EP0652791A1 - Reinigungsvorrichtung für kontaminiertes erdreich. - Google Patents
Reinigungsvorrichtung für kontaminiertes erdreich.Info
- Publication number
- EP0652791A1 EP0652791A1 EP93915966A EP93915966A EP0652791A1 EP 0652791 A1 EP0652791 A1 EP 0652791A1 EP 93915966 A EP93915966 A EP 93915966A EP 93915966 A EP93915966 A EP 93915966A EP 0652791 A1 EP0652791 A1 EP 0652791A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- activated carbon
- air
- separator
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 24
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 36
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010041662 Splinter Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009418 renovation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C19/00—Rotary-piston pumps with fluid ring or the like, specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C19/001—General arrangements, plants, flowsheets
Definitions
- the invention relates to a cleaning device for contaminated soil, with a suction element that can be installed in or on the soil, and at least one downstream vacuum generator.
- Cleaning devices in particular floor air extraction systems, are generally known. These extraction systems are used in particular to extract volatile substances from contaminated soils.
- the device has a side channel compressor which has a negative pressure of 250 to 300 mbar, but a maximum of a negative pressure of 500 mbar
- REPLACEMENT LEAF can generate. It has been found that volatile gases, especially aromatic compounds, can be extracted reasonably well. However, the volume flow drops steeply with increasing vacuum, so that effective suction from a certain vacuum is no longer possible. Due to this fact, non-volatile fluids, fluid mixtures and saturated vapors cannot be extracted. In addition, the earth surface in the area around the suction point must be sealed for effective suction, since otherwise the air sucked in over the earth surface prevents gases from being extracted from the interior of the earth.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of developing a device of the type mentioned in such a way that higher negative pressures can be achieved with it, at the same time the risk of sparking being avoided and effective cleaning of the extracted gases being achieved.
- the vacuum generator is designed as a liquid ring pump, which is followed by a pollutant-absorbing air activated carbon filter, at least one liquid separator being interposed between the liquid ring pump and the pollutant-absorbing air activated carbon filter.
- the gaps between the individual ring cells can be effectively sealed, whereby extreme negative pressures can be achieved.
- the gaps in the liquid ring also have the advantage that from the. Quartz particles sucked into the ground cannot cause sparks because this process takes place in the water ring and is therefore separate from the explosive gases. So explosive and / or ignitable gas-air mixtures from tanks, buildings or from the ground can be conveyed, whereby the ground can also be stored in rents or containers.
- REPLACEMENT LEAF Liquid ring pumps can achieve absolute pressures of up to 33 mbar.
- the pollutants are absorbed and either accumulated or converted into non-harmful substances.
- the suction system according to the invention which is advantageously used as a soil air suction system, not only volatile but also medium and difficultly volatile compounds, such as aromatic and / or chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, tri, per., Can be extracted due to the extremely high negative pressure , etc. Furthermore, the system can also be used with strongly cohesive soils and / or water-saturated soil zones with good suction results. Finally, water entrained with the extracted gas poses no problem for the vacuum generator. The vacuum generator is even able to drain off liquid only if measures are taken on the suction side which result in a strong pressure gradient in a nozzle which is so large that the delivery head is overcome becomes. With the plant according to the invention, renovations can be carried out in shorter times.
- the air-activated carbon filter ensures optimal cleaning of the air extracted from the ground, with the pollutants being adsorbed by the activated carbon.
- the saturated activated carbon can then be easily counteracted
- the gas exiting the liquid ring pump which has a relative humidity of almost 100%, is dehumidified by the liquid separator by separating the liquid particles entrained in the air stream. In this way, the adsorptive capacity of the active air filter is not reduced by water introduced.
- the liquid separator is advantageously designed as a cyclone separator. With this cyclone separator, an effective mechanical separation of the liquid particles from the gas stream is achieved, the cyclone separator itself being maintenance-free.
- At least two liquid separators are preferably provided, at least the rearmost one in the flow direction being provided with a packing, in particular made of polypropylene.
- the separating effect is improved with this packing.
- the liquid separator is equipped with a fill level control and a drain valve. A liquid supply into the liquid ring of the liquid ring pump is achieved, if necessary, in that the liquid ring of the liquid ring pump is connected to the liquid outlet of the liquid separator.
- a heat exchanger is interposed between the liquid ring pump and the liquid separator. This heat exchanger can be cooled using fresh water or the ambient air.
- the overflow of the liquid separator is advantageously coupled to a liquid container and in particular a liquid activated carbon filter.
- Liquid emerging from the liquid separator can be accumulated via the liquid container and treated in the liquid activated carbon filter in such a way that it can be released into the environment without hesitation.
- liquid can also be treated, which is entrained by the gas extracted from the soil. This liquid, like the extracted gas, is usually contaminated and requires treatment, which it undergoes in the liquid activated carbon filter.
- ERS A TZBLATT A throttle valve for the supply of fresh air is preferably provided in front of the device which receives the pollutants. In this way, the moisture content of the air supplied to the pollutant-receiving device can be reduced, in particular if the supplied fresh air has previously been heated. In this way, the adsorption process in the active air filter can be accelerated.
- temperature, pressure and moisture measuring devices, as well as pollutant measuring devices are advantageously provided, in particular with the help of Dräger tubes.
- Dräger tubes With these instruments, malfunctions of individual system parts or deviations of individual system values can be recognized immediately, and the process can be controlled, so that optimal and effective air extraction over a long time, i.e. over weeks and months.
- the device is designed as a mobile system.
- Mobile systems can be brought to their place of use within a very short time, which is particularly important in the event of accidents where toxic substances have entered the ground. Such systems help to minimize damage in the event of accidents and in particular contribute to rapid decontamination of the soil.
- FIG. 1 shows a first process diagram of the device according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a second process diagram of the device according to the invention.
- Figure 3 shows a separator
- the device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, generally designated 1 for extracting fluids from the ground, has as its essential element a liquid or water ring pump 2, which is located between a suction element, generally designated 3, and a device, generally designated 4 the pollutants is arranged.
- the suction element 3 generally consists of a plurality of levels (not shown) embedded in the ground, with which the soil air is sucked in via valves 5. Liquids or gas-liquid mixtures can also be extracted via the level. Each level can be independent of the other levels in the groundwater or above
- the individual absolute pressures of the individual soil air levels at the MSR points 6 and the total vacuum pressure can be read off at an MSR point 7 provided between the valves 5 and the water ring pump 2.
- the levels are let into the ground through a level hole, the level hole being sealed at the lower and upper ends.
- the fluids are sucked in via a filter tube, which is between two and twenty meters below the surface of the earth.
- the distances between the individual level wells can be fifty to sixty meters.
- the surface of the earth may be covered or sealed with a film.
- the filter tubes open into a water lock 49 (Figure 2) which is integrated in the system. This improves explosion protection. With this water lock 49 entrained dirt particles are separated, so it serves as a sedimentation stage. It also has the function of a flame protection screen. By mounting a rupture disc on the head of the water lock, it has the function of detonation protection.
- the gases drawn off via the water ring pump 2 leave the pump at a temperature of approximately 25 ° C. and a relative atmospheric humidity of almost 100%.
- the devices 4 that absorb the pollutants are designed as air-activated carbon filters, with two or three filter columns 8, 9 and 10
- REPLACEMENT LEAF are connected in series. Since the air humidity of the extracted gas for the active air carbon in the filter column should not be over 60 to 70% and the temperature of the gas should also not be too high, the device 4 has two liquid separators 11 and 12 connected upstream.
- the liquid separator 11 is designed as a cyclone separator. In addition to inlet 13 and outlet 14 for the gases to be dried, they have outlets 15 to 18 for the separated liquid and an inlet
- the output 15 is via a heat exchanger
- the heat exchanger 20 connected to the water ring of the water ring pump 2.
- the heat exchanger 20 is connected to a fresh water line 21 via a valve 22 and is connected to the fresh water outlet 23.
- the heat exchanger 20 is connected to a chiller 50 for additional cooling, so that the system can generate the necessary cooling when there is a shortage of fresh water or to save fresh water by means of electrical energy.
- a further heat exchanger 51 can also be provided.
- the outlet 16 leads into a receptacle (not shown) for the separated liquid.
- the outlet 17 leads via a dewater 25 into a container 26, from which the water which accumulates when the maximum fill level is reached with a diaphragm pump 27
- REPLACEMENT LEAF Was ⁇ er2011kohlefilter is supplied in which the pollutants are separated. Furthermore, the container 26 has a ventilation line 28 which ends in a sniffer valve 29 which is connected to the suction side of the water ring pump 2. In the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 2, the outlet 17 leads back into the separator 11.
- the bottom air leaving the two liquid separators 11 and 12 is freed from free water droplets and can be mixed with heated fresh air if necessary via a blower 30.
- the housing 30 opens into the upper outlet area of the separator 12.
- the amount of fresh air can be adjusted via a throttle valve 31, which is dependent on a moisture measuring device 32.
- the temperature of the gas entering the device 4 can be measured via a measuring device 33.
- the pressure of the incoming gas is measured by a measuring device 34.
- the filter columns 8, 9 and 10 have sampling points 35, 36 and 37, the KW and the CHC loading of the soil air being able to be measured at the sampling point 35 with the aid of Dräger tubes. At the sampling points 36 and 37, the residual loads on KW and CKW of the filter air are measured.
- the exhaust air at the outlet 38 can be safely fed into the environment.
- the liquid separator 11 is designed such that the ground air mixed with circulating water and possibly with groundwater in the water ring pump 2 is separated from the liquid and passed into the downstream separator 12, in which the remaining entrained water drops are then separated off.
- the separator 12 has a packing made of polypropylene in order to improve the separation effect.
- the outlet 15 is provided with a float switch and an emptying valve 39, which is connected to the inlet 19 of the liquid separator 11 via a pump 40 and a valve 41. Since water is constantly entrained from the water ring by the pumped gas during operation of the water ring pump 2, the liquid separator 11 becomes the water ring the lost water via the outlet 15, the heat exchanger 20, which is designed as a plate heat exchanger and whose output temperature is controlled by a temperature measuring device 42 Liquid supplied. For replenishment of the circulating water, water is taken from the fresh water line 21 and fed to a reservoir 44 via a level-regulated float valve 43. From this, the water passes via an emptying valve 45 with a float switch to the pump 40, from which it is fed to the liquid separator 11. If there is sufficient liquid in the liquid separator 12, the valve 39 opens, otherwise the valve 45 opens.
- the pump 40 is provided with a valve 53, via which it can be vented when it is started up for the first time.
- the drives 46, 47 and 48 of the water ring pump 2, the pump 40 and the blower 30 can be formed by electric motors and / or internal combustion engines.
- the drives, such as measuring devices and valves are advantageously connected to a control system that monitors the entire measurement data and automatically controls the corresponding valves and drives in the event of deviations from the target value.
- the device 1 is equipped for automatic continuous operation, so that it always works in an optimal or in a predetermined work area without monitoring personnel. Even with the extraction of explosive floor gases, there is no danger of an explosion in the device according to the invention, and no special precautions need to be taken
- REPLACEMENT LEAF be taken because the moving elements that could generate sparks always run in a water ring in the water ring pump 2. An ignition of the explosive gas is therefore impossible.
- FIG 3 e.g. shown as a liquid separator 11 or 12 usable separator.
- the water vapor-saturated air of the water ring pump 2 is further processed after the separator 11 by being introduced tangentially into a lower part 55 via a pipeline 54 and being freed from water particles by radial acceleration, which may have arisen from condensation in the upstream lines.
- An activated carbon fixed bed 56 is located above the lower part 55 of the essentially circular cylindrical separator, in particular in the upper half or in the upper third. This consists of two parallel sieve trays 57 between which there is an activated carbon bed 58. The rising air flows through this activated carbon fixed bed 56.
- the activated carbon absorbs the water and later releases it in a controlled manner as water vapor to the air flowing through it.
- a mixing chamber 59 in which the hot, dry air of the blower 30 is mixed with the moist air which emerges from the fixed bed 56 via a line 60
- a TZBLATT becomes. Mixing is also achieved by blowing the hot mixed air tangentially.
- a float switch 61 can also be seen in the lower part 55.
- a sight glass 62 for the fill level is provided on the outside of the separator.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)
- Devices For Medical Bathing And Washing (AREA)
- Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)
- Hydraulic Motors (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4225125 | 1992-07-30 | ||
DE4225125A DE4225125A1 (de) | 1992-07-30 | 1992-07-30 | Vorrichtung zum Absaugen von Gasen aus dem Erdreich |
PCT/EP1993/001928 WO1994003236A1 (de) | 1992-07-30 | 1993-07-21 | Reinigungsvorrichtung für kontaminiertes erdreich |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0652791A1 true EP0652791A1 (de) | 1995-05-17 |
EP0652791B1 EP0652791B1 (de) | 1996-03-20 |
Family
ID=6464415
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP93915966A Expired - Lifetime EP0652791B1 (de) | 1992-07-30 | 1993-07-21 | Reinigungsvorrichtung für kontaminiertes erdreich |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5613805A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0652791B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH07509401A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE135592T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU4571693A (de) |
DE (2) | DE4225125A1 (de) |
DK (1) | DK0652791T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1994003236A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE9402553U1 (de) * | 1994-02-16 | 1994-04-14 | Hydrogeologie GmbH, 99734 Nordhausen | Anlage zur Reinigung kontaminierten Schüttguts |
US5688076A (en) * | 1996-09-09 | 1997-11-18 | Atkins; Parker E. | High-vacuum groundwater and soil remediation system and related method and apparatus |
JP2003053318A (ja) * | 2001-08-23 | 2003-02-25 | Sanee Industrial Co Ltd | 土壌浄化装置 |
US7984566B2 (en) * | 2003-10-27 | 2011-07-26 | Staples Wesley A | System and method employing turbofan jet engine for drying bulk materials |
CN116292292B (zh) * | 2023-05-11 | 2023-08-01 | 沈阳铱宁重工机械制造有限公司 | 一种水环式真空泵 |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3448123C2 (en) * | 1984-07-12 | 1988-07-21 | Loewe Pumpenfabrik Gmbh, 2120 Lueneburg, De | Precipitator, in particular for liquid-ring vacuum pumps or the like |
DE8807065U1 (de) * | 1988-05-30 | 1989-09-28 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Auf einem transportablen Traggestell angeordnetes Vakuumpumpenaggregat |
EP0366868B1 (de) * | 1988-07-13 | 1992-09-30 | Knoll Ag | Arzneimittel-Depotform auf Alginatbasis |
WO1991003280A1 (en) * | 1989-08-31 | 1991-03-21 | Dames & Moore Pty. Ltd. | Apparatus for removing volatile contaminants from soil |
US5011329A (en) * | 1990-02-05 | 1991-04-30 | Hrubetz Exploration Company | In situ soil decontamination method and apparatus |
DE4104989A1 (de) * | 1990-05-18 | 1991-11-21 | Mueller Semtec Ohg | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum evakuieren und entfeuchten eines raumes |
US5160217A (en) * | 1990-08-10 | 1992-11-03 | Roy F. Weston, Inc. | Method of in situ decontamination |
US5190405A (en) * | 1990-12-14 | 1993-03-02 | Shell Oil Company | Vacuum method for removing soil contaminants utilizing thermal conduction heating |
US5180503A (en) * | 1991-05-10 | 1993-01-19 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | In-situ vapor stripping for removing volatile organic compounds from groundwater |
US5246309A (en) * | 1991-05-16 | 1993-09-21 | Hobby Michael M | System and method for decontamination of contaminated ground |
US5178491A (en) * | 1991-06-19 | 1993-01-12 | International Technology Corporation | Vapor-phase nutrient delivery system for in situ bioremediation of soil |
US5188041A (en) * | 1991-12-17 | 1993-02-23 | Roy F. Weston, Inc. | Apparatus and method for low temperature thermal stripping of volatile organic compounds from soil and waste materials with non-oxidative co-current gases |
US5178823A (en) * | 1992-03-12 | 1993-01-12 | Container Products Corp. | Decontamination apparatus |
US5271693A (en) * | 1992-10-09 | 1993-12-21 | Shell Oil Company | Enhanced deep soil vapor extraction process and apparatus for removing contaminants trapped in or below the water table |
US5387057A (en) * | 1993-11-09 | 1995-02-07 | Deloach; Anthony | Contaminated ground site remediation system |
-
1992
- 1992-07-30 DE DE4225125A patent/DE4225125A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1993
- 1993-07-21 AT AT93915966T patent/ATE135592T1/de active
- 1993-07-21 US US08/374,643 patent/US5613805A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-07-21 EP EP93915966A patent/EP0652791B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-21 JP JP6504944A patent/JPH07509401A/ja active Pending
- 1993-07-21 DE DE59301987T patent/DE59301987D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-07-21 AU AU45716/93A patent/AU4571693A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-07-21 WO PCT/EP1993/001928 patent/WO1994003236A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1993-07-21 DK DK93915966.1T patent/DK0652791T3/da active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9403236A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5613805A (en) | 1997-03-25 |
JPH07509401A (ja) | 1995-10-19 |
DK0652791T3 (da) | 1996-04-15 |
WO1994003236A1 (de) | 1994-02-17 |
ATE135592T1 (de) | 1996-04-15 |
DE4225125A1 (de) | 1994-02-03 |
AU4571693A (en) | 1994-03-03 |
DE59301987D1 (de) | 1996-04-25 |
EP0652791B1 (de) | 1996-03-20 |
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