EP0692311B1 - Kontinuierlich arbeitende Zentrifuge zum Abschleudern von Zuckerfüllmassen - Google Patents
Kontinuierlich arbeitende Zentrifuge zum Abschleudern von Zuckerfüllmassen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0692311B1 EP0692311B1 EP95110469A EP95110469A EP0692311B1 EP 0692311 B1 EP0692311 B1 EP 0692311B1 EP 95110469 A EP95110469 A EP 95110469A EP 95110469 A EP95110469 A EP 95110469A EP 0692311 B1 EP0692311 B1 EP 0692311B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- centrifuge according
- centrifuge
- further processing
- processing device
- collecting channel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000005360 mashing Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005352 clarification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012738 dissolution medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010010774 Constipation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13B—PRODUCTION OF SUCROSE; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- C13B30/00—Crystallisation; Crystallising apparatus; Separating crystals from mother liquors ; Evaporating or boiling sugar juice
- C13B30/04—Separating crystals from mother liquor
- C13B30/06—Separating crystals from mother liquor by centrifugal force
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
- B04B—CENTRIFUGES
- B04B3/00—Centrifuges with rotary bowls in which solid particles or bodies become separated by centrifugal force and simultaneous sifting or filtering
Definitions
- the invention relates to a continuously operating centrifuge for the extraction of Sugar filling masses, with a conically widening sieve basket that has a vertical The axis rotates and has a throwing edge from which the sugar particles are thrown outwards and caught there in a processing facility and on to be edited.
- centrifuges are for example from DE 22 07 663 C3, DE 25 50 496 A1, DE 90 04 952 U1 or EP 0 487 780 B1.
- the sugar filling mass will first entered in the central area of the centrifuge and then by means of a Distributor pot or otherwise in the narrower, inner area of the strainer basket guided, thereby to a peripheral speed in the distributor or in an acceleration bell accelerated and then thrown outwards.
- the three modes of operation each require different centrifuges and it is not without restrictions, a centrifuge designed for one of these purposes for the others. This means limited flexibility for the user and for the centrifuge manufacturer disadvantages with a stockpile.
- the object of the invention is a continuously operating centrifuge to propose to throw off sugar filling masses for several applications suitable is.
- the further treatment device preferably one Removable collecting channel with at least one outlet nozzle on the bottom has and that there is a removable and in the area of the outlet re-attachable overflow nozzle.
- the drain of the collecting channel is put on of the overflow nozzle blocked.
- the dissolution medium that is water and / or thin juice, and the sugar crystals already formed are collected and solved.
- the clarification sump becomes in the collecting channel through the overflow connection educated. This creates a time to redeem. Not resolved Crystals sink to the bottom of the collecting channel.
- the increased liquid level over the overflow nozzle then flows over the Overflow nozzle in the outlet nozzle and can be collected there.
- the overflow nozzle is preferably infinitely adjustable or overflow nozzles of different heights can be used.
- the disintegration centrifuge known from DE 25 50 496 A1 also captures the first centrifuged sugar crystals, but not in a collecting channel. As a mash centrifuge it wouldn't be useful because the viscous magma immediately clogged everything would.
- the centrifuge according to the invention is to work as a mash centrifuge, the Overflow nozzle removed. In contrast to a clarifier, it flows off very slowly Affection magma is then derived directly without the risk of constipation consists.
- the mashing medium is preferably an external one Ring line placed on a baffle, the wall facing away from the strainer of the collecting channel or forms from this. Spreads on the baffle like this a layer of the mash medium into which the spun off sugar crystals are immersed.
- the further processing device preferably surrounds the sieve basket in a ring. Thereby is an even further treatment of the sugar crystals in all applications guaranteed.
- a feed device in particular a Ring line that feeds the dissolving medium in the area of the discharge edge of the sieve basket.
- This ring line runs at a relatively short distance above the discharge edge and sprays or guides the dissolving medium in another way Sugar crystals too.
- the rotating drum of the strainer basket will Dissolving medium strongly swirled and together with the sugar crystals tangentially from Sieve basket away and over the collecting channel against a baffle behind thrown.
- the turbulence favors the already during this flight phase Dissolving effect and the even distribution of sugar crystals and dissolving medium.
- the sugar crystals and dissolving medium then slide down from the baffle during the operation with dissolving medium and sugar crystals dissolved in it filled collecting channel. In this channel dissolve during the static residence time the sugar crystals continue and the clarifier then flows over the overflow nozzle into the Outlet connection.
- the collecting channel ring-shaped is a continuous channel around the To let the strainer run around.
- the further treatment device has a plurality of collecting channels, each having at least one bottom-side Have outlet spouts, with overflow spouts in the area of the outlet spouts are attachable. This enables more targeted access and more precise quantities Recordings of the respective products.
- the plurality of collecting channels may follow one another in the circumferential direction to group around the strainer.
- the ring-shaped further processing device surrounding the strainer in a constant Distance from the screen basket axis has a sawtooth-like profile, the outlet connections are arranged at the lowest points.
- the collecting channels are each basin-like from the inside of the strainer basket seen lying next to each other, each at the same distance from the screen basket axis, and separated from each other by inclined surfaces or connected to each other via these are.
- the catchment channels and the sloping ones between them are then on the outside Areas (these are located below the drop edge of the screen basket, too at its highest points) closed by a baffle.
- the centrifuge shown has a fixed frame 10 with a base 11, side walls 12, a cover 13 above the actual screen basket 20 and a filling funnel 14.
- the sugar filling mass falls through the filling funnel 14 and a likewise stationary shaft 15 into the distribution pot 30.
- the screen basket 20, the distributor pot 30 and a product distributor 40 rotate around a common one vertical axis 16.
- the sugar filling masses given in the hopper 14 are through the distributor pot 30 and the product distributor 40 promoted and thereby on the peripheral speed of the Product distributor accelerated.
- the sieve basket 20 is closed at the top by a discharge rim 22, which together the sieve basket rotates at a known speed. From the discharge edge 22 the sugar particles are thrown outwards and in a further treatment facility 60 collected and further processed.
- a ring line 66 is located above the discharge edge 22. This ring line sprays dissolving medium in the area just below it, from which the sugar crystals are thrown outwards.
- the ring line is stationary and rotates not with the drop margin 22; through the rotating drum and the moving sugar crystals however, the solvent medium is swirled and mixed with the sugar crystals. Together with them, the dissolving medium is thrown out, namely through the treatment device 60 against a collecting channel 61 a preferably removable baffle 64, the wall of the sieve basket Collecting channel 61 rises upwards from this. Then slide off the baffle 64 Dissolving medium, especially water and / or thin juice, together with it again partially dissolved sugar crystals into the collecting channel 61.
- the collecting channel 61 has one Drain connector 62, but this is in the example shown (see. Fig. 3) by a Overflow nozzle 63 blocked. So, as a sewage sump, liquid builds up until it reached the edge of the overflow nozzle 63 and then over this edge into the overflow nozzle can run in and from there down into the drain port 62.
- This further treatment device 60 surrounds the screen basket 20 in an annular manner (see FIG. 2). It can be seen that several basin-like collecting channels 61 are provided together form the annular treatment device 60. Every single one of the Collection channels 61 are approximately the same size and have the same distance from the screen basket axis. At its lowest point is the drain pipe 62. On one Side protrudes from the collecting channel on a boundary wall 67 on the other side a significantly less steep, but sufficiently sloping surface, the in the direction of the adjacent collecting channel 61 and there with the latter towering steep flank 67 is connected.
- the sloping surfaces make it possible for those coming to lie on them to slide Particles in the collecting channels, but at the same time they increase the average length of stay of particles in this area.
- a steam line 68 runs in the bottom area of the collecting channel 61 Steam are led into the clarification sump to further improve the solution.
- the Steam line 68 can be dismantled in order to use the centrifuge as a mashing centrifuge to prevent clogging and crusting.
- This representation describes the use of the centrifuge according to the invention as Dissolving centrifuge.
- the overflow nozzle (s) will be used 63 removed.
- the supply of dissolving medium through the ring line 65 stopped.
- mash medium is fed through a second ring line 66.
- This second, outer ring line concentrically surrounds the strainer basket 20 and the other ring line 65; it runs approximately above the baffle 64 and releases mash medium.
- the mashing medium also prevents the sugar crystals from bursting, which would be very undesirable in this mode of operation.
- the reduced speed of the movement process is due to the sloping surface further favored between the collecting channels 61. Slides off the baffle 64 the mash medium together with the sugar crystals embedded in it statistically to a large extent not directly in the collecting channel 61, but initially on the inclined surface 69 and only slowly on this in the direction of the outlet connection 62.
- the further treatment device 60 with the collecting channel 61 as the core is as a structural unit manufactured and easy to assemble or disassemble. You can in the rack 10 -a standard housing- hung and between the housing flange and the Cover 13 are attached. It can be removed at any time if the centrifuge be used neither as a mashing nor as a dissolving centrifuge, but dry To carry out sugar. It arises from it without major modifications Centrifuge a third type of centrifuge with a completely different field of application.
- the preferred embodiment of the centrifuge is also equipped with a variable baffle cone 70 for further optimization of the baffle surface 64 which adapts it even better to the different requirements.
- the basic physical idea is shown schematically in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5: Since in a mashing centrifuge the sugar crystals or particles P are to be transferred into the mash from their horizontal movement after being centrifuged relatively gently, it is advantageous if a cone is provided radially circumferentially above the collecting channel for deflecting downwards by 90 ° or approximately 90 ° whose slope is directed inwards, i.e. would have its virtual cone tip above the centrifuge (FIG. 4).
- Figure 5 shows an impact cone 70 with virtual Cone tip below the centrifuge. On the sloping surface Impacting particles P are deflected upwards and slide against the slope gravity upwards, then slide back down and hit it but frontally against the next impinging particle P, so that there is a constant Mixing with other abruptly decelerated particles P results until they enter the collecting channels 61 fall.
- the impact cone 70 is simply removed and installed the other way round.
- the assembly is carried out by two loose pipe sections 71, 72, which fit out obliquely cut the same tube, taking into account the slope of the impact cone 70.
- the latter contains holes which run horizontally when installed; a screw 73 is through the two pipe sections 71, 72 and the bore of the intermediate baffle cone 70 inserted and horizontally in the outer wall of the Collecting channel 61 or the side wall 12 of the frame 10 anchored.
Description
- Fig. 1
- einen schematischen Schnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Zentrifuge;
- Fig. 2
- eine Draufsicht auf eine Zentrifuge mit Weiterbehandlungseinrichtung;
- Fig. 3
- einen Schnitt durch den Bereich des Auffangkanales;
- Fig. 4
- schematisch einen Schnitt mit der Funktion einer Einmaischzentrifuge;
- Fig. 5
- schematisch einen Schnitt mit der Funktion einer Auflösezentrifuge,
- Fig. 6
- einen vergrößerten Ausschnitt aus Figur 4 mit einem Prallkonus;
- Fig. 7
- einen vergrößerten Ausschnitt aus Figur 5 mit einem Prallkonus;
- Fig. 8
- schematisch eine Montageeinheit für den Prallkonus.
breitet sich auf diese Weise eine Schicht des Maischmediums aus, in die die vom Abwurfrand 22 abgeschleuderten und diesmal nicht mit Auflösemedium beaufschlagten Zuckerkristalle auftreffen und eintauchen. Durch das Eintauchen wird eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Zuckerkristalle bewirkt, zugleich auch eine Relativbewegung zum Maischmedium. Das Einmaischmedium verhindert auch, daß die Zuckerkristalle bersten, was bei dieser Betriebsform sehr unerwünscht wäre.
Da bei einer Einmaischzentrifuge die Zuckerkristalle bzw. Partikel P relativ schonend aus ihrer horizontalen Bewegung nach dem Abschleudem in die Maische überführt werden sollen, ist es vorteilhaft, wenn zum Umlenken nach unten um 90° oder annähernd 90° ein Konus radial umlaufend oberhalb des Auffangkanals vorgesehen wird, dessen Steigung nach innen gerichtet ist, also seine virtuelle Kegelspitze oberhalb der Zentrifuge besitzen würde (Figur 4).
Claims (14)
- Kontinuierlich arbeitende Zentrifuge zum Abschleudem von Zuckerfüllmassen, mit einem sich konisch erweiternden Siebkorb (20), der um eine lotrechte Achse (16) rotiert und einen Abwurfrand (22) besitzt, von dem die Zuckerpartikel nach außen abgeschleudert und dort in einer Weiterbehandlungseinrichtung (60) aufgefangen und weiter bearbeitet werden,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Weiterbehandlungseinrichtung (60) einen Auffangkanal (61) mit mindestens einem bodenseitigen Auslaufstutzen (62) aufweist und daß sich im Bereich des Auslaufstutzens (62) ein abnehmbarer und wieder aufsetzbarer Überlaufstutzen (63) befindet. - Zentrifuge nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Weiterbehandlungseinrichtung (6) ringförmig den Siebkorb (20) umgibt. - Zentrifuge nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Weiterbehandlungseinrichtung mehrere Auffangkanäle (61) aufweist, die jeweils mindestens einen bodenseitigen Auslaufstutzen (62) aufweisen, wobei im Bereich der Auslaufstutzen (62) abnehmbare und wieder aufsetzbare Überlaufstutzen (63) vorgesehen sind. - Zentrifuge nach Anspruch 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
zwischen je zwei Auffangkanälen (61) schräge Flächen angeordnet sind, die ein Rutschen auf ihnen zu liegen kommender Partikel in den benachbarten Auffangkanal (61) gewährleisten. - Zentrifuge nach Anspruch 4,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die ringförmig den Siebkorb (20) angebende Weiterbehandlungseinrichtung (60) in einem in konstanten Abstand zur Siebkorbachse gelegten Schnitt ein Sägezahnähnliches Profil besitzt, an dessen tiefsten Punkten jeweils die Auslaufstutzen (62) angeordnet sind. - Zentrifuge nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Weiterbehandlungseinrichtung (60) auf der siebkorbfernen Seite der Auffangkanäle (61) eine vorzugsweise demontierbare Prallwand (64) und eine Zuführvorrichtung für Maischmedium aufweist, die das Maischmedium der Prallwand (64) zuführt. - Zentrifuge nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche;
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß im Bereich des Abwurfrandes (22) eine Zuführvorrichtung (66) für ein Auflösemedium vorgesehen ist. - Zentrifuge nach einem der Ansprüche 6 oder 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Zuführvorrichtungen (65,66) Ringleitungen aufweisen. - Zentrifuge nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß benachbart zu den Auslaufstutzen (60) eine Dampfleitung im Auffangkanal (61) angeordnet ist. - Zentrifuge nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Überlaufstutzen (63) höhenverstellbar oder auswechselbar in verschiedenen Abmessungen sind. - Zentrifuge nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Weiterbehandlungseinrichtung (60) als separat befestigbare Baueinheit vorgesehen und demontierbar im Gehäuse (10) aufgehängt ist. - Zentrifuge nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß oberhalb des Auffangkanals (61) ein Prallkonus (70) zum Umlenken der auftreffenden Partikel (P) vorgesehen ist. - Zentrifuge nach Anspruch 12,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Prallkonus (70) demontierbar und mit umgekehrter Steigung einbaubar ist. - Zentrifuge nach Anspruch 13,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Prallkonus (70) mittels von beiden Seiten aufsteckbarer Rohrabschnitte (71,72) in umgekehrter Steigung einbaubar ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4425063 | 1994-07-15 | ||
DE4425063A DE4425063C2 (de) | 1994-07-15 | 1994-07-15 | Kontinuierlich arbeitende Zentrifuge zum Abschleudern von Zuckerfüllmassen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0692311A1 EP0692311A1 (de) | 1996-01-17 |
EP0692311B1 true EP0692311B1 (de) | 1999-05-19 |
Family
ID=6523269
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95110469A Expired - Lifetime EP0692311B1 (de) | 1994-07-15 | 1995-07-05 | Kontinuierlich arbeitende Zentrifuge zum Abschleudern von Zuckerfüllmassen |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5618352A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0692311B1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE4425063C2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6663774B2 (en) | 2000-10-16 | 2003-12-16 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Centrifuge screen |
US6761821B2 (en) * | 2002-09-23 | 2004-07-13 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Clamping-hook ring |
DE102009021589A1 (de) * | 2009-05-15 | 2010-11-25 | Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt Ag | Kontinuierlich arbeitende Zentrifuge |
Family Cites Families (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US105520A (en) * | 1870-07-19 | Improved centrifugal sugar draining and molding machine | ||
US157595A (en) * | 1874-12-08 | Improvement in centrifugal machines | ||
US2099963A (en) * | 1935-10-16 | 1937-11-23 | Prager Herman | Method of forming a draft passage in the end of a cigar |
US3226257A (en) * | 1961-10-09 | 1965-12-28 | American Factors Ass Ltd | Continuous centrifugal apparatus |
US3302794A (en) * | 1964-10-30 | 1967-02-07 | Western States Machine Co | Continuous centrifugal with adjustable liquids separator |
US3490947A (en) * | 1967-07-10 | 1970-01-20 | Western States Machine Co | Anticrusting apparatus for continuous sugar centrifugal |
GB1247279A (en) * | 1969-12-10 | 1971-09-22 | Western States Machine Co | Improvements in or relating to centrifugal straining apparatus |
DE2207663C3 (de) * | 1972-02-18 | 1984-04-26 | Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt AG, 3300 Braunschweig | Kontinuierlich arbeitende Zuckerzentrifuge |
DE2550496B2 (de) * | 1975-11-11 | 1980-12-04 | Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt, 3300 Braunschweig | Verfahren und Zentrifuge zum Abschleudern und Wiederauflösen von Zucker |
DE2910625C2 (de) * | 1979-03-17 | 1984-11-22 | Hein, Lehmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf | Kontinuierlicharbeitende Zentrifuge |
FR2492406A1 (fr) * | 1980-10-17 | 1982-04-23 | Fives Cail Babcock | Essoreuse centrifuge a marche continue equipee d'un dispositif d'empatage |
NL8200100A (nl) * | 1981-02-24 | 1982-09-16 | Braunschweigische Masch Bau | Continu werkende suikercentrifuge. |
DE3415519A1 (de) * | 1984-04-26 | 1985-10-31 | Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen | Kontinuierlich arbeitende siebzentrifuge |
DE3622959C2 (de) * | 1986-07-09 | 1996-12-12 | Dorr Oliver Deutschland | Kontinuierlich arbeitende Siebzentrifuge mit obenliegendem Antrieb |
DE9004952U1 (de) * | 1990-04-28 | 1991-08-22 | Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt Ag, 3300 Braunschweig, De | |
US5114489A (en) * | 1990-11-29 | 1992-05-19 | Silver Engineering Works, Inc. | Means for producing a high brix sugar liquid |
EP0487780B1 (de) * | 1990-11-30 | 1994-03-30 | Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt AG | Kontinuierlich arbeitende Zentrifuge zum Abschleudern von Zuckerfüllmassen |
US5286298A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1994-02-15 | Silver Engineering Works, Inc. | Device and method for reducing crystal impact damage and lump formation in a sugar centrifugal |
US5286299A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1994-02-15 | Silver Engineering Works, Inc. | Apparatus and method for providing reduced crystal damage in a sugar centrifugal |
US5281275A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1994-01-25 | Silver Engineering Works, Inc. | Apparatus and method for enhancing sugar crystal/molasses separation efficiency in a sugar centrifugal |
US5269849A (en) * | 1992-06-25 | 1993-12-14 | Silver-Weibull | Apparatus and method for reducing lump formation and crystal impact damage in a sugar centrifugal |
US5368541A (en) * | 1993-06-03 | 1994-11-29 | Knelson; Benjamin V. | Method of extraction of mercury and gold from mine tailings |
-
1994
- 1994-07-15 DE DE4425063A patent/DE4425063C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-07-05 EP EP95110469A patent/EP0692311B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-05 DE DE59505957T patent/DE59505957D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-11 US US08/500,581 patent/US5618352A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59505957D1 (de) | 1999-06-24 |
DE4425063C2 (de) | 1999-05-06 |
DE4425063A1 (de) | 1996-01-18 |
US5618352A (en) | 1997-04-08 |
EP0692311A1 (de) | 1996-01-17 |
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