EP0737755B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung von Werkstücken - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung von Werkstücken Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0737755B1
EP0737755B1 EP19960105715 EP96105715A EP0737755B1 EP 0737755 B1 EP0737755 B1 EP 0737755B1 EP 19960105715 EP19960105715 EP 19960105715 EP 96105715 A EP96105715 A EP 96105715A EP 0737755 B1 EP0737755 B1 EP 0737755B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
furnace
speed
pieces
treatment
charges
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Revoked
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EP19960105715
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0737755A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Marie Hertzog
Thierry Spérisen
Michel Voutat
Daniel Zimmermann
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Patherm SA
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Patherm SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0006—Details, accessories not peculiar to any of the following furnaces
    • C21D9/0018—Details, accessories not peculiar to any of the following furnaces for charging, discharging or manipulation of charge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0056—Furnaces through which the charge is moved in a horizontal straight path
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0062—Heat-treating apparatus with a cooling or quenching zone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0006—Details, accessories not peculiar to any of the following furnaces
    • C21D9/0025—Supports; Baskets; Containers; Covers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of heat treatment of parts, in particular of small dimensions, according to the preamble of claim 1, thus than an installation for implementing this process.
  • Conventional heat treatment facilities include one or more several ovens which are associated with at least one quenching cell, these elements cooperating with means of transport allowing the movement of the parts to treat between the oven (s) and the cell.
  • the ovens are maintained at relatively heating temperatures capable of handling the parts which must, for this purpose, remain in the ovens for a certain period of time in order to reach the temperature of desired treatment.
  • Gas quenching as it has been implemented to date, is generally limited in its application to highly alloyed or so-called steels "self-soaking".
  • quenching in a liquid medium requires setting up work of washing parts after treatment, which increases considerably the cost of treatment per piece.
  • standards anti-pollution require the use of equipment for cleaning pollution from washing baths and require strict observance of limits as to the proportion and nature of the products rejected, which, we understand, further complicates the exploitation of this type quenching.
  • Liquid quenching heat treatment facilities which have been for currently offered for the treatment of small parts, are installations known as parade, that is to say in which the displacement of the parts in the furnace of processing occurs in an essentially horizontal plane. In these facilities, quenching takes place by dropping the pieces into the quenching bath, at the outlet of the oven, under the effect of gravity.
  • conventional parade processing facilities include one or more several watertight airlocks at the inlet and outlet of the oven, and at the inlet and outlet of the cell.
  • the gas heats up in crossing the bed of rooms, so that there are levels of parts subject to different quenching conditions, i.e. which are in contact with a gas whose temperature has increased. Furthermore, it can be seen that the turbulence in the parts bed cannot be maintained only on the first few levels.
  • thermochemical treatment for all types of treatment whether for austenitization under nitrogen, austenitization under gas from synthesis, austenitization under equilibrium potential, carburizing, carbonitriding or for nitrocarburization.
  • process gases can be flammable.
  • thermochemical treatment requires a draconian regulation of the treatment atmosphere.
  • the quality of the treatment thermochemical is therefore a direct function of the precision and stability of characteristics of this atmosphere which cannot undergo significant variations. However, transfers of parts between the oven and the outside may cause such disturbances.
  • thermal treatment installation and the implementation of a specific process must meet the requirements of any industrial installation, namely, technological simplicity, profitability, reliability, in particular for hot working mechanics, safety, and finally a manufacturing and maintenance with the lowest possible costs.
  • the present invention aims to provide an installation and a heat treatment process which allow the treatment of small parts, without limitation of their material, and which avoids the problems and obstacles mentioned above while meeting all the requirements criteria raised.
  • the method includes processing thermochemical under controlled atmosphere in the furnace, in particular a austenitization, carburizing, carbonitriding or nitrocarburizing, oven inlet region being preceded by an unheated inlet channel, communicating with the oven and provided with a first door, and the region of exit from the oven being followed by an unheated outlet channel, communicating with the oven and provided a second door.
  • thermochemical under controlled atmosphere in the furnace in particular a austenitization, carburizing, carbonitriding or nitrocarburizing
  • oven inlet region being preceded by an unheated inlet channel, communicating with the oven and provided with a first door, and the region of exit from the oven being followed by an unheated outlet channel, communicating with the oven and provided a second door.
  • This heat treatment facility which is identified by the general reference 1 includes, in this exemplary embodiment, a furnace 2 in the longitudinal axis which has a gas quenching cell 4.
  • the invention is not limited to an installation having only one oven and only one cell, but it also applies to installations with several ovens and multiple cells, with combinations chosen numbers for these two elements.
  • the oven 2 is constituted by a carcass thermally insulating 2a which defines an enclosure or treatment cavity 2b inside which are arranged a plurality of heating elements 2c, one of which only one has been referenced here.
  • the heating elements 2c are constituted, by example, by a set of electrical resistors capable of heating the enclosure 2b by convection and / or by radiation and to bring this enclosure to selected processing temperatures. These resistances are conventionally connected to a power supply unit programmable electric, not shown.
  • the processing temperatures used are common, and are chosen from the conventional ranges of temperatures used in treatment processes thermal of metal parts.
  • Oven 2 is open at both ends by openings 2d and 2e, formed in the carcass 2a and respectively forming an entrance opening and a oven outlet opening 2. These openings have a width referenced LO ( Figure 2).
  • the second region, referenced R2, which is contiguous to the first region R1, and which is arranged downstream of this constitutes, in the enclosure 2b of the furnace 2, the longer region. It is indeed this which is intended to heat the rooms to treat up to the selected treatment temperature.
  • the third characteristic region, referenced R3, which is contiguous to the second region R2, and which is likewise arranged downstream thereof, is called exit region since it is from this third region as parts being processed will be moved out of the oven, until the gas quenching cell 4.
  • installation 1 has a first channel or tunnel called input C1, extending from input E of the installation to the opening 2d of the oven 2.
  • Installation 1 has a second channel or tunnel said outlet C2, extending from the outlet opening 2e from oven 2 to an intermediate zone Z provided between the outlet of the oven 2 and the inlet of the cell 4.
  • the two channels or tunnels C1 and C2 which are fixed from tightly sealed to the carcass 2a of the oven 2, are thermally insulated and unheated. They communicate respectively with the regions R1 and R3 of the enclosure 2b from the oven 2.
  • the two channels C1 and C2 present respectively lengths K1 and K2.
  • the length K2 is chosen at less equal to the width LO of the openings 2d and 2e (the representation in the figure not being to scale).
  • the C1 channel is provided with a door not watertight P1, while the channel C2 is provided at its outlet of a non-watertight door P2 of the same type.
  • doors P1 and P2 can be controlled in opening and closing (here by pivot) independently.
  • Installation 1 at the exit door P2 also includes means for isolating the atmosphere prevailing in the oven 2, vis-à-vis of the atmosphere of the quenching cell 4, these means being made by creating a protective screen, here not shown, obtained, according to a first variant, by combustion of process gas or another of gas.
  • a protective screen here not shown, obtained, according to a first variant, by combustion of process gas or another of gas.
  • Ve pilot light it is provided at the door of P2 outlet of oven 2 a Ve pilot light allowing ignite the process gas in a controlled manner in this region.
  • This protective screen can also be obtained, according to a second variant, by establishing a inert gas curtain (not shown) projected by a nozzle B, in the same region.
  • the protective screen is formed when the door P2 is open, but also when it is closed, because this door is not waterproof, it leaves a space open by where the process gas can be ignited, on contact with air, through pilot, if gas is flammable. If he is not flammable, the overpressure of oven 2 allows create the gas curtain.
  • the screen protection ensures the seal between the oven 2 and the air ambient and avoids the destabilization of the atmosphere of the oven 2. This prevents the gas from oven 2 from being driven in the quenching cell 4.
  • channels C1 and C2 and the mounting of non-watertight doors P1 and P2 to the free end of these channels keep the source away potential for disturbance of the furnace 2 atmosphere and thereby contributes to improving the stability of prevailing thermochemical processing characteristics inside the oven 2.
  • the quenching cell 4 is provided at its entry and exit from two watertight doors or not waterproof P3 and P4.
  • This quenching cell 4 includes a device turbulence generator, not shown, formed by a wind box or propeller. Gas speed and flow are also provided by fans, similarly not represented.
  • the fluid used in this cell to ensure the quenching operation is designated in as being a gas, but we will specify that a two-phase medium can be used, i.e. a mixture formed of a gas and a liquid of another nature, in pulverized form, in droplets.
  • the means of transport T are formed (FIG. 2) by example by a strip system constituting several independent training devices, here number of four, respectively referenced DE1, DE2, DE3 and DE4. These four independent devices are placed in installation 1, one in line with the other, at a short distance, on the same level, and they form, in this installation, the movement plan of rooms.
  • the first DE1 training device that extends from the entrance E of the installation, up to the first region R1 of oven 2, through channel C1 and the 2d inlet opening of the oven, is intended to receive the parts to be treated after they have been installed by a conventional supply device, not shown here.
  • This first drive device DE1 is also intended for ensure rapid introduction of batches of parts to be treated beyond gate P1 and, as in the example shown, even in oven 2, and more particularly up to the first region R1.
  • the second DE2 drive device extends in the central region R2 of enclosure 2b, on the most of this enclosure, leaving however a sufficient space between the end of DE2 and the end of the R3 region.
  • the third DE3 drive device extends from a terminal part of the R2 region, it crosses the R3 region and it enters the outlet opening of the oven referenced 2e, in the vicinity of channel C2.
  • the fourth device DE4 extends, from a part, from channel C2 to exit S of the installation, and on the other hand, through the area of transition Z and the quenching cell 4 which it crosses from side to side.
  • each device DE1 to DE4 drive includes for example a band of flexible transport, driven and supported in rotation by one or more drive rollers R, only one being here referenced.
  • the four drive devices DE1 to DE4, and more particularly their bands b1 to b4, as well as the furnace 2 and quench cell 4 form, extending on the same longitudinal axis, a processing line linear LT.
  • the installation 1 according to the invention can therefore be qualified as a parade installation, oven 2 being a passage oven.
  • rollers R which support the bands b1 to b4 are pivotally mounted in bearings (not referenced) including some are fixed to the carcass 2a of the oven 2, the others being supported by conventional support benches, not represented.
  • the bands b1, b2, b3 and b4 are respectively associated with independent motors M1, M2, M3 and M4.
  • Motors M1 to M4 are electric motors of classic construction and therefore will not described here in more detail. We will mention simply that the drive between each engine and one rollers of the four drive devices DE1 to DE4 is done by mechanical means, such as by example a chain 6 (only one being referenced) engaged on two toothed pinions integral in rotation motor and motor roller respectively correspondent ensuring the training of the band.
  • mechanical means such as by example a chain 6 (only one being referenced) engaged on two toothed pinions integral in rotation motor and motor roller respectively correspondent ensuring the training of the band.
  • the four motors M1 to M4 are all connected, by example, electrically to a control unit electric UC, constituted, in this example, by a programmable robot. So these motors can be independently controlled at rotational speeds different to allow the actuation of the four training devices DE1 to DE4 at levels of different speeds, according to operating sequences chosen.
  • rollers 18 are rotatably mounted in bearings 18 (two being referenced), for example ball bearings, fixedly engaged in the carcass 2a of the oven 2, and in particular in its side walls, not referenced.
  • the other rollers of the devices DE1 to DE4 which do not are not supported by the carcass 2a of the oven 2, are free mounted in rotation in support benches conventional, not shown.
  • volume V The other dimensions of volume V are given here ( Figures 1 and 3) by the size of the sides of this volume, quantities referenced L1 (width) and L2 respectively (length).
  • L1 width
  • L2 length
  • a height H at minus twice as small as the quantities L1 and L2.
  • the height H is equal to about 200 mm, while the width L1 and length L2 are equal to about 400 mm to 800 mm each.
  • This particular dimensioning of the load volume allows all the parts of a load to be crossed, during subsequent quenching by a gas flow, a two-phase mixture or by a liquid whose characteristics do not vary or little for the different levels of parts within the load.
  • the outlet and the inlet of the furnace 2 that is to say the inlet and outlet openings 2d and 2e of the carcass 2 and, in this example, the outwardly opening openings of the channels C1 and C2 have a height h of the order of the height of the batches of parts, with the ready spaces necessary for the passage of the conveyor belts and for the introduction of the baskets into the openings.
  • each load C is placed at the input E of installation, on the end of the first device DE1 drive.
  • the device DE1 drive is operated to allow charging C thus dimensioned and set up to be introduced quickly in oven 2, to the first region R1.
  • Load C therefore passes gate P1, then it passes through channel C1 and the 2d inlet opening of the carcass 2a at a first speed level V1 for example of the order of 250 to 400 cm / min. We then close the door P1 to minimize contamination of the furnace atmosphere and limit gas consumption.
  • the length of the strip b1 is not not shown to scale in Figures 1 and 2 because it must allow the load C to take an acceleration sufficient to reach the insertion speed V1.
  • this speed V1 may likewise not be constant. It can vary around the value V1, if the device DE1 suffers between input E and the region R1 accelerations or decelerations. That's the reason for which reference is made here to "levels" of speed. This remark generally applies to the pace of the other speeds characteristic of the installation, referenced V2 and V3.
  • This second level speed characteristic is for example equal to about 50 to 100 cm / min.
  • the second device is controlled DE2 drive so that it takes speed V2 via a appropriate M2 motor supply, under control of the central control unit UC.
  • the charge C therefore goes be moved at speed V2 but now by the second DE2 drive device over the entire strip length b2.
  • the latter is controlled via its motor M3, so that it also takes the speed level V2, and that it can receive charge C.
  • Charge C is therefore displaced throughout the region R2 of oven 2 at speed level V2, speed at which the parts load C 22 undergoes processing temperature chosen.
  • the door P2 of the oven outlet is opened and the door P3 of the quenching cell is opened.
  • control of the motors M1 to M4 aux specific diets to achieve the levels of speeds V1 to V3 is controlled by the central unit of UC command which in this installation constitutes means for regulating the speed of the devices DE1 to DE4, in order to reach the levels differentiated speeds V1 to V3.
  • the installation shown in these figures does not differ of the installation previously described that in that the means of transport T no longer have four, but three drive devices DE1, DE2 and DE3 '.
  • the first two training devices DE1 and DE2 as well that the other components of this installation are identical to those described above.
  • the DE3 'drive device which is the same controlled by the central unit UC via the motor M3 'extends, like the two devices DE3 and DE4 of the first mode of realization that it replaces, from the terminal part of the R2 region and it crosses the R3 region, the opening of outlet of oven 2e, outlet channel C2 and the transition Z to reach quench cell 4.
  • the drive device DE3 ' also passes through the quenching cell 4 and leads to the exits.
  • This second installation operates according to identical or similar sequences S1, S2 and S3 and with same speed levels V1, V2 and V3.
  • the movement of batches of loads C to the end of the two devices DE1 and DE2 is obtained by piloting of the UC control unit which orders acceleration, deceleration and possibly stopping motors M1 to M3 'accordingly.
  • doors P2 and P3 are then open and the device DE3 'is brought to speed V3 so that the load is quickly transported to the quench cell 4.
  • Door P2 is immediately closed as soon as the load leaves channel C2 and gate P3 is closed when the load C is entirely in the quench cell 4.
  • the second DE2 drive device has a length LD2 which is a multiple of the length L2 of the loads, apart from the gaps left between the charges.
  • the installation operates in three sequences features with fast insertion speed V1, a slower processing speed V2 (V1> V2) and a output speed to the very fast quench cell V3 which is at least greater than V2 (V3> V2) and which can be also greater than V1 (V3> V1> V2).
  • the installations according to the invention can also be provided with mechanical stops housed at least in part in the enclosure 2b of the oven 2 and which can be controlled from the outside, for example by the control unit UC, to position itself at the end, for example, of the first two drive devices DE1 and DE2 or at the end of the three devices DE1 to DE3 'for stop the loads at the end of these devices by positions defined on the LT processing line.
  • a such stop can be constituted for example by a cleat mounted swivel or by a linear displacement finger actuated by cylinder and capable of projecting the end of the bands b1, b2 and possibly b3 'or between two rollers.
  • processing in load of small parts described in conjunction with the above sequences also applies to quenching in liquid medium.
  • the installation shown in Figure 7 includes a quenching cell 4 'which comprises a tank 30 containing a liquid medium M such as water, a mixture of polymers, oil or molten salts. Bac 30 is partially positioned under a sealed transfer lock 32 which is integral with the carcass 2a and which is immersed in the middle M.
  • a quenching cell 4 ' which comprises a tank 30 containing a liquid medium M such as water, a mixture of polymers, oil or molten salts.
  • Bac 30 is partially positioned under a sealed transfer lock 32 which is integral with the carcass 2a and which is immersed in the middle M.
  • the airlock 32 has a door P5 which can be actuated by a jack 34.
  • an elevator 36 which includes a support 38 capable of receiving the load at the end of the third drive device DE3 '.
  • rollers 40 linked between them by a chain or any other means drive, not shown.
  • Rollers 40 can come in the plane of the last drive device DE3 'and they are associated on a first side with a wheel or a drive roller 42 which is intended to come to the contact, either from another wheel, or from a roller or the free end of the strip to be driven in rotation by the drive device DE3 '.
  • This wheel or roller 42 being linked by a chain or any other means the rollers 40, it ensures the rotational drive of rollers 40 when the support 32 is in position high as shown in Figure 7.
  • the elevator 36 descends this support 38 and the load C in the tank 30 for tempering (arrow B in the figure).
  • the elevator then moves laterally to the right (arrow L) then it goes up the support 38, and the load C to the open air (arrow R) so that the load C can be recovery, either by a lifting device or by a DES external training device also formed a group of rollers or a band b5.
  • the elevator 36 is therefore one of the means of transport T of the loads C in the installation, the LT processing line extending in several orthogonal directions.
  • Retractable mechanical stops can be provided on each side of the support 38 for ensure the precise positioning of the load on this support.
  • stops can be constituted for example by vertical plates which are, on the one hand, mounted from on either side of the support 38 on springs of compression keeping them in the up position and which are, on the other hand, associated with control members, such than a finger or an orthogonal plate, which can take support under rollers or device strip DE3 'and DE5, during climb movements of elevator 36, in order to control the lowering of the corresponding stop plate and allow passage of load.
  • stops can, according to yet another mode of achievement, be constituted by the organs which support the wheels 42 and 44 on either side of the support 38 if these members are rotatably mounted on this support and can be released by the action of an element elastic when the wheels 42 and 44 are not at contact of DE3 'and DES drive devices, such as shown in broken lines in Figure 7, at right of support 38.
  • the constitution of the parts to be treated in loads with dimensions such as height H of this load is chosen to be significantly lower than other dimensions of the volume, allows, as for tempering gas, not to force the flow to cross a height too important in order to obtain conditions of homogeneous quenching for parts located upstream and downstream with respect to the direction of circulation of the liquid in avoiding a rise in temperature of the quenching liquid at the passage between these levels.
  • the fact of constituting the parts as charges and transport the parts well through the oven allows these charges to be recovered on an elevator for introduce into the quenching medium, by a movement vertical descent orthogonal to linear displacement in the oven, at the same speed determined for all rooms.
  • Liquid quench medium can be agitated conventional by imposing on the fluid a movement according to an identical or opposite direction to that of the load.
  • This advantageous characteristic makes it possible to limit the deformations of parts and it makes it possible to avoid any risk of injury to parts when inserted in the quench medium.
  • this installation includes means of regulation formed by the associated control unit UC to training devices DE1 to DE4 to control them at speed levels such as batches of parts enter and exit the oven at speeds above speed level V2 at which the batches are moved in the oven, during processing.
  • batch processing of small parts and the division of means of transport into several drive devices along the line of processing allows to separate operations introduction of the batches into the oven and extraction of lots of the oven, so that only one of the doors P1 or P2 has need to be open.
  • the pilot control unit UC the drive devices and their motor such so the adjacent ends of these devices are driven at the same speed when transferring each charge from one device to another so that load baskets C pass from the previous device to the next device without excessive sliding between their bottom and, for example, the two bands that support them during the overlapping of the bottom of these baskets and adjacent bands.
  • This steering of training devices to the same pace over a given period i.e. at the same speed level or according to the same acceleration after a load stop ensures load transfer from one device to another without speed variation between baskets that carry loads and bands or rollers that drive them.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
  • Tunnel Furnaces (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung von Teilen, insbesondere solche mit kleinen Abmessungen, in einer Behandlungsstraße (LT), die wenigstens einen Ofen (2), eine Härtungszellle (4) und aufeinanderfolgende Transportmittel (T), die die Verlagerung der Teile in den Innenraum des Ofens und der Härtungszeille sowie zwischen dem Ofen und der Härtungszellle ermöglichen, umfaßt, derart, daß die Teile längs der Behandlungsstraße lokal mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten, die ein erstes Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V1) zum Einführen der Teile in einen Einlaßbereich (R1) des Ofens, in dem die Teile auf der oder den Behandlungstemperaturen gehalten werden, ein zweites Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V2), zum Verlagern der Teile in einen Mittelbereich (R2) des Ofens, und ein drittes Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V3) zum Verlagern der Teile von einem Auslaßbereich (R3) des Ofens zur Härtungszellle, verlagert werden, wobei das dritte Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V3) höher als das zweite (V2) ist, um einen schnellen Transport der Chargen zwischen dem Ofen und der Härtungszellle sicherzustellen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß:
    die Teile (22) in einzelnen Chargen (C) in Behältern oder Körben (20) angeordnet werden, um verschiedene Lose zu bilden, die ein Volumen (V) von Teilen bilden, dessen Höhe (H) deutlich geringer als die anderen Abmessungen (L1, L2) des Volumens gewählt ist,
    ein erstes Transportmittel (DE1) mit variabler Geschwindigkeit verwendet wird, um die einzelnen Chargen (C) in den Einlaßbereich des Ofens einzuführen, wobei das erste Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V1) so gewählt wird, daß ein schnelles Einführen der Chargen in den Ofen gewährleistet ist,
    ein zweites Transportmittel (DE2) verwendet wird, um die Chargen (C) in den Mittelbereich des Ofens zu verlagern, wobei das zweite Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V2) niedriger als das erste (V1) ist,
    wenigstens ein drittes Transportmittel (DE3) mit variabler Geschwindigkeit verwendet wird, um die Chargen (C) vom Auslaßbereich des Ofens zur Härtungszellle zu verlagern, und die Transportmittel in der Weise gesteuert werden, daß für den Übergang einer Charge vom ersten Transportmittel (DE1) zum zweiten (DE2) die Geschwindigkeit des ersten bis auf das Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V2) des zweiten (DE2) verringert wird und für den Übergang einer Charge vom zweiten Transportmittel (DE2) zum dritten (DE3) die Geschwindigkeit des dritten bis auf das Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V2) des zweiten (DE2) verringert wird.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bewegung der Chargen (C) längs der Behandlungsstraße in der Weise eingestellt wird, daß zwischen einer Charge (Cd), die sich in der Härtungszellle (4) befindet, und einer folgenden Charge (Ca), die sich stromauf im Ofen (2) befindet, ein Abstand (L) erzeugt wird, der die Stabilität der Temperatur der Teile und die Stabilität der thermochemischen Eigenschaften, die im Heizraum herrschen, gewährleisten kann.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, das eine thermochemische Behandlung in einer kontrollierten Atmosphäre im Ofen, insbesondere eine Austenitisierung, eine Zementation, eine Carbonitrierung oder eine Nitro-Carburierung, umfaßt, wobei dem Einlaßbereich des Ofens ein unbeheizter Einlaßkanal (C1) vorhergeht, der mit dem Ofen in Verbindung steht und mit einer ersten Tür (P1) versehen ist, und dem Auslaßbereich des Ofens ein unbeheizter Auslaßkanal (C2) folgt, der mit dem Ofen in Verbindung steht und mit einer zweiten Tür (P2) versehen ist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß für die Ausführung des Übergangs einer Charge vom ersten Transportmittel zum zweiten und des Übergangs einer Charge vom zweiten Transportmittel zum dritten die dritten Transportmittel (DE1, DE2, DE3) mit dem zweiten Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V2) gesteuert werden, ohne daß irgendeine Tür (P1, P2) geöffnet ist.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Operationen des Einführens der Chargen in den Ofen und des Entnehmens der Chargen aus dem Ofen in der Weise ausgeführt werden, daß nur eine einzige der Türen (P1, P2) geöffnet wird.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Atmosphäre des Ofens (2) von der Atmosphäre der Härtungszellle (4) isoliert wird, indem am Ausgang des Ofens wenigstens dann, wenn die zweite Tür (P2) geöffnet ist, ein Schutzschild erzeugt wird, der durch die Verbrennung eines im Ofen enthaltenen Behandlungsgases oder eines anderen Gases oder durch den Aufbau eines Inertgas-Vorhangs gebildet ist.
  6. Anlage zur Wärmebehandlung für die Ausführung des Verfahrens nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, umfassend:
    wenigstens einen Behandlungsofen (2), der die zu behandelnden Teile (22) auf Behandlungstemperaturen halten kann,
    wenigstens eine Härtungszellle (4), die hinter dem Ofen (2) angeordnet ist, wobei dieser Ofen und diese Zelle eine Behandlungsstraße (LT) bilden, und
    Transportmittel (T), die die Bewegung der Teile (22) längs der Behandlungsstraße (LT) mit lokal unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten ermöglichen,
       wobei die Anlage dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß sie dazu vorgesehen ist, eine Gesamtheit von Behältern oder Körben (20) zu behandeln, die so beschaffen sind, daß sie die zu behandelnden Teile (22) aufnehmen und sie in einzelne Chargen umgruppieren, um verschiedene Lose zu bilden, die ein Volumen (V) von Teilen bilden, dessen Höhe H deutlich geringer als die anderen Abmessungen (L1, L2) des Volumens ist,
    daß die Transportmittel (T) wenigstens drei aufeinanderfolgende Antriebsvorrichtungen (DE1, DE2, DE3, DE3', DE4) umfassen, die einzeln durch Einstellmittel (UC) auf wenigstens drei Geschwindigkeiten, eine Einlaßgeschwindigkeit, eine Behandlungsgeschwindigkeit bzw. eine Auslaßgeschwindigkeit, gesteuert werden, um die Behandlungsstraße (LT) in Abschnitte (S1, S2 und S3) zu unterteilen, die in dieser Straße eine Bewegung der Behälter oder Körbe lokal auf verschiedenen Geschwindigkeitsniveaus (V1, V2 und V3) gewährleisten, wobei die erste Antriebsvorrichtung (DE1) sich bis zu einem Einlaßbereich (R1) des Ofens erstreckt, die zweite Antriebsvorrichtung (DE2) sich in einen Mittelbereich (R2) des Ofens erstreckt und die dritte Antriebsvorrichtung (DE3, DE3') sich von einem Auslaßbereich (R3) des Ofens zur Hädungszellle erstreckt,
    und daß die ersten und dritten Antriebsvorrichtungen (DE1 und DE3) variable Geschwindigkeiten besitzen, die ihnen ermöglichen, einmal mit demselben Geschwindigkeitsniveau (V2) wie die zweite Antriebsvorrichtung (DE2) und einmal mit jeweils höheren Geschwindigkeitsniveaus (V1, V3) zu arbeiten.
  7. Anlage nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß dem Einlaßbereich (R1) des Ofens ein unbeheizter Einlaßkanal (C1) vorhergeht, der mit dem Ofen in Verbindung steht und mit einer Einlaßtür (P1) des Ofens versehen ist, und daß dem Auslaßbereich (R3) des Ofens ein unbeheizter Auslaßkanal (C2) folgt, der mit dem Ofen in Verbindung steht und mit einer Auslaßtür (P2) des Ofens versehen ist, wobei die Türen durch die Einstellmittel (UC) gesteuert werden.
  8. Anlage nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich die dritte Antriebsvorrichtung (DE3) bis in die Nähe des Auslaßkanals (C2) erstreckt und daß eine vierte Antriebsvorrichtung (DE4) hinter der dritten angeordnet ist und sich vom Innenraum des Auslaßkanals (C2) wenigstens bis zum Innenraum der Härtungszellle (4) erstreckt.
  9. Anlage nach Anspruch 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich die dritte Antriebsvorrichtung (DE3') wenigstens bis in den Innenraum der Härtungszellle (4) erstreckt.
EP19960105715 1995-04-13 1996-04-11 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung von Werkstücken Revoked EP0737755B1 (de)

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