EP0681104A1 - Soupape d'injection de carburant - Google Patents

Soupape d'injection de carburant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0681104A1
EP0681104A1 EP95105248A EP95105248A EP0681104A1 EP 0681104 A1 EP0681104 A1 EP 0681104A1 EP 95105248 A EP95105248 A EP 95105248A EP 95105248 A EP95105248 A EP 95105248A EP 0681104 A1 EP0681104 A1 EP 0681104A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel injection
injection valve
valve
base body
insert part
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP95105248A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0681104B1 (fr
Inventor
Uwe Dipl.-Ing. Grytz (Fh)
Stefan Dipl.-Ing. Lauter (Fh)
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP0681104A1 publication Critical patent/EP0681104A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0681104B1 publication Critical patent/EP0681104B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M69/00—Low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus ; Apparatus with both continuous and intermittent injection; Apparatus injecting different types of fuel
    • F02M69/08—Low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus ; Apparatus with both continuous and intermittent injection; Apparatus injecting different types of fuel characterised by the fuel being carried by compressed air into main stream of combustion-air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
    • F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
    • F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
    • F02M51/0625—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures
    • F02M51/0664—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding
    • F02M51/0671—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature having an elongated valve body attached thereto
    • F02M51/0675—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature having an elongated valve body attached thereto the valve body having cylindrical guiding or metering portions, e.g. with fuel passages
    • F02M51/0678—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature having an elongated valve body attached thereto the valve body having cylindrical guiding or metering portions, e.g. with fuel passages all portions having fuel passages, e.g. flats, grooves, diameter reductions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M69/00—Low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus ; Apparatus with both continuous and intermittent injection; Apparatus injecting different types of fuel
    • F02M69/04—Injectors peculiar thereto
    • F02M69/047—Injectors peculiar thereto injectors with air chambers, e.g. communicating with atmosphere for aerating the nozzles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fuel injector according to the preamble of the main claim.
  • An electromagnetically actuated valve for injecting a fuel-gas mixture into a mixture-compressing spark-ignition internal combustion engine is already known from US Pat. No. 4,957,241, in which a spacer plate for influencing the air quantity is installed between a nozzle body and a protective cap.
  • the spacer plate between the nozzle body and the protective cap has a central opening into which the downstream pin end of a valve needle is immersed.
  • the air supply to the fuel emerging from a fuel channel takes place via air channels and air chambers.
  • the radial air supply for tapping the valve needle is determined by the height of the spacer knobs.
  • the amount and the composition of the fuel-air mixture is determined by the size of the annular gap extending in the axial direction between the pin of the valve needle and the circumference of the opening in the spacer plate.
  • injection valves (US Pat. No. 4,982,716) in which an adapter is provided at the downstream end, in which air supply ducts are formed. Downstream of a single spray opening, an impact surface is provided in the adapter, which the sprayed fuel jet strikes and is guided in the form of a film into two spray ducts, air from the air supply ducts being aimed specifically at the fuel films formed after the impact.
  • the air can only be metered in via the air supply ducts and is inevitably determined by their cross sections.
  • the fuel injector according to the invention with the characterizing features of the main claim has the advantage that a functional separation of gas supply and metering compared to the sealing of the fuel injector to an intake line and the attachment of the attachment body to the fuel injector is made so that each function is better guaranteed for itself.
  • a large variety of variants results from the structural design, which can be achieved very easily and inexpensively.
  • the attachment body in two parts, namely from a tubular base body and a flat insert part that can be inserted into at least one slot opening of the base body.
  • the basic body serves to seal the fuel injection valve to an intake line and to attach the attachment body to the fuel injection valve
  • the insert part is mainly responsible for the gas supply and metering.
  • a beam splitter can be provided in the base body in an advantageous manner, which maintains or amplifies a dual jet of the fuel injector.
  • the insert part has a trapezoidal cross section.
  • the inflow cross section and thus the gas throughput can be influenced very easily and adjusted to an optimum in accordance with the requirements.
  • a large variety of variants can be achieved very easily in that only the insert parts are exchanged for different specific applications be, while the basic body is reusable. So there is a modular system.
  • FIG. 1 shows a partially illustrated fuel injection valve
  • FIG. 2 shows an attachment body according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows a section along the line III-III in FIG. 2
  • FIG. 4 shows a section along the line IV-IV in FIG. 3 according to a first exemplary embodiment
  • FIG Section through the attachment body according to a second embodiment and Figure 6 is a perspective view of the attachment body.
  • a valve in the form of a fuel injection valve for fuel injection systems of mixture-compressing spark-ignition internal combustion engines is partially shown as a first exemplary embodiment. Together with an attachment body according to the invention, the fuel injection valve serves to inject a fuel-gas mixture into an intake pipe or directly into the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.
  • the fuel injection valve 1 which can be actuated electromagnetically, for example, extends concentrically along a longitudinal axis 2 of the valve.
  • the fuel injection valve 1 has a nozzle body 5 which extends at the downstream end.
  • a stepped longitudinal bore 7 is formed, which runs concentrically to the longitudinal valve axis 2 and in which a z. B. needle-shaped valve closing part 10 is arranged.
  • the valve closing part 10 has, for example, two guide sections 11, 12 which, together with a guide region 13 of the wall of the longitudinal bore 7 of the nozzle body 5, serve to guide the valve closing part 10.
  • the longitudinal bore 7 of the nozzle body 5 has at its downstream end a fixed valve seat 15 tapering in the direction of the fuel flow, which together with a sealing section 17 of the valve closing part 10 tapering in the fuel flow direction forms a seat valve.
  • valve closing part 10 At its end facing away from the sealing section 17, the valve closing part 10 is connected to a tubular armature 20, which has a magnetic coil 22 partially surrounding the armature 20 in the axial direction and a tubular core 23 of the fuel injector 1 opposite the armature 20 in the fixed valve seat 15 cooperates.
  • a return spring 25 At the end of the valve closing part 10 connected to the armature 20 there is a return spring 25 with one end which tends to move the valve closing part 10 in the direction of the fixed valve seat 15. With its other end, the return spring 25 is supported on a z.
  • B. non-magnetic adjusting sleeve 27 At its end facing away from the sealing section 17, the valve closing part 10 is connected to a tubular armature 20, which has a magnetic coil 22 partially surrounding the armature 20 in the axial direction and a tubular core 23 of the fuel injector 1 opposite the armature 20 in the fixed valve seat 15 cooperates.
  • a return spring 25 At the end of the valve closing part 10 connected to
  • an injection orifice disk 32 which is fixedly connected to the nozzle body 5, for example, by means of a weld seam produced by means of laser welding.
  • the spray orifice plate 32 has, for example, four spray openings 33 through which the fuel flowing past the valve seat 15 when the valve closing part 10 is lifted off is sprayed off.
  • an attachment body 50 for example made of plastic, is provided at the downstream end of the fuel injection valve 1.
  • a gas z. B the by a bypass in front of a throttle valve in a suction pipe of the internal combustion engine suction air required by an additional fan, but also recirculated exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine or a mixture of air and exhaust gas can be used.
  • the use of recirculated exhaust gas enables a reduction in the pollutant emissions of the internal combustion engine.
  • the supply of the gas to the attachment body 50 is not shown in more detail in FIG. 1.
  • the attachment body 50 is formed in two parts, a tubular base body 51 radially surrounding the downstream end of the nozzle body 5 and being fastened to it, for example, by snapping it into place.
  • the base body 51 also extends in the axial direction downstream of the spray hole disk 32.
  • a flat insert part 52 which can be pushed into the base body 51 is arranged immediately downstream of the spray hole disk 32 in the installed state.
  • the insert part 52 is designed so that a gas coming from outside the attachment body 50 into the interior of the attachment body 50 directly downstream of the Spray plate 32 can flow.
  • the insert 52 also takes on the function of metering the gas throughput through the resulting free flow cross section.
  • the flow cross section for the gas in the insert part 52 tapers from the outer circumference to the valve longitudinal axis 2, so that the gas is accelerated strongly and the fuel exiting the spray openings 33 and axially flowing through the insert part 52, which the gas strikes vertically, atomizes particularly finely becomes.
  • the attachment body 50 is again shown in section separately from the injection valve as an independent component.
  • the attachment body 50 is formed by two individual parts, namely by the tubular base body 51 and by the flat disc-shaped insert part 52, which can be inserted into the base body 51.
  • the base body 51 is composed of an upstream support section 54 and a downstream beam splitting section 55. While the carrier section 54 has a completely cylindrical contour with a constant outside diameter, the beam splitting section 55 has three ring-shaped regions of different outside diameters, which run concentrically to the valve longitudinal axis 2 and follow one another axially.
  • Two ring regions 57 projecting radially to the same extent beyond the carrier section 54 serve to form an annular groove 58 into which a sealing ring 59 can be used for sealing between the circumference of the injection valve and a valve receptacle, not shown, for example the intake line of the internal combustion engine.
  • the annular groove 58 is delimited axially by the two ring regions 57 and radially by a groove base 60 which has a smaller diameter than the outer diameter of the carrier section 54, but for example in the same way is the same as the diameter of the inner wall of the tubular support section 54.
  • the entire base body 51 is fastened on the injection valve, in particular on the nozzle body 5, by snapping in a bead 62 formed in the circumferential groove 64 on the nozzle body 5 in a circumferential groove 64 that extends circumferentially in the carrier section 54 and extends radially from the inner wall in the direction of the longitudinal axis 2 of the valve that there is no risk of the connection becoming loose due to vibrations or the effects of temperature.
  • a suitable selection of the bead 62 and the groove 64 can also ensure complete security against rotation. With e.g. interlocking and interacting depressions or elevations on the bead 62 and in the groove 64, the anti-rotation is achieved.
  • connection of the attachment body 50 to the nozzle body 5 is conceivable instead of snapping in or snapping in, e.g. Gluing or shrinking, which, however, result in permanent connections.
  • the attachment body 50 can be prevented from rotating by means of a knurl or surfaces in the groove base of the groove 64 on the nozzle body 5.
  • the carrier section 54 has slot openings 65 with a trapezoidal cross section at two regions of its circumference offset by 180 ° and thus exactly opposite, through which the flat insert part 52 is inserted.
  • the slot openings 65 are made in the downstream end of the carrier section 54 in such a way that the insert part 52 is placed on a shoulder 67 which extends radially inwards from the upper ring region 57 and which, viewed in the axial direction, thus exactly in the plane of the transition from the carrier section 54 to the beam splitting section 55 is moved along when inserted and then lies there.
  • the insert part 52 also has a trapezoidal cross section corresponding to the slot openings 65 with two flat side surfaces 68 in order to guarantee a defined installation position.
  • the insert 52 can be inserted identically from the two slot openings 65.
  • two rounded side surfaces 69 are provided on the insert part 52, which complete the outer contour of the insert part 52 between the flat side surfaces 68.
  • These rounded side surfaces 69 are designed in such a way that they have the same radius as the base body 51 and thus, when pushed in, make the base body 51 flush with the outside.
  • the shape of the insert 52 is particularly evident in FIGS. 4 to 6.
  • a beam splitter 72 in the beam splitting section 55 of the base body 51.
  • the beam splitter 72 can have a wide variety of configurations, which can be selected as a function of the desired beam angle and images.
  • the beam splitter 72 is shown by way of example with a pointed cutting edge 73, which is directed toward the spray orifice plate 32, while starting from the cutting edge 73, the beam splitter 72 widens in cross section in the downstream direction, so that it has a triangular cross section .
  • the two-beam radiation which is already generated by the spray openings 33 of the spray plate 32, but can be impaired by the gas supply interposed, is retained by the beam splitter 72 reinforced.
  • the valve longitudinal axis 2 runs exactly in the center through the beam splitter 72, the beam splitter 72 being formed in one piece with the base body 51 and thus running from a peripheral region of the beam splitting section 55 to a circumferential region lying opposite one another, as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the beam splitter 72 divides an inner circular spray chamber 75 of the beam splitting section 55 into two subspaces of the same size if a symmetrical beam splitting is required.
  • the radial extension direction of the beam splitter 72 is, for example, identical to the insertion direction of the insert part 52.
  • a beam splitter 72 in the base body 51 can of course also be dispensed with if the fuel does not need to have multiple beams.
  • FIG. 3 shows a section along the line III-III in FIG. 2, so that the attachment body 50 can now be seen rotated by 90 ° with respect to FIG. 2.
  • the beam splitter 72 completely divides the spray chamber 75 and is formed in one piece with the base body 51.
  • the insert part 52 has regions which extend to different extents in the axial direction.
  • Inflow areas 78 are completely surrounded channels for the gas supply, which are delimited laterally by flanks 80 of the delimitation areas 79 and axially by an inflow floor 81 and the support section 54 or the spray-perforated disk 32. It is also possible to replace the initially open inflow areas 78 to provide already completely enclosed inflow channels in the insert part 52.
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 The geometry of the inflow regions 78 or of the delimitation regions 79 with their flanks 80 is particularly illustrated by FIGS. 4 to 6.
  • FIG. 4 which is a representation of a section along the line IV-IV in FIG. 3, the inflow regions 78 are largely triangular, so that the outer contour of the insert part 52, which has already been described, also has a largely triangular shape for the boundary regions 79 results.
  • the two inflow regions 78 which are designed symmetrically to one another, have their largest inflow cross section, which guarantees that the supplied gas can flow well into the insert part 52.
  • the width of the inflow region 78 on the rounded side surface 69 is slightly smaller than the width of the entire insert 52.
  • the straight flanks 80 of the delimitation regions 79 run towards one another, so that the inflow cross-section of the inflow areas 78 is becoming smaller and the velocity of the gas is increasing.
  • the flat side surfaces 68 which run obliquely to the longitudinal axis 2 of the valve, are designed such that a minimal projection 83 exists in their central region.
  • This projection 83 is, for example, 0.1 mm opposite the side surfaces 68, as are present in the slot openings 65 of the carrier section 54 in the installed state.
  • the inflow regions 78 and the limiting regions 79 differ from those of the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG.
  • the flanks 80 of the delimitation regions 79 are designed spirally.
  • the inflow area 78 tapers from a large cross section on the rounded side surfaces 69 to a very small cross section directly at the opening 77. The swirling gas is thus greatly accelerated and hits the one coming from the spray plate 32 in the opening 77 Fuel so that a swirl component is also contained in the fuel-gas mixture.
  • FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of the attachment body 50 already illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 4 with sectional views.
  • this attachment body 50 makes an advantageous functional separation of gas supply, metering and metering compared to the sealing of fuel injector 1 into an intake line and Attachment of the attachment body 50 on the fuel injector 1 reached.
  • a large variety of variants can be achieved simply and inexpensively with the front body 50 described, by only replacing the insert parts 52 for specific applications, while the base body 51 can still be used, so that a modular system is present.
  • the gas throughput can also be calibrated by changing the diameter of the opening 77 in the insert part 52.
  • the base body 51 is made of a non-glass fiber reinforced polyamide, which has sufficient ductility.
  • the insert 52 z. B. made of a thermally stable, very precisely sprayable, highly reinforced plastic, such as polyphenylene sulfide.
  • Such a pairing of materials proves to be favorable, particularly when inserting insert 52 into base body 51.
  • further inflow geometries in insert 52 are conceivable.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
EP95105248A 1994-05-06 1995-04-07 Soupape d'injection de carburant Expired - Lifetime EP0681104B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4415992A DE4415992A1 (de) 1994-05-06 1994-05-06 Brennstoffeinspritzventil
DE4415992 1994-05-06

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0681104A1 true EP0681104A1 (fr) 1995-11-08
EP0681104B1 EP0681104B1 (fr) 1998-12-02

Family

ID=6517449

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95105248A Expired - Lifetime EP0681104B1 (fr) 1994-05-06 1995-04-07 Soupape d'injection de carburant

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5680992A (fr)
EP (1) EP0681104B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH07301167A (fr)
DE (2) DE4415992A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2125509T3 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110973096A (zh) * 2019-11-15 2020-04-10 深圳市华芯机器人技术有限责任公司 植保无人机用农药喷头

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6045054A (en) * 1998-04-23 2000-04-04 Siemens Automotive Corporation Air shroud for air assist fuel injector
US7021570B2 (en) * 2002-07-29 2006-04-04 Denso Corporation Fuel injection device having injection hole plate
JP2004210046A (ja) * 2002-12-27 2004-07-29 Toyota Motor Corp 車輌用アンチスキッド制御装置
JP2007209493A (ja) * 2006-02-08 2007-08-23 Toto Ltd 浴槽用ノズル及び浴槽装置
US8820665B2 (en) 2007-09-25 2014-09-02 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Fluid dispensing nozzle
KR20110077030A (ko) 2009-01-19 2011-07-06 호치키 가부시키가이샤 분무 냉방 설비 및 분무 방법
US20100314470A1 (en) * 2009-06-11 2010-12-16 Stanadyne Corporation Injector having swirl structure downstream of valve seat
ITTO20110821A1 (it) * 2011-09-14 2013-03-15 Matrix Spa Iniettore per un impianto di alimentazione di un combustibile gassoso ad un motore endotermico
JP6411260B2 (ja) * 2015-03-20 2018-10-24 愛三工業株式会社 気体燃料の供給通路構造

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3046890A1 (de) * 1980-12-12 1982-07-15 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Elektromagnetisch betaetigbares ventil, insbesondere kraftstoffeinspritzventil fuer kraftstoffeinspritzanlagen
EP0484681A1 (fr) * 1990-11-07 1992-05-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif d'injection d'un mélange de gaz et de carburant
DE4218896A1 (de) * 1991-06-11 1992-12-24 Nippon Denso Co Kraftstoff-zufuhrvorrichtung fuer eine brennkraftmaschine und verfahren zu deren herstellung
WO1993009344A1 (fr) * 1991-11-01 1993-05-13 Siemens Automotive L.P. Pulverisateur d'air d'appoint pour un injecteur de carburant

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4982716A (en) * 1988-02-19 1991-01-08 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel injection valve with an air assist adapter for an internal combustion engine
FR2635827B1 (fr) * 1988-08-30 1993-11-26 Solex Dispositif d'injection de combustible a chambre d'aeration
US5241938A (en) * 1990-03-14 1993-09-07 Aisan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Injector with assist air passage for atomizing fuel

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3046890A1 (de) * 1980-12-12 1982-07-15 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Elektromagnetisch betaetigbares ventil, insbesondere kraftstoffeinspritzventil fuer kraftstoffeinspritzanlagen
EP0484681A1 (fr) * 1990-11-07 1992-05-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif d'injection d'un mélange de gaz et de carburant
DE4218896A1 (de) * 1991-06-11 1992-12-24 Nippon Denso Co Kraftstoff-zufuhrvorrichtung fuer eine brennkraftmaschine und verfahren zu deren herstellung
WO1993009344A1 (fr) * 1991-11-01 1993-05-13 Siemens Automotive L.P. Pulverisateur d'air d'appoint pour un injecteur de carburant

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110973096A (zh) * 2019-11-15 2020-04-10 深圳市华芯机器人技术有限责任公司 植保无人机用农药喷头
CN110973096B (zh) * 2019-11-15 2021-09-21 深圳市华芯机器人技术有限责任公司 植保无人机用农药喷头

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5680992A (en) 1997-10-28
DE4415992A1 (de) 1995-11-09
DE59504385D1 (de) 1999-01-14
ES2125509T3 (es) 1999-03-01
JPH07301167A (ja) 1995-11-14
EP0681104B1 (fr) 1998-12-02

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