, de hauts flux de particules ionisantes
EP0872874A1 (de) * 1997-04-15 1998-10-21 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Mehrelektroden-Partikeldetektor und Herstellungsverfahren desselben

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US5032729A (en) * 1989-10-18 1991-07-16 Georges Charpak Process and device for determining the spatial distribution of electrons emerging from the surface of a radioactive body
IL95033A (en) * 1990-07-10 1994-04-12 Yeda Res & Dev Beta radiation detector and imaging system
US6011265A (en) * 1997-10-22 2000-01-04 European Organization For Nuclear Research Radiation detector of very high performance
US6365902B1 (en) * 1999-11-19 2002-04-02 Xcounter Ab Radiation detector, an apparatus for use in radiography and a method for detecting ionizing radiation

Patent Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4639601A (en) * 1982-11-25 1987-01-27 Pullan Brian R Apparatus for detecting and determining the distribution of radioactivity on a medium
FR2739941A1 (fr) * 1995-10-11 1997-04-18 Commissariat Energie Atomique Detecteur de position, a haute resolution, de hauts flux de particules ionisantes
EP0872874A1 (de) * 1997-04-15 1998-10-21 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Mehrelektroden-Partikeldetektor und Herstellungsverfahren desselben

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011045411A1 (en) * 2009-10-15 2011-04-21 Eos Imaging A radiographic imaging device and a detector for a radiographic imaging device
FR2951580A1 (fr) * 2009-10-15 2011-04-22 Biospace Med Dispositif d'imagerie radiographique et detecteur pour un dispositif d'imagerie radiographique
US8513616B2 (en) 2009-10-15 2013-08-20 Eos Imaging Radiographic imaging device and a detector for a radiographic imaging device
WO2019122244A1 (fr) * 2017-12-22 2019-06-27 Orano Mining Procédé d'analyse à l'aide d'un détecteur de particules alpha
FR3075980A1 (fr) * 2017-12-22 2019-06-28 Areva Mines Procede d'analyse a l'aide d'un detecteur de particules alpha
US11125893B2 (en) 2017-12-22 2021-09-21 Orano Mining Analyzing method using a detector of alpha particles

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FR2837000A1 (fr) 2003-09-12
FR2837000B1 (fr) 2004-07-02
US20040021088A1 (en) 2004-02-05

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