EP0654646B1 - Lamellenwärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler für Kraftfahrzeug - Google Patents

Lamellenwärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler für Kraftfahrzeug Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0654646B1
EP0654646B1 EP94118294A EP94118294A EP0654646B1 EP 0654646 B1 EP0654646 B1 EP 0654646B1 EP 94118294 A EP94118294 A EP 94118294A EP 94118294 A EP94118294 A EP 94118294A EP 0654646 B1 EP0654646 B1 EP 0654646B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
fluid
plate
exchanger according
plates
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94118294A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0654646A1 (de
Inventor
Hélène Gire
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Thermique Moteur SA
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Valeo Thermique Moteur SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0654646A1 publication Critical patent/EP0654646A1/de
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
    • F28F3/025—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being corrugated, plate-like elements
    • F28F3/027—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being corrugated, plate-like elements with openings, e.g. louvered corrugated fins; Assemblies of corrugated strips
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0012—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the apparatus having an annular form
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/454—Heat exchange having side-by-side conduits structure or conduit section
    • Y10S165/471—Plural parallel conduits joined by manifold
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/916—Oil cooler

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a plate heat exchanger, suitable for perform a heat exchange between two fluids and usable in particular for cooling the lubricating oil, i.e. engine oil and / or transmission oil of a motor vehicle.
  • lubricating oil i.e. engine oil and / or transmission oil of a motor vehicle.
  • the plates usually have the general shape of a disc that has a circular peripheral lip and an inner lip circular which is intended to surround a central tube around from which the pairs of plates are stacked.
  • the lips counterparts of two facing plates being part of a same pair, are joined together, by example by brazing, these two plates define a blade annular for circulation of the first fluid, for example oil.
  • the two communication openings made through each plate is used, one at the entrance, and the other at the outlet, of the second fluid, for example oil.
  • Each of these two openings is bordered by a lip capable to be joined tightly to a lip homologous to a adjacent plate.
  • a heat exchanger of this type is particularly used for cooling the lubricating oil from an engine block.
  • the central tube around which are threaded disc-shaped plates internally receives a threaded axis.
  • the latter is used, on the one hand, for the fixing the heat exchanger to the engine block and, secondly, to the fixing of an oil filter on the exchanger heat.
  • This hollow central tube is then used for the return oil to the engine block, either directly in the tube, either through the threaded axis which is then realized hollow.
  • these known heat exchangers usually have a bypass with a valve which is normally open when the oil is cold and viscous, and closed when the oil is hot and fluid.
  • valve When the oil is cold and viscous, the valve is in open position and the oil then flows directly the exchanger from the entrance to the bypass, passing through the plate entry openings for direct access to the filter and return to the engine through the tube or central axis.
  • the valve When the oil is hot and fluid, the valve is in closed position, and the oil is distributed in each blade through the plate entry openings and it leaves each blade through the plate outlet openings for reach a passage communicating with the filter.
  • the oil is returned to the engine via the line or the central axis, the oil then being cooled by exchange thermal with the first fluid, i.e. the liquid of cooling which passes through the housing.
  • the flow disrupting elements are shaped parts discs which are each housed in the delimited space between the two plates of the same pair. These plates are with reliefs in the form of fins or the like which disrupt the flow of oil through the plates to facilitate heat exchange.
  • the circulation of oil within each blade of a pair of plates is held back by the reliefs of the disruptive element.
  • the oil reaches difficult to sweep the reliefs, in the form of fins, disruptive elements, especially at the periphery plates.
  • the housing is usually fitted with a tubing inlet and outlet pipes for the second fluid, which are located close to each other on the side wall of the housing.
  • the two pipes then open respectively in two adjacent compartments between the wall side of the housing and stacking of plates.
  • the compartment connected to the inlet manifold allows admitting the first fluid simultaneously in the spaces defined between the pairs of plates, while the compartment connected to the outlet manifold allows to simultaneously exit the second fluid of the aforementioned spaces.
  • EP-A-0 492 047 also discloses an exchanger blade heat according to the preamble of claim 1 comprising a housing of general shape square, a stack of plates arranged in pairs and so alternating inside the housing and the openings of communication.
  • the object of the invention is in particular to overcome the drawbacks cited above.
  • the first fluid for example oil
  • the circulation blade defined by a pair of plates can completely wipe out the disturbing element and all the space defined between the two plates.
  • the first fluid can reach the periphery of the disruptive and circulation blade.
  • the first fluid entering inside a pair of plates escapes in directions that are parallel or perpendicular to the wavy lines, which facilitates the circulation of the fluid.
  • the undulations are formed by planar segments connected two to each other by an angle obtuse.
  • the undulations of two undulation lines adjacent are offset.
  • Each disturbing element is advantageously produced under the form of a stamped part of generally square shape comprising a central cut of elongated shape.
  • one of communication openings which serves as the entrance to the first fluid, has a square shape, while the other opening of communication, which is used for the output of the first fluid, has a rectangular shape, the largest dimension of the rectangle extending transversely to the direction alignment of the two communication openings.
  • the housing has a cross section of shape substantially square and is limited by four side faces planes of substantially rectangular shape.
  • One of the four side faces of the case serves as the face of connection and is fitted with an inlet pipe and a outlet pipe for the second fluid, these two pipes opening respectively into two symmetrical parts of the connection face extending on either side of a line median which is parallel to the stacking direction.
  • This midline then serves as a delimitation between two compartments into which the two aforementioned tubes.
  • each of the plates present, on the side of the connection face, one side non-rectilinear frontal formed by two parts connected between them by an obtuse angle whose apex abuts against the connection face at the center line of the latter.
  • each plate of the stack comprises a boss extending outward and in direction alignment of the communication openings and which ends at the apex of the obtuse angle on the frontal side.
  • each plate of the stack comprises a boss extending outward and in the direction of alignment communication openings.
  • the front side of the plate can be straight and then come into abutment against a bulge of the front face of the housing.
  • This boss is advantageously connected to a lip which surrounds one of the two communication openings and that is itself connected to a lip which surrounds a central hole serving the passage of a central tube directed in the direction stacking.
  • the plate further includes a lip surrounding the other communication opening.
  • the leaf heat exchanger shown in Figures 1 and 2 includes a housing 10 delimited by a cylindrical envelope of substantially square section, the generators of which are parallel to an axis XX.
  • the enclosure envelope is limited by four flat side faces 12, 14, 16 and 18 of shape substantially rectangular, connected two by two by four rounded faces 20 ( Figure 2).
  • the face 12 serves as a connection face and is provided with a inlet manifold 22 and outlet manifold 24 for a fluid, in the example the coolant of a motor vehicle heat engine.
  • the two pipes 22 and 24 open respectively into two symmetrical parts of the connection face 12, which extend on either side of a center line L which is parallel to direction XX ( Figure 2).
  • the heat exchanger further comprises a stack of plates 26 arranged in pairs 26-1 and 26-2 and so alternating inside the housing 10, in the direction XX which also constitutes the stacking direction.
  • the two plates 26-1 and 26-2 are substantially identical (figure 1).
  • Plate 26-1 (Figure 5), located at the bottom, has substantially the shape of a square bounded by a front side 28 not straight and three other sides 30, 32, 34, all three straight lines.
  • the sides 28, 30, 32 and 34 are connected two by two by four rounded edges 36.
  • the front side 28 is formed of two rectilinear parts 28-1 and 28-2 connected together by an obtuse angle whose apex 38 abuts against the connection face 12 at the level of the center line L of the latter ( Figure 2).
  • the plates 26 have dimensions slightly smaller than the inside dimensions of the case for be able to register in it.
  • compartments 40 and 42 which are in communication respectively with the inlet tubing 22 and with outlet tubing 24.
  • Each plate 26-1 is provided with an outer collar 44-1 which receives a homologated outer collar 44-2 from a plate 26-2 and an inner collar 46-1 of circular shape which receives a homologous inner collar 46-2 of plate 26-2 (figure 1).
  • an outer collar 44-1 which receives a homologated outer collar 44-2 from a plate 26-2
  • an inner collar 46-1 of circular shape which receives a homologous inner collar 46-2 of plate 26-2 (figure 1).
  • the stack of plates 26 is inserted in the housing 10 around a central tube 50 against which the collars 46-2 are in support.
  • each blade 26 has two diametrically communicating openings opposite, namely an inlet opening 52 and a outlet opening 54. These two openings are arranged on either side of the stacking direction XX while being located in an alignment direction A parallel to the two sides 30 and 34 of the plate 26 ( Figure 5).
  • Direction A is also parallel to sides 14 and 18 of housing ( Figure 2).
  • Each of the plates 26 further comprises a central hole circular 56 for the passage of the central tube 50.
  • Each of the plates 26 has a peripheral lip 58 of shape circular around hole 56, connects to a lip device 60 of generally rectangular shape which surrounds the orifice 52 and to which a boss 62 which extends in the direction of alignment A of the openings 52 and 54 and which ends at the top of the obtuse angle 38 on the frontal side 28 ( Figure 5).
  • each of the plates 26 comprises a lip 64 of generally rectangular shape which surrounds the communication opening 54 (FIG. 5). The different the aforementioned lips are formed in relief and outwards of each of the plates 26-1 and of each of the plates 26-2.
  • the aforementioned lips seal the communications between pairs of plates, especially at the openings 52 and 54. Furthermore, the bosses 62 come into contact with each other and allow to delimit in the case two regions communicating respectively with compartments 40 and 42. Thus, the cooling fluid entering through the tubing 22 sweeps all of the plates and spring through the tubing 24.
  • the two plates 26-1 and 26-2 of the same pair are combined between them by brazing at their respective collars and the plates are joined two by two together by brazing at their respective lips 58, 60 and 64, and their respective bosses 62.
  • the communication opening 52 for entering the oil has a substantially square shape with sides parallel to the sides of the square of the plate.
  • Communication opening 54 serving for the outlet of the fluid has a generally rectangular shape, the largest dimension of the extending rectangle transversely to the alignment direction A of the two communication openings.
  • Square or rectangular shapes openings 52 and 54 facilitate the diffusion of the oil in each of the blades 48, favoring two perpendicular directions.
  • the heat exchanger further comprises a multiplicity disruptive elements 66 housed respectively in the oil circulation blades 48.
  • the disturbing element 66 (FIG. 3) is produced under the form of a stamped part of generally homologous square shape that of the plates 26.
  • the plate 66 has a front side 68 formed of two parts 68-1 and 68-2 straight connected to each other by an angle obtuse 70, and three other rectilinear sides 72, 74 and 76. These four sides are joined two by two by rounding 78.
  • the disturbing element 66 comprises a central cutout 80 of elongated shape whose outline encompasses the openings of communication 52 and 54 and the central opening 56 of plates.
  • the disturbing element 66 is provided with a multiplicity lines of corrugations 82 forming fins and which extend parallel to the alignment direction A of the plate openings ( Figure 3). These ripple lines are formed in relief by stamping.
  • the undulations of the lines 82 have a shape similar to a sinusoid, but they are formed by plane segments 84 located in the same plane, of planar segments 86 located in a parallel plane and of intermediate segments 88 connecting the segments in pairs 84 and 86.
  • the segments 88 form an obtuse angle equal to the segments 84 on the one hand and the segments 86 on the other hand.
  • the oil which enters a blade 48 through an opening inlet 52 can reach the periphery of the blade sweeping all the ripple lines 82, and without being braked by them, which reduces the pressure drop and also allows good heat exchange with the liquid cooling.
  • the oil thus cooled can then easily drain through the outlet openings 54.
  • each of the plates 26 further includes a multiplicity of studs 90 formed in protruding inwards and acting as spacers for keep disruptive element 66 away from both plates 26-1 and 26-2 surrounding it.
  • the heat exchanger ( Figure 1) further includes a bottom annular 92 which has an opening 94 located in the alignment of the openings 52 and thus constituting the entry oil from the exchanger.
  • the bottom 92 is maintained by a seal holder cup 94 disposed between the housing casing and the central tube 50.
  • the heat exchanger includes a seal holder cup 96 connected to the housing shell and to the central tube 50.
  • This cup includes a bypass 98 located in the axial alignment of the openings 52 and controlled by a valve 100, as well as an opening 102 arranged in alignment openings 54.
  • the heat exchanger is intended to be fixed on a block engine 104 and to receive an oil filter 106, fixing of the exchanger on the engine block and the fixing of the filter oil on the exchanger, for example by means of a hollow threaded shaft.
  • the exchanger operates as follows. When the oil is cold and viscous, it enters the exchanger through opening 94 and, under the effect of viscosity high cold oil, this results in a rise in the pressure which causes valve 66 to open. Oil crosses the interchange directly from entrance 94 to bypass 98 passing through the openings 52. The oil passes through then the filter and returns to the engine block through the tube central 50.
  • valve 100 When the oil is hot and fluid, the valve 100 is closed. The oil is then distributed in each blade 48 by the openings 52 and it emerges from each blade by the openings 54 to reach the opening 102. It then passes through the filter 106 and returns to the engine block by the central tube 50.
  • the heat exchanger of the invention thus allows an exchange optimal thermal between the oil to be cooled and the cooling, and this with a minimum pressure drop.
  • the invention is not limited to a heat exchanger heat usable as oil cooler.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Lamellenwärmetauscher, der einen Wärmeaustausch zwischen einem ersten Fluid, zum Beispiel einem zu kühlenden Öl, und einem zweiten Fluid, zum Beispiel einer Kühlflüssigkeit, herbeiführen kann, umfassend:
    ein Gehäuse (10), das von dem zweiten Fluid durchströmt werden kann;
    eine Aneinanderschichtung von Platten (26), die paarweise (26-1, 26-2) und abwechselnd im Innern des Gehäuses entlang einer Schichtungsrichtung (XX) angeordnet sind, so daß die Platten ein und desselben Paars eine zwischen ihnen liegende Umlauflamelle (48) für das erste Fluid begrenzen;
    zwei Verbindungsöffnungen (52, 54), die in jede Platte eingearbeitet sind, um den Umlauf des ersten Fluids zwischen den aufeinanderfolgenden Plattenpaaren von einem Einlaß (94) des ersten Fluids bis zu einem Auslaß (50) des ersten Fluids zu ermöglichen;
    wobei jede Platte (26-1, 26-2) in etwa die Form eines Quadrats hat und die beiden Verbindungsöffnungen (52, 54) jeder Platte beiderseits der Schichtungsrichtung (XX) angeordnet sind und sich in einer Fluchtrichtung (A) parallel zu zwei Seiten (30, 34) des Quadrats befinden , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Störelemente (66) in den Umlauf lamellen (48) des ersten Fluids angeordnet sind, daß jedes Störelement (66) Wellungslinien in Form von Rippen (82) umfaßt, die sich in einer Richtung parallel zur Fluchtrichtung (A) der Öffnungen der Platten erstrecken, und daß die zwei Verbindungsöffnungen (52, 54) jeder Platte (26) eine allgemein quadratische oder allgemein rechteckige Form mit Seiten aufweisen, die allgemein parallel zu den Seiten der Platte (26) verlaufen.
  2. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Wellungen durch ebene Segmente (84, 86, 88) gebildet werden, die sich paarweise durch einen stumpfen Winkel aneinander anschließen.
  3. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Wellungen von zwei benachbarten Wellungslinien (82) versetzt sind.
  4. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jedes Störelement (66) in Form eines tiefgezogenen Teils mit einer allgemein quadratischen Form ausgeführt ist, das einen mittigen Ausschnitt (80) mit länglicher Form enthält.
  5. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine (52) der Verbindungsöffnungen, die als Einlaß des ersten Fluids dient, eine quadratische Form hat, während die andere Verbindungsöffnung (54), die als Auslaß des ersten Fluids dient, eine rechteckige Form hat, wobei sich die größere Abmessung des Rechtecks quer zur Fluchtrichtung (A) der beiden Verbindungsöffnungen (52, 54) erstreckt.
  6. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Gehäuse (10) einen Querschnitt mit einer in etwa quadratischen Form hat und durch vier ebene Seitenflächen (12, 14, 16, 18) mit einer in etwa rechteckigen Form begrenzt wird.
  7. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine (12) der vier Seitenflächen des Gehäuses als Anschlußfläche dient und mit einem Einlaßstutzen (22) und einem Auslaßstutzen (24) für das zweite Fluid versehen ist, wobei die beiden Stutzen in zwei symmetrischen Teilen der Anschlußfläche münden, die sich beiderseits einer Mittellinie (L) erstrecken, die parallel zur Schichtungsrichtung (XX) verläuft.
  8. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede der Platten (26) auf der Seite der Anschlußfläche eine nicht geradlinige Stirnseite (28) aufweist, die durch zwei geradlinige Teile (28-1 und 28-2) gebildet wird, die durch einen stumpfen Winkel miteinander verbunden sind, der an die Anschlußfläche in Höhe der Mittellinie (L) dieser Fläche anstößt.
  9. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede Platte (26) der Schichtung einen Vorsprung (62) umfaßt, der sich nach außen und in der Fluchtrichtung (A) der Verbindungsöffnungen (52, 54) erstreckt.
  10. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede Platte (26) der Schichtung einen Vorsprung (62) umfaßt, der sich nach außen und in der Fluchtrichtung (A) der Verbindungsöffnungen (52, 54) erstreckt und der an der Spitze des stumpfen Winkels (38) der Stirnseite (28) endet.
  11. Wärmetauscher nach einem der Ansprüche 9 und 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Vorsprung (62) mit einer Lippe (60) verbunden ist, die eine (52) der beiden Verbindungsöffnungen umgibt und die ihrerseits mit einer Lippe (58) verbunden ist, die eine mittige Bohrung (56) umgibt, die als Durchgang für ein zentrales Rohr (50) dient, das entlang der Schichtungsrichtung (XX) gerichtet ist.
  12. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 11 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Platte (26) außerdem eine Lippe (64) umfaßt, die die andere Verbindungsöffnung (54) umgibt.
EP94118294A 1993-11-23 1994-11-21 Lamellenwärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler für Kraftfahrzeug Expired - Lifetime EP0654646B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9314005 1993-11-23
FR9314005A FR2712967B1 (fr) 1993-11-23 1993-11-23 Echangeur de chaleur à lames, en particulier radiateur d'huile pour véhicule automobile.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0654646A1 EP0654646A1 (de) 1995-05-24
EP0654646B1 true EP0654646B1 (de) 1998-07-15

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EP94118294A Expired - Lifetime EP0654646B1 (de) 1993-11-23 1994-11-21 Lamellenwärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler für Kraftfahrzeug

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US5765632A (de)
EP (1) EP0654646B1 (de)
KR (1) KR950014770A (de)
BR (1) BR9404692A (de)
DE (1) DE69411677T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2119053T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2712967B1 (de)

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DE4040875C2 (de) * 1990-12-20 1994-09-01 Laengerer & Reich Kuehler Ölkühler
JPH04283399A (ja) * 1991-03-12 1992-10-08 Calsonic Corp オイルクーラ

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10132120A1 (de) * 2001-07-03 2003-01-16 Deere & Co Ölkühler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR9404692A (pt) 1995-08-01
FR2712967A1 (fr) 1995-06-02
KR950014770A (ko) 1995-06-16
FR2712967B1 (fr) 1996-01-19
US5765632A (en) 1998-06-16
DE69411677D1 (de) 1998-08-20
DE69411677T2 (de) 1998-11-12
ES2119053T3 (es) 1998-10-01
EP0654646A1 (de) 1995-05-24

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