EP0672794B1 - Deep stratum compacting device - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a deep compactor for compaction deep ground layers, according to the generic term of Claim 1.

A soil compactor is known from SU-A-146 38 67, which Foundation trenches or individual foundations due to free fall to produce a compression element. A disadvantage of this solution is that compaction is deeper Soil layers are not possible.

Soil compactors have become known in numerous modifications. For example, DE-AS 20 59 644 is a soil compactor become known, the one by means of a pendulum arm pressure plate that can be placed on a gravel surface Vibrations offset, both horizontal and vertical Vibrations in the surface of the soil in the present Use case formed by a ballast bed of a track can be initiated. Such compressors are good suitable when surface layers have to be compacted, for example, when crushed stone is on a stable base Deep layer is applied. Because of the tips on the compression elements penetrates the compression element in this known solution something in the gravel surface.

However, there is often the problem that due to increased Traffic loads no longer support the subsurface's load-bearing capacity is sufficient. This applies to both new lines and when upgrading to higher quality track systems, for example a track is to be made ICE-compatible, or should now be passable by heavy goods transport.

In these cases it is necessary to compress the to carry out deep-lying base layers, for which always so far the upper layers, including, if applicable, the one already lying Gravel beds, have been removed and every layer in the Height of e.g. 30 to 50 cm has been compacted separately.

On the one hand, this process is very labor-intensive and time-consuming, secondly not possible if during the Track construction work on a parallel track in There is heavy traffic in the immediate vicinity. In such cases has often been used with auxiliary constructions by namely a sheet pile or sheeting is provided what further effort required.

Furthermore, it is known from US Pat. No. 3,865,501, a generic one To equip depth compressors with a shaft which is connected to a compression element. At this Solution, the shaft vibrates and the compression takes place over six or eight in a star shape on one Pipe outside protruding plates that the compression element form and put into resonance vibrations for compression become. In order to avoid excessive compression during penetration to generate the oscillation frequency at this time halved and only in the desired target depth, the 30 m or the resonance frequency is controlled.

The disadvantage of this solution is that the compression element is often difficult to remove after compacting, especially because of the resonance vibrations the wing adjacent area creates compression zones become.

Another problem is with floors that are grainy Have basic structure so that due to resonance vibrations the strong damping through the floors is poorly transmitted can be. In such cases, the solution is according to the US Pat. No. 3,865,501, by adding water to the transmission forces to increase. However, this measure is not successful if for example, a water-impermeable layer above the layer to be compacted Layer, like a layer of clay, lies so that the layer underneath is then not sufficiently compressed can be. While the compression effect in the Solution according to the above-mentioned US patent with uniform Soil structure is good, it is with layered soil structure, for example when loose granular layers with tough ones Alternate layers (clay, etc.), unsatisfactory.

Furthermore, DE-AS 21 25 732 is a ballast compacting machine known, which should be particularly suitable for Threshold compression with multiple vibration peaks of the ballast. The whole unit is one Swivel point S can be swiveled. In the area of a yoke above one threshold are two counterbalance unbalance motors arranged, each over pressure plates on a wedge-shaped trained crossbar act with which the compression should be achieved. This solution is mechanical the synchronous and counter-rotating unbalance motors, which have to be stored fairly stably, quite complex. Special measures must be taken to ensure that individual coarse stones of the ballast do not jam on the pressure plates, working against the yoke that supports the unbalance motors. In addition, this solution can be used for deep compaction do not achieve.

In contrast, the invention is based on the object Depth compressor according to the preamble of claim 1 create the less sensitive to the soil structure and with which a reliable deep compaction without Removal of any surface layers such as a ballast bed is possible is.

This object is achieved by claim 1. Advantageous further developments result from the subclaims.

According to the invention, the compression element has at least two essentially the same compression fingers hanging down on. The compression is in the area between the compression fingers and surprising in the area adjacent to it well, the degree of compression benefits that Compression fingers when penetrating the deep compressor first cause horizontal pre-compaction and the following Yoke, even if it's not up to the compression range himself is led down because of his The ramming surface created pressures for vertical post-compaction achieved. The structural independence of the depth compressor according to the invention is horizontal and due to the combination vertical compression forces improved and also with granular There is no lateral deflection of the soil to be compacted Areas after these of the at least two are facing down extending compression fingers clasped like pliers become.

According to the invention, the fact that that several compression fingers are of the same design are. The compression progress can overlap, so that the rearmost compression finger is always in the hole is introduced by the foremost compression finger was left. A lateral evasion of those to be compacted Layers are then safely prevented in so far as it is understands that, if desired, the rearmost compression finger longer than the other compression fingers can. It is also possible to be elastic or at least movable suspended protective tube in the foremost hole of the previous one Introduce compression process so that the current Compaction process does not result in soil material in the hole previously created is pushed in.

The invention is distinguished from the known solutions characterized in that the soil material compresses in deep areas is, after all from three sides of the invention Compression element is surrounded. For example blows initiated by a ram on the The shaft of the depth compressor becomes the compression element not just driven down. Rather, there are also vibrations the compression finger generates with its natural frequency, which also contribute to the compression and which the extraction of the depth compressor.

The compression fingers can either be conical or cylindrical be designed, basically a polygonal Cross section would also be possible. The taper can be chosen in this way be that it is not necessary that the yoke hit the ground touched. The cylindrical configuration is preferred with a cone at the end that has an obtuse cone angle. The cone causes a pre-compression, the stronger is, the larger the cone angle is, but what is the working speed reduced. Accordingly, the cone angle are clearly below 180 °, for example 120 to 150 °.

The degree of compaction is also affected by how large the distance between the compression fingers in relation to their diameter is. With already pre-compacted soil only a few compression fingers with a small diameter - based on their distance - are used. The diameter a compression finger, however, should not be under one Eighths of the distance between the compression fingers to ensure effective compaction. In In this context, it is beneficial if both the number, the arrangement as well as the design of the compression fingers is adaptable to the desired conditions. According to One embodiment of the invention therefore provides that the compression fingers are releasably attached to the yoke.

The relationship between pre-compression and post-compression is further adjustable over the length of the compression fingers. The densification is advantageously done via a ramming surface below on the yoke, which is preferably V-shaped, so that penetration of the yoke into the ground is facilitated. It exists also the possibility of a downward facing T-beam to use as a ramming surface, with the crossbeam of the T acts as a ramming surface.

The depth compressor according to the invention is not for use limited when compacting gravel foundations. Rather, it is possible to use the deep compaction according to the invention used in all areas of earthworks, for example for the creation of embankment fillings, during the creation of terrain cuts to consolidate the deep layers as well as when creating substrates to be consolidated for road construction, but also for example for the soil improvement. If the inventive method of The compaction area can be used for deep compaction for example for drilling platforms or similar structures and loads from building structures can be constructively Simplified field when invented the soil pressure is increased by the deep compaction.

Furthermore, it is understood that not only natural soil is compressible, but also, for example, backfill materials such as ground or broken concrete or slag materials and even corresponding plastics. The invention Deep compaction is also not on the dry area limited; rather, it can also be used in water-bearing Layers and, if desired, also below water Use horizons successfully.

It is particularly favorable that according to an advantageous embodiment of the depth compressor according to the invention a vibratory hammer or a vibration exciter can be used, the Speed is adjustable. This allows the frequency of the initiated Control vibrations within wide limits, resulting in corresponding Control options for the expansion of the Vibration field in all directions. This is also the degree of grain rearrangement effected according to the invention is controllable, which has an immediate impact on density and bearing capacity of the mass processed according to the invention.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention it was provided that two or several vibration exciters are provided. These can be both can be controlled individually, which changes the clock sequence of the initiated Vibrations can increase, as well as synchronized with each other be controlled what the performance of the initiated and emitted vibrations increased. Such a thing System can be used particularly cheaply if several vibration fingers not just next to each other, but in at least two levels, i.e. one behind the other. At this Type of design of the depth compressor according to the invention it is possible to shape the vibrations that have been introduced several times take advantage of that in the space between the vibrating fingers one of the floors under the vibration exciter subjected to strong compression. Through the initiated The compression fingers also vibrate horizontally deflected, with the earth surrounded on all sides especially is heavily compressed.

Instead of or in addition to the preferably provided vibration rams, who work rather low frequency can be successfully use high-frequency vibration exciters, taking any generated interference due to the existing vibration maxima the grain rearrangement and thus the compaction in particular promote.

Further details, features and advantages result from the following description of an embodiment based on of the drawings.

Fig. 1

eine etwas schematisierte Seitenansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Tiefenverdichters;

Fig. 2

einen Schnitt durch eine weitere Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Tiefenverdichters, unter Darstellung des unteren Endes eines Verdichtungsfingers in teilweise aufgebrochener Ansicht; und

Fig. 3

eine Ansicht entlang der Linie III-III aus Fig. 2.

It shows:

Fig. 1

a somewhat schematic side view of a depth compressor according to the invention;

Fig. 2

a section through a further embodiment of a depth compressor according to the invention, showing the lower end of a compression finger in a partially broken view; and

Fig. 3

a view along the line III-III of Fig. 2nd

A depth compressor 10 has a shaft 12 and a compression element 14, which consists of a yoke 18 and in the case of four compression fingers 20 in the present exemplary embodiment consists. The yoke 18 is welded to the shaft 12, wherein the connection between the yoke 18 and the shaft 12 additionally Anti-kink bars 22 and 24, which are inclined between the shaft and Yoke run, is reinforced. The shaft 12 consists of a massive tube and has a receptacle 26 at its clamping end for a vibration hammer known per se. It goes without saying that instead of the picture shown, other suitable ones Recordings can be used. However, the admission must tensile forces can also be transmitted to the depth compressor to be able to remove compaction from the soil. If to loosen the driven deep compressor for the Prepare to pull out the receptacle on both sides is moved, the connection between yoke and shaft Bending stressed. In this case the anti-kink bars come 24 used, which are welded so that they are under tensile load are able to absorb the respective buckling forces.

The yoke 18 is designed as a crossbar and points to it Underside recordings for the compression fingers 20 on. The Compression fingers 20 can either be welded to the yoke be exchangeable or held in stable plug-in receptacles his. In any case, it is preferred to have both storage the lower end 30 and at the upper end 32 of the plug receptacle 34 should be provided, so that any lateral moments are good to be able to support. Lateral moments can penetrate in the ground through different floor structures on the Compression fingers 20 are initiated so that it is cheap is when the height of the socket 34 is not less than one Tenths of the length of the compression finger 20 and preferred is about a quarter of this length when the compression finger 20 are detachable, or an eighth if the compression fingers 20 are welded.

The yoke according to the invention has a side at its lower end between the compression fingers 20 per ramming surface 36 on, which are designed substantially V-shaped, so that there is a penetration edge 38 at the bottom of the yoke 18. The Angle of the V can be between about 90 and 150 °, being it is understood that any other suitable configurations are possible, for example a radius or a corresponding one Taper between the receptacles 34 on the Width of the yoke 18. In the example, the distance is the two middle compression fingers 20 less than the distance between a middle and outer compression finger. This configuration is in the middle, so generates the strongest compression underneath the shaft 12. It goes without saying that instead of that a true to the grid Attachment of the compression fingers 20 is possible, as well, that the number of compression fingers 20 according to requirements is selected and, for example, even eight or can be ten.

Each compression finger has one at its lower end Cone 40, with which the compression finger 20 forming Tube is completed below. The cone 40 makes it easier Penetration of each compaction finger 20 into the soil.

In operation, the depth compressor 10 is now either in the drawing direction or moved sideways. When moving in the direction of the drawing it is preferred that the compression process generated holes before initiating the next one Compaction process filled with gravel or the like so as to prevent them from being subjected to the following compression process collapse. When moving laterally, however an overlapping progression can also be chosen, so that the area to be compressed always clings to the side is and cannot break out.

In a modified embodiment of the invention Depth compressor 10 is provided, at least one injection nozzle 42 at the tip of at least one compression finger 20 to provide. It goes without saying that more than one Compression fingers 20 can be used and that more possible as an injection nozzle 42 per compression finger 20 is. Furthermore, it goes without saying that in addition to that shown here closable configuration of the injection nozzle 42 also a unlocked configuration is possible, especially if an injection nozzle 42 with a deflecting surface is used, the vibrations provided according to the invention upon initiation or vibrations are not easily blocked.

According to the exemplary embodiment shown here, a Injection nozzle 42 a plurality of individual nozzles 44, 46, 48 depending on the circumference and the lower end of the compression finger 20 are arranged. The individual nozzles 44, 46, 48 are each vertically slit-shaped so that they are in proportion only a small additional friction to their cross-sectional area when compressing according to the invention on the initiated Offer vibrations. In the illustrated embodiment the individual nozzles 44, 46, 48 end with the upper edge of the tip cone 40 of the compression finger 20 and extend approximately 15 cm upwards. It is a plurality of individual nozzles 44, 46, 48 are provided, each around the circumference of the compression finger 20 are distributed without an even distribution necessarily would be necessary.

The injection nozzle 42 has a closure 50 with which it is lockable. Even if a twist lock in Is basically usable and only a slight twist due to the vertical orientation of the slots 44 to 48, is in the illustrated embodiment axially displaceable closure provided, which essentially consists of a cylinder attached to the inner circumference the compression finger 20 rests. The shutter 50 is at the bottom on a deflection cone 52, which is opposite the tip cone 40 attached to the lower end of the compression finger 20 and the derivative of the inside of the compression finger 20 located injection material is used.

For guiding the closure 50 are on the inner circumference of the compression finger 20 welded control pin 54, the Configuration in the plan view from Fig. 3 can be seen. The control pins 54 interact with two control elements 56, the opposite of each other on the inner circumference of the closure 50 are attached. After due to the vertical Vibrations the holding forces for the inert mass of the closure 50 need to be supported, it is cheaper to two opposing anchorages and controls 56 to use.

The control elements 56 cause a lock in the normal state between shutter 50 and compression finger 20. When train on a control cable 58 the connection is released and over the same control cable 58 can the shutter 50 so far lift that the injection nozzle 42 is fully released becomes. In the illustrated embodiment, only a control cable 58 is used, and the further control element 56 is via driver 60 with the opposite control element 56 connected so that a pivoting movement of the control element 56 about its axis 62 also to a correspondingly symmetrical Pivoting movement of the opposite control element 56 leads. The control element 56 is basically a lever disk formed, the configuration of FIG. 3 can be seen better is. The control element 56 has at its lower End a latch 64, which engages behind the control pin 54. The control is on the top and bottom, but also on the side 56 ever bevelled so that there is little contact surface for the penetrating injection material.

The axis 62 supports the lever disk or the control element 56 on the closure 50. The closure 50 is - as from FIG. 3 visible - in the area of the latch 64 and below this is provided with a slot 66 which widens upwards and then tapering to a point. The widening of the slot 66 enables the lateral deflection of the lever disk 56 when pulling on the control cable 58. The dead weight of the lock 50 is so large in relation to the weight of the control 56 that the train on the control cable 58, the one Articulation point 68 is articulated on the lever disk 56, the lever disk 56 is initially pivoted clockwise, so that the latch 64 is released from the control pin 54. The Locking pin 54 has an upper inclined surface 70 which when the closure 50 is lowered again, the deflection of the Lever disk by pivoting the latch 64 facilitated. A corresponding one, for sliding on the inclined surface 70 suitably designed inclined surface 72 can be found below to the right of the latch 64. The slot 66 also runs at the top the inclined surface 70 accordingly. In the locked In this respect, the state of the locking latch 64 is the control pin 54 between the latch 64 and the upper inclined surface the slot 66 is clamped, it being understood that the relevant seating surfaces if necessary with damping material, like with a rubber layer. It However, it must be ensured that a free swing out the latch 64 is not affected by the seat material becomes.

The illustrated embodiment only requires that Use of a control cable 54 for the provision of the Locking function as well as for lifting the lock 50. It is understood that, if desired, instead of one Control cable 58 also two opposite control cables can be attached to the two control elements 56.

Furthermore, it is understood that the closure 50 over the axial Length extended in the illustrated embodiment can be one-sided due to the tendency to tilt to minimize attached control cable 58 when pulling up. Furthermore, it is understood that the driver 60 is not as shown must be chamfered, but only as Round wires can be formed.

When installing a control element 56 according to the invention it is preferred to first lock 50 together with the control 56 before the deflection cone 52 and then the tip cone 40 is welded on. However, it is understood that instead, the unit consisting of a deflection cone 52 and a tip cone 40 on the lower end of the compression finger 20 can be screwed on if there is free access for maintenance purposes to be made possible on the closure 50.

Furthermore, it goes without saying that instead of the closure shown any other suitable closure can be used. For example, the conical surfaces the tip cone 40 be pivotally mounted so that the Injection material that is under hydraulic pressure inside of the compression finger 20 is an opening of the tip cone enables. If the finger is pulled out, it remains Tip cone then open and can be mechanically pulled out or if desired also by means of a corresponding one Electromagnets are closed.

Claims (17)

1. Depth compressor for the compression of deep-set ground layers, with a shaft connected onto a vibration exciter, with which a compression element is interconnected,in particular in one piece, characterised in that the compression element (14) is formed through at least two essentially similar, downward hanging compression fingers (20), vibrating along their length, introduced into the deep-set ground layers and acting on these, between which a yoke (18) extends, which firmly connects the fingers and with which the surface of the ground layers is compressible.
2. Depth compressor according to claim 1, characterised in that the compression fingers (20) are formed essentially cylindrically and finish at their low end in a cone (40), that preferably has a cone-angle of more than 90°, in particular approximately 135°.
3. Depth compressor according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the compression-fingers (20) are arranged at a clear distance from each other, corresponding to once up to four times, in particular two times, their diameter.
4. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that each compression-finger (20) has a length that corresponds to sevenfold up to twentyfold its diameter.
5. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that four to eight, in particular four compression-fingers (20) are provided side by side, with the distance between the two middle compression fingers (20) inferior to the distance of the middle compression fingers (20) from the lateral compression fingers (20).
6. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the yoke (18) stretches over all compression-fingers (20) crosswise and has a stamping surface (36), that is suitably arranged for penetrating into the ground, and in particular, is pointed at the base.
7. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the compression-fingers (20) are fastened detachably to the yoke (18) and adaptable in number and thickness of the compression-fingers (20) to the degree of pre-compression of the ground layers to be compressed.
8. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the shaft (12) is additionally interconnected to the yoke (18) via kink protection rods (22, 24), with which an unequal strain on the compression-fingers (20) due to different ground conditions as well as a possible lateral force during extraction of the depth compressor (10) can be intercepted.
9. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the shaft (12) is hung up with its clamping end on to a vibration ram, via which the depth compressor (10) can be rammed into the ground with an adjustable ramming sequence, in particular between 8 and 0,5 palpitations per minute.
10. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the vertical height of the sub-edge (38) of the yoke amounts to approximately 40 to 90%, preferably 50 to 70% and in particular approximately 60% of the distance between the clamping end of the shaft (12) and the lower end of the compression fingers (20).
11. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the width of the depth compressor (10) amounts to 20 to 150%, preferably 50 to 90% and in particular approximately 70% of the distance between the clamping end of the shaft (12) and the lower end of the compression fingers (20).
12. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the shaft (12) is connected to a vibration exciter whose frequency is controllable.
13. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one hollow compression finger (20) has an injection-nozzle (42).
14. Depth compressor according to claim 13, characterised in that the injection-nozzle (42), which is lockable via a shutter (50) during the initiation of vibrations into the compression element (14), is provided below on a compression finger (20).
15. Depth compressor according to claim 14, characterised in that the shutter (50) has a control, with which it can be opened where necessary either through the pressure from injection material or through mechanically or electro-mechanically operating control elements (56) and is controllable such that it remains open during the extraction of the compression-fingers (20).
16. Depth compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a hollow compression-finger (20) is put in as a conduct for injection material like cement, and the shaft (12) has a hydraulics connection, via which the injection material can be pressed into the ground hydraulically, via the injection-nozzle (42).
17. Depth compressor device with at least two vibration exciters, to each of which a depth compressor according to claim 1 is connected.

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