EP0639677B1 - Building composed from modules of prefabricated units - Google Patents

Abstract

A building composed of modules of prefabricated units is distinguished in that each module (1) exhibits a frame structure which is welded to form a steel skeleton (2), which is composed of a rectangular base frame (3), of a rectangular cover frame (4) and of four vertical supports (5), and of which the outer surfaces (10 and 11) and, if required, also inner surfaces (12 and 13) are clad (lined), to provide heat insulation and sound insulation, with lightweight building panels (14, 15, 16), and of which the floors (6) and ceilings (7) are designed with prefabricated, self-supporting, concrete slab elements (20, 21) which can be pushed into guides (47) formed by steel sections (30) of the base frame and cover frame (3, 4). <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to a building consisting of prefabricated modules Building cells, with each module forming a steel skeleton weldable, from a rectangular base frame, a rectangular Ceiling frame and four vertical supports existing frame construction has, the outer surfaces and if necessary also Inner surfaces with lightweight boards heat and sound insulating covered and their floors and ceilings with prefabricated self-supporting, in of steel profiles of the base or ceiling frame formed guides insertable plate elements made of concrete are trained.

DE-U1-88 07 893.0 is a kit for a portable House known. This consists of two as a closed hollow body trained with windows, entrance door and through openings Housing units with a rectangular layout, sealing elements for the Sealing the gap of the abutting sides of the residential units and a trailer to accommodate a residential unit. As a disadvantage the special trailer is felt in this context, which not only causes high costs, but at every exhibition location Housing problems and protection against the weather caused.

DE-U1-88 05 332.6 is a covered interim work station known. This is supported by two longitudinal, roof-supporting Walls formed, with both the walls and the roof prefabricated Assembly parts are.

The walls are components of a standard container, the prefabricated roof structure to be placed on the corner posts can be fastened from corrugated sheet or trapetz sheet metal sheets. The standard container are walk-in living containers with doors and windows. The covered interim work station is used for accommodation of personnel and material on construction sites and also in disaster areas and is specially designed to be easy and fast can be set up and is just as quick and easy at no great cost and without heavy lifting gear to be removable. For residential purposes is the covered interim work place unsuitable.

EP 0 014 775 A1 describes a building which consists of a large number similar basic building elements exist at the installation site to be connected together and a method for Construction of such a building. After connecting a variety the same basic building elements at the installation site are the roof covering, the floor elements and the walls attached and with the Basic building elements connected. These basic elements form one Frame made of square steel profiles. The outer walls can either conventionally made of bricks or lightweight concrete elements, be made of clay or wood and the like. The floor can also consist of standard elements or also from common beams with floor slabs.

WO 82/03418 discloses the welding of steel skeletons existing room cells using U-shaped connection profiles solid building structures.

The present invention is based on the aforementioned prior art the task is based on a building in the preamble of claim 1 mentioned means to indicate the application of Exterior wall cladding panels and ceiling panels and thus overall the assembly of a base frame in the form of a steel skeleton showing building and thereby simplify the construction costs decrease significantly.

To achieve the object, the invention proposes that the base frame of a steel skeleton has double-T longitudinal and transverse beams welded together to form a rectangle, for example IPB 160, the lower outer-wall flanges of which have welded, cantilevered flat bars with vertical guide webs at intervals , which are designed as brackets for external wall cladding panels.
This measure advantageously simplifies the attachment of the cladding panels for outer walls but also for inner walls. As a result, custom-made, for example, aerated concrete elements can be attached to the existing brackets without any problems during assembly, whereby assembly work is reduced, fastening material is saved and the construction time of the entire building is reduced. In particular, the advantage of reducing assembly work by eliminating additional fasteners has an impact on the personnel costs when building a building, and moreover, the building can be constructed in the shortest possible construction time, which means a further cost prejudice.

An embodiment of the invention provides that the ceiling frame consists of square tubes, which are spaced inwards pointing and trained angle iron on supports for the ceiling panels are pre-welded. This additional inventive measure is of considerable advantage because it consists of square tubes Ceiling frame at intervals facing inwards and as a support angle iron designed for the ceiling panels are pre-welded. The ceiling panels can be placed quickly from above be what compared to inserting the plates from the Side leads to a reduction in assembly times.

An expedient embodiment of the invention provides that several steel skeletons forming a building by means of tie rods in the machine or steel construction usual connecting elements are connected.

Furthermore, it is provided in the building according to the invention that the side members of the base frame on one end with a Cross members are welded firmly, whereas the cross members of the others Front side using more common in machine or steel construction Detachable connecting means can be connected to the side members.

An expedient embodiment provides that between the flanges of the double-T side members are adjustable U-profile members, e.g. U 160, are welded in.

An embodiment further provides that lightweight concrete slabs made of pore or gas concrete or sheet clay and / or fly ash, fibers or waste concrete or plastics containing organic materials are provided for the outer wall cladding, which have a weight between 1100 and 1400 kg / m ³ .
A method is known from EP 0 208 070 B1, for example, with which spatially stable components resistant to water and frost can be produced economically with high thermal insulation. These components have a dry bulk density of 500 to 800 kg / m ³ . Depending on the type of aggregates, for example when using expanded concrete or fly ash, the lightweight concrete slabs provided for the outer cladding can have a weight between 800 and 1800, preferably between 1100 and 1400 kg / m ³ . Furthermore, the panels provided for the interior wall cladding can also consist of lightweight concrete.

Correspondingly, the inner walls can be clad with panels which are made of lightweight materials and are preferably gypsum-bonded products such as gypsum-fiber mixed panels or gypsum plasterboards, gypsum foam panels with a porous structure or other known gypsum building materials. Such interior wall cladding panels consisting of gypsum building materials usually have a weight between 450 and 800, preferably between 550 and 750 kg / m ³ . However, plates can also be used which consist of at least 80% recycled plastic waste. The use of such light-weight outer and inner panels is possible because the steel skeleton of each module takes over the statics, whereas the panels are exclusively attached to the steel skeleton as non-load-bearing components and, if necessary, placed on the brackets of the steel skeleton are.

An additional embodiment provides with great advantage that Cladding panels for interior walls with integrated inlets and outlets are designed for electricity and water as prefabricated components. This measure eliminates the assembly effort required on site reduced to an absolute minimum.

One design measure is that the outer wall cladding of a module is constructed in multiple layers with a light-weight panel arrangement with insulating gaps located between them. In addition to the unusually quick installation on site, this results in a building with a homely flair without container character with an optimal indoor climate as a result of surprisingly good thermal insulation values. Furthermore, a flexible design of the outer facade and a multi-storey design of the building is possible at extremely low construction costs. Within the scope of the present calculation, these are around 50% of the usual construction costs per m ^{3 of} converted space.

A base is expediently assigned to the base frame, which carries a steel support and fixing plate anchored in the foundation.
Finally, it is provided that modules or modules arranged one on top of the other are insulated from one another by intermediate layers of sound-absorbing, soft-elastic material such as neoprene, rubber against the spread of structure-borne noise.

A very useful embodiment of one with the invention Features trained building provides that this one Pre-fabricated elements preceded by a staircase that can be assembled is. This gives the house its character and appearance of a normal apartment building, which differs from other usual apartment building or hardly distinguishes business buildings from the outside. This Impression is enhanced by the fact that the building has a roof usual design is coverable.

Figur 1

in perspektivischer Darstellung Teile der Hauptelemente eines Stahl-Skeletts für eine Bauzelle

Figur 2

nach der Erfindung hergestellte Gebäude in Ansichten aus unterschiedlichen Richtungen,

Figur 3

eine aus drei Modulen zusammengesetzte Gebäudeeinheit, in perspektivischer Darstellung,

Figur 4

die Gebäudeeinheit gemäß Fig. 3 in perspektivischer Darstellung mit Einblick in das teilweise noch unverkleidete Innere,

Figur 5

ebenfalls in Parallelperspektive ein Stahl-Skelett für ein Modul, fertig zum Einschieben der Boden- und Deckenelemente sowie zum Auskleiden der Wände,

Figur 6

im Schnitt einen Teil eines zweistöckigen Gebäudes,

Figur 7a bis 7c

perspektivische Darstellungen der Rahmenkonstruktion und insbesondere der Eckverbände,

Figur 8a und 8b

Laschenverbindungen von Fundament- und Deckenrahmen,

Figur 8c

einen Schnitt des Auflagers für das Dach-Plattenelement.

The invention is shown in schematic drawings in preferred embodiments.

Figure 1

a perspective view of parts of the main elements of a steel skeleton for a building cell

Figure 2

Buildings manufactured according to the invention in views from different directions,

Figure 3

a building unit composed of three modules, in perspective,

Figure 4

3 in perspective view with a view of the partially still unclad interior,

Figure 5

also in parallel perspective a steel skeleton for a module, ready to insert the floor and ceiling elements and to line the walls,

Figure 6

on average part of a two-story building,

Figure 7a to 7c

perspective representations of the frame construction and in particular the corner bandages,

Figures 8a and 8b

Tab connections of foundation and ceiling frames,

Figure 8c

a section of the support for the roof panel element.

Figure 1 shows parts of a rectangular base frame 3 and one ceiling frame 4 above. The base frame 3 is exposed Side members 32 and cross members 33 together. These are in the corner welded together. A double T profile is used as the longitudinal beam 32 30 used, while the cross member 33 from a U-profile 37 consists. A support 5 is welded onto the side member 32, which carries the ceiling frame 4 together with other supports. This advantageously consists of square tubes 35. In the corner of the Ceiling frame 4 is a diagonal plate 49 as a stiffening element welded, which is also a crane eye for attaching a Load hook or a load harness.

FIG. 1 also shows a part of a strip foundation 22 an overlying fixation plate 23. This serves to secure Support for the double T-beam 30 and is with it in places connected by welding. The fixing plate 23 can in turn expediently cast into the strip foundation 22 with tie rods 40, 41 and be firmly connected to it, as shown in the figures 6 or 8a can be recognized.

The outer wall-side flange of the double-T beam 30 carries, at intervals, welded, projecting flat bars 28 with vertical guide webs 26. These serve as brackets or supports for the outer wall cladding panels 15. These can preferably be lightweight concrete panels 15 made of porous or gas concrete or act as expanded clay and / or fly ash, fibers or wastes of concrete or plastics containing organic material. Such lightweight concrete panels 15 provided for the outer wall cladding have, for example, a weight between 800 and 1800, preferably between 1100 and 1400 kg / m ³ .

For higher demands on thermal insulation or insulation of the building The outer wall cladding can also be double-layered with a lightweight board arrangement 14 at a distance from the outer lightweight board Be 15. It is then expedient to have one between the two plate arrangements Air gap left.

Figure 2 shows two slightly different in their individual design Buildings that according to the invention from each other or modules 1 to 1d arranged one on top of the other. The bottom right The building shown from the front is in cross section a total of five modules 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d assembled and points a triple arrangement of these five modules in the longitudinal plane on, that is, that building is made up of a total of fifteen modules assembled or built.

These are covered with a common roof 9 and the building has a staircase that can be assembled from prefabricated elements 8, which is located upstream of the building. The The building shown on the left differs by a little other individual arrangement of windows, doors or large window areas etc. The two opposite buildings of Figure 2 are to show that the basic concept of the construction from individual modules 1 to 1d that can be compiled have a comparatively wide range Allows scope for individual design of the building.

In Figures 3 and 4 is perspective from each other Directions a building part consisting of three modules 1 to 1b shown with partial cladding of the outer walls 10, 11. Clear the lightweight concrete slabs provided for the outer wall cladding can be seen 15 from aerated or aerated concrete or other types of Lightweight concrete mixes. These panels can be made to measure and individually numbered according to the construction plan on the outside of the steel skeleton 2 can be arranged. There are lower plate elements along the entire length of a module and across the full width dimensioned, while in addition to window and door openings plate elements are arranged vertically. Provided as interior wall cladding Panels 16 can be seen next to the window openings. Finally from the perspective through the windows are also those To recognize plate elements 20 for the floors. Each module unit is with complete electrical and sanitary installation as well as with Windows and doors. According to a representation in Figure 6 can the plate elements 20 for the bottom 6 with a Screed 19 should be provided. The modules are otherwise regarding their equipment with doors, windows, installations etc. for one extremely flexible expansion. For example, modules can also be used as Stair modules must be set up.

Figure 4 shows the part of the building of Figure 3 from the opposite Perspective with a view of what is clad with interior wall elements 16 Inner. The floors 6 are formed with inserted gas concrete elements. This illustration also clearly shows the cladding of the Outer walls 10 with lightweight panels 15. The abutting Base and ceiling frames 3, 4 are coupled together by connecting elements, as can be seen in detail from FIGS. 8a, 8b are.

Figure 5 shows a bare steel skeleton 2 with base frame 3 and Ceiling frame 4. These are rigidly connected to one another by supports 5. In the corner bandages are gusset plates 24 for stabilization shrink wrapped. On the front double T-beam 32 are the in Spaces welded flat iron 28 with arranged thereon Guide webs 26 recognizable. These serve the outer lightweight cladding panels 15 as supports for support.

Figure 6 shows a section through parts of two superimposed Modules with their two base frames 3a and 3b. In the steel profiles 30a, 30b, plate elements 20a, 20b are respectively inserted and with a screed 19a, 19b layered. The base frame 3a rests a strip foundation 22 with gravel bed 52, which in the ground 51 of the grown soil is introduced. On the strip foundation 22 a fixing plate 23 is arranged and with tie rods 40, 41 fixed on this. In the outer wall 10 is a window 44 let in. This has an outer frame 45 made of steel and the actual window inner frame 46 made of plastic and a schematic indicated double glazing. Furthermore, the Profiles 30a, 30b on the outer flanges of the flat bars 28a, 28b to see on which under the guidance of the guide webs 26a, 26b the outer wall cladding panels 15 rest. More like that The interior trim panels 16 are arranged and on the Frame elements 3a and 3b supported.

In the upper corner below the frame 3b is a sound-absorbing, soft-elastic element 50, e.g. made of neoprene, rubber or similar against Diffusion of structure-borne noise let in.

Figures 7a, 7b show corner connections from different perspectives between base frame 3 and support 5. For stabilization welded-in gusset plates 24. The base frame 3 is in each case trained with double-T profiles 30. On their outer, lower Flanges 31 are the flat irons 28 with the guide webs 26 shown, which receive the outer wall cladding panels 15 supporting.

Figure 7c shows a corner of the ceiling frame 4 with a support 5 in a fully welded design with gusset plates 24.

Figure 8a shows two adjacent base frames 3 with one Connection by a screwed tab 17. In this case, point the two base frames have a common strip foundation 22, on which fixing plates 23 are arranged and with tie rods 40, 41 are firmly anchored.

FIG. 8b shows frame elements 3, 4 which are against one another or onto one another arranged modules are assigned. The figure shows the Connection of the frame elements 3, 4 with horizontal and vertical arranged clamping screws 18a, 18b. Between the frame parts 3 and 4 are sound-absorbing intermediate layers 50, for example made of neoprene or Rubber inserted and provide insulation against spreading of Structure-borne noise.

Finally, FIG. 8c shows a square tubular profile 35 in detail a ceiling frame 4 with welded angle iron 36 and inserted Ceiling plate element 21. With this configuration, you can the ceiling plate elements 21 are inserted from above.

The plate elements 20 for the floors can be moved that the base frame 3 on double-T beams 30 at one end initially remains open, then the gas concrete floor slab elements 20 are inserted and finally a final double T-beam 30 from submitted to the front and with the side members 32 of the base frame is welded.

• Komplette Vorfertigung im Werk.
• Schnelle Montage vor Ort durch vorgefertigte Raumeinheiten.
• Optimales Raumklima, sehr gute Dämmwerte.
• Mehrgeschossige Anlagen durch beliebige Aneinanderreihung von Modulen.
• Rasche und unkomplizierte Verkleidung der Außen- und Innenwände durch vorgefertigte Porenbeton-Plattenelemente.
• Vermeidung eines primitiven "Containercharakters".
• Flexible Gestaltung der Außenfassade sowie des Innenausbaus.
• Sehr gute Witterungsbeständigkeit.
• Halbierung der Baukosten gegenüber konventionellen Bauausführungen.

Overall, the invention provides the following advantages:

• Complete prefabrication in the factory.
• Fast assembly on site thanks to prefabricated room units.
• Optimal room climate, very good insulation values.
• Multi-storey systems through any row of modules.
• Quick and uncomplicated cladding of the outer and inner walls thanks to prefabricated aerated concrete panel elements.
• Avoiding a primitive "container character".
• Flexible design of the outer facade and the interior.
• Very good weather resistance.
• Halving of construction costs compared to conventional construction.

The invention thus fulfills the above-mentioned solution in an optimal solution Task.

List of reference numbers

1

module

2nd

Steel skeleton

3rd

Base frame

4th

Ceiling frame

5

Support

6

ground

7

blanket

8th

Stairwell

9

top, roof

10th

Outside surface / wall

11

Outside surface / wall

12th

Inner surface / wall

13

Inner surface / wall

14

Lightweight construction board outside

15

Lightweight construction board outside

16

Lightweight board inside

17th

Tab

18th

Turnbuckles

19th

Screed

20th

Panel element / floor

21

Panel element / ceiling

22

Strip foundation

23

Fixation plate

24th

Gusset plates

26

Guide bars / base frame

28

Flat iron / base frame

29

Flanges / double T-beams

30th

Steel profile / base frame / double T-beam

31

Steel profile / outer flange

32

Side member / base frame

33

Side member / ceiling frame

34

Cross member

35

Square tubes / ceiling

36

Angle iron

37

U profile

40

Tie rod

41

Tie rod

44

window

45

Outer frame

46

Inner frame

47

guide

49

Diagonal sheet

50

Intermediate system / sound insulation

51

grown soil

52

Gravel bed

Claims (14)

1. Building composed from modules of prefabricated units, whereby each module (1) has a frame structure weldable to form a steel skeleton (2), which frame structure consists of a rectangular base frame (3), a rectangular ceiling frame (4) and four vertical supports (5), the outer surfaces of which frame structure (10 or 11 respectively) and where necessary also the inner surfaces (12 or 13 respectively) are lined for heat- and sound-insulating purposes with lightweight building boards (14 - 16), and the floors (6) and ceilings (7) of which frame structure are formed with prefabricated self-supporting concrete slab elements (20, 21) insertable into guideways (47) formed by steel sections (30) of the base frame or ceiling frame (3, 4) respectively,
   characterized in that
   the base frame (3) of a steel skeleton (2) has double-T longitudinal and transverse girders (30), e.g. IPB 160, welded at right-angles to each other, the lower outer-wall-side flanges (31) of which girders have at intervals welded-on, cantilevered flat bars (28a, 28b) with vertical guide stays (26a, 26b), which stays are formed as brackets for layable outside-wall lining slabs (15).
2. Building according to claim 1,
   characterized in that
   the ceiling frame (4) consists of square-section tubes (35), to which tubes, at intervals, steel angles (36) pointing inwards and formed as supports for the ceiling slabs (21) are prewelded.
3. Building according to claim 1 or claim 2,
   characterized in that
   several steel skeletons (2) forming one building are connected by tie rods (40, 41) with connecting elements in standard use in mechanical engineering or steel construction respectively.
4. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 3,
   characterized in that
   the longitudinal girders (32) of the base frame (3) are rigidly welded at one end to a transverse girder (33), whereas the transverse girder (34) of the other end is connectable with the longitudinal girders (32) by using detachable connectors in standard use in mechanical engineering or steel construction.
5. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 4,
   characterized in that
   U-section girders, e.g. U 160, insertable between the flanges (29) of the double-T longitudinal girders (32) are welded in as transverse girders (33 or 34 respectively).
6. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 5,
   characterized in that
   lightweight concrete slabs (15) made of aerated or gas concrete or of expanded concrete and/or of concrete containing pulverized fuel ash, fibres or waste from synthetic or organic material are provided for the outside wall lining, which slabs have a weight of between 1100 and 1400 kg/m³.
7. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 5,
   characterized in that
   the inside walls are also lined with boards (16) which consist of lightweight building materials and are preferably gypsum-bound products such as staff boards or sandwich-type plaster boards, gypsum-bound expanded plastic boards with a porous structure or other familiar gypsum building materials.
8. Building according to claim 7,
   characterized in that
   inside-wall lining boards (16) consisting of gypsum building materials have a weight of between 450 and 800 kg/m³, preferably between 550 and 750 kg/m³.
9. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 5,
   characterized in that
   the lining boards (15, 16) consist to at least 80% of recyclable plastic waste.
10. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 9,
    characterized in that
    lining boards (16) for inside walls (12, 13) are formed with integrated supply and drainage lines for electricity and water as prefabricated components.
11. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 10,
    characterized in that
    the outside-wall lining of a module (1) is in multi-layer form with a lightweight building board layout (14, 15) with an insulating gap between the layers.
12. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 11,
    characterized in that
    the base frame (3) is assigned a strip foundation (22) which bears a steel supporting and fixing plate (23) anchored in the foundation (22).
13. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 12,
    characterized in that
    modules (la, 1b, 1c, etc.) located adjacent to one another or on one another are insulated reciprocally against the spreading of structure-borne sound by intermediate layers (50) of sound-insulating plasticized resilient material such as neoprene rubber.
14. Building according to one or more of claims 1 through 13,
    characterized in that
    a stairway (8) assemblable from prefabricated elements is placeable in front of it and that it is coverable with a roof (9).

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