EP0633100B1 - Werkzeug zum Messen eines Drehmoments, wie z.b. ein elektronischer Drehmomentschlüssel - Google Patents

Werkzeug zum Messen eines Drehmoments, wie z.b. ein elektronischer Drehmomentschlüssel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0633100B1
EP0633100B1 EP94401544A EP94401544A EP0633100B1 EP 0633100 B1 EP0633100 B1 EP 0633100B1 EP 94401544 A EP94401544 A EP 94401544A EP 94401544 A EP94401544 A EP 94401544A EP 0633100 B1 EP0633100 B1 EP 0633100B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
measuring
handle
stresses
tool according
bending
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP94401544A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0633100A1 (de
Inventor
Gérard Brihier
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Facom SA
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Facom SA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
    • B25B23/00—Details of, or accessories for, spanners, wrenches, screwdrivers
    • B25B23/14—Arrangement of torque limiters or torque indicators in wrenches or screwdrivers
    • B25B23/142—Arrangement of torque limiters or torque indicators in wrenches or screwdrivers specially adapted for hand operated wrenches or screwdrivers
    • B25B23/1422—Arrangement of torque limiters or torque indicators in wrenches or screwdrivers specially adapted for hand operated wrenches or screwdrivers torque indicators or adjustable torque limiters
    • B25B23/1425—Arrangement of torque limiters or torque indicators in wrenches or screwdrivers specially adapted for hand operated wrenches or screwdrivers torque indicators or adjustable torque limiters by electrical means

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a tool for measuring a torque such as for example an electronic torque wrench, making it possible to know the value of the torque exerted on a tightening member (nut, screw, bolt or the like) actuated in rotation by means of this key, and therefore to check the tightening ensured by this key, cf. for example US-A-4,006,629.
  • a tightening member nut, screw, bolt or the like
  • torque wrench torque wrench
  • the version generally considered to be the simplest torque wrench 1 using resistive extensometers and electronic signal processing shown in Fig. 1 includes a control head (of a variable model) for the part to be screwed, a flexible part 4 (handle) equipped with an extensometer (M) and used to measure the force F applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the handle 4, and a manual handle 3 used to apply the force F at a variable point P.
  • the geometries and the embodiments of these different parts can, of course, be very variable.
  • the control head of the workpiece can, for example, include an open-end wrench or a square 5 for socket driving, or a "universal" adapter.
  • Equation (5) shows that the value obtained does not exactly correspond to that of the torque applied to the workpiece unless the position of the point of application P of the control force F is constant. For practical applications, this imprecision limits the possibility of using this simple solution when looking for precise measurements. A number of embodiments have therefore been proposed for producing torque wrenches that do not have this defect.
  • a first embodiment described in particular in French patent 2,400,996, consists in placing the means for measuring the force physically or functionally concentric with the axis of the screw or nut tightened (loosened) by the key.
  • This device leads to an increase in the volume of the key at the level of its head, which poses accessibility problems in many case.
  • certain types of drive, especially open-end wrench are not compatible with this solution.
  • a third embodiment described in US Pat. No. 4,006,629, consists in providing two independent measuring devices located at distances D1 and D2 different from the axis of the head of the key.
  • the ratio of the values measured by the two devices is influenced by the position of the point of application of the force and allows by the same to determine this position. Once this is known, the exact ratio between the measured value and the torque can be determined and this can therefore be calculated exactly.
  • the simple addition of the measured values M1 and M2 with suitable coefficients allows the global resolution, and therefore dispenses with carrying out explicit calculation operations. Due to the very principle of this device, the overall signal provided by the elongation sensors has a value much lower than the signal corresponding to a simple bending, and is therefore more sensitive to disturbances.
  • a fourth embodiment described inter alia in French patent 2,538,741, consists in mechanically coupling the metal part, the measurement of which is measured. deformation and the handle of the key, so that only the forces corresponding to the transmission of a torque are transmitted to the part used for force measurement.
  • this type of solution uses mechanical devices of the joint type, which, due to the imperfections inherent in this function, leads to a limitation of the possible precision.
  • the object of the present invention is a device for overcoming errors due to the position of the point of application of the control force, designed in such a way that it causes little or no substantial increase in the cost price of the key.
  • the tool for measuring a torque for example a tightening torque, such as an electronic torque wrench targeted by the invention is of the type comprising a tightening head of a screw-in member, a manual control handle, a handle deformable and sensitive to bending connecting the handle to the tightening head, as well as electronic means for measuring the deformation of the handle and for displaying the tightening torque determined from said deformation measurement characterized in that said means of measurement are suitable for measuring, independently or not, the stresses due respectively to shear and bending, and these means are made so that these stresses are in proportions such that the influence of the shear stresses compensates for an error caused by the setting in consideration of bending alone for the determination of the torque transmitted by the clamping head.
  • the handle may include an area whose main section is different from that of the rest of the handle and such that it can locally transform shear stresses, generated by the control force, into elongation-compression stresses parallel to the surface of the handle,
  • Figure 1 is a longitudinal elevational view of a known torque wrench.
  • Figure 2 is a longitudinal elevational view of a first embodiment of the electronic torque wrench according to the invention.
  • Figure 3 is a longitudinal elevational view of a second embodiment of the torque wrench according to the invention.
  • Figures 4 and 5 are graphs illustrating the variations respectively of the shear stresses and the bending stresses, on both sides of the area of the handle of the wrench according to Fig.3, whose section has been modified in accordance with the invention.
  • Figure 6 is a partial elevational view of a third embodiment of the key according to the invention.
  • Figure 7 is a top view of the key handle of Fig.6.
  • Figure 8 is a partial side elevation view of a fourth embodiment of the key according to the invention.
  • the torque wrench 1 shown in Fig.1 known per se, has a suitable clamping axis 5, for example square section as shown, or rectangular or hexagonal ...
  • the extensometer M can be connected, in a manner known in itself and not shown, to an electronic circuit for measuring and displaying the tightening torque exerted by the axis 5.
  • equation (6) By bringing equation (6) closer to equations (2) and (3) we note the analogy between the second term on the right of equation (6) and equation (2), but also that existing between equation (3) and the first term of equation (6). Indeed in these last two cases the value depends, with constant constants, only on that of the force F.
  • the measurement of the bending stresses is carried out in a conventional manner using resistive extensometers bonded to the appropriate faces of the bar.
  • the measurement of the shear stresses can be carried out by the conventional methods for this type of measurement, for example by means of extensometers glued on the lateral faces of the bar.
  • this solution leads to costs close to those of known solutions, which limits the practical interest of this solution to specific cases.
  • the signal from the extensometers measuring the shear may then be too weak to be combined directly (according to equation (6)) with the signal from the extensometers providing the information of bending, and it would then be necessary to attenuate this latter signal, which would be detrimental to the quality of the measurements.
  • the solution proposed according to the invention consists in varying the section of the flexible part (4) at the level of the measurement system (M), in order to locally transform the shear stresses into elongation / compression stresses parallel to the surface. It is then easy to measure these stresses using conventional resistive extensometers.
  • the stresses thus created are superimposed on those due to bending.
  • By measuring the bending stresses separately in an area of regular section it is possible to isolate by calculation the value of the stresses due to shear.
  • Another more efficient possibility, to measure the bending consists in adding (or subtracting according to the signs of origin) the values obtained in two zones where the shear and bending stresses are respectively of the same value, but where their relative sign is in one zone the reverse of what it is in the other zone.
  • the operator can therefore easily avoid exceeding the nominal value of the torque.
  • a first favorable solution consists in providing in the handle 4 a recess of preferably constant section, and of main axis perpendicular both to the longitudinal axis of the handle 4 and to the axis of application of the control force.
  • the handle 7, of rectangular periphery comprises a parallelepipedic bore 8, the axis XX of which is at the distance D from l geometric axis of clamping of the profile 5 and at a distance L1 from the point of application P of the control force F.
  • the main axis XX of the recess 8 is perpendicular both to the axis of application of the force F and at the longitudinal axis YY of the bar or handle 7.
  • the measuring means M resistive extensometers
  • the measuring means M are bonded to one of the faces of the handle 7 at a suitable location so as to cover an area situated substantially at right angles to the recess 8, close to the end of this recess and which may or may not cover the area in which the section of the handle 4 is full.
  • Fig.3 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the key 6 in which the recess in the handle 7 is constituted by a cylindrical bore 9 suitably dimensioned.
  • the recess in the handle 7 is constituted by a cylindrical bore 9 suitably dimensioned.
  • many other geometries of the recess are possible.
  • the third embodiment of the torque wrench illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, comprises a handle 11 whose zone 16 of section different from that of the rest of the handle consists of at least two parallel bars 12 each comprising an intermediate part 13 of constant cross section and thickness E, and two opposite end parts 14. The latter have an increasing cross section from part 13 to the junction with the contiguous part of the handle 11.
  • the measuring means M are glued to the one of the terminal parts 14.
  • each bar 12 is such that over the part 13 of its length, the ratio between the stresses due to the section and those due to shear is approximately constant. Such a characteristic limits the precision required for the positioning of the extensometers M.
  • the thickness E of each part 13 intervenes in a substantially proportional manner for the stresses due to bending, and to the power 2 for those due to shearing.
  • the width of the bar intervenes proportionally in both cases.
  • the simplified explanation of the operation is as follows: in the zone 13 considered, the inertia of the bar 12 is constant, which leads to an approximately constant sensitivity for the bending stresses. For the shear stresses, the considered portion of the bar 12 constitutes an isoflexion beam.
  • the external dimensions of the flexible element (4; 7; 11; 19) in the region of the recess (8, 9 ...) and those of said recess make it possible to independently define the values of the stresses due to shearing and those due to bending.
  • the distance from the right of the axis of the recess makes it possible, for a given bar and recess geometry, to define a bonding area of the extensometer such as the average of the longitudinal surface stresses in this zone corresponds to the distribution (coefficients Sc and Sf) described above. For a given geometry this zone may not exist, and it is therefore essential to choose a suitable geometry.
  • the fourth embodiment of the key shown in Fig.8 includes a bar or flexible handle 19 whose main section has not been modified, unlike the embodiments previously described.
  • This key is equipped with a measuring means consisting of the association of two elementary members corresponding respectively to a separate measurement of the shear forces due to the control force, and a measurement of the bending forces due to the control force. This can be achieved, for example, by combining two pairs of gauges in the same measurement bridge, each pair constituting an elementary "sensor".
  • the bending and shear measuring devices do not have a total insensitivity to the other parameter, the correction of their reciprocal relationships makes it possible to correct this error by means of additional resistances for example. It suffices that, in the final signal, the elementary components (bending, shear), are in the correct ratio.
  • the measuring devices glued to the faces of the bar 19 are sensitive to the stresses due to bending and to those due to shear, in proportions such that the influence of the shear stresses compensates for the error caused by the consideration of bending alone, for calculating the torque transmitted by the tightening device.
  • a torque wrench intended for measuring a maximum torque of 250 Nm having a length of 400 mm between the axis of the head 2 and the point of application P of the control force F, and using a deformable element ( 4, 7 7), the elastic limit of which has been set at 500 N / mm2.
  • the measuring element is located 40 mm from the axis of the head 2 and the width of the bar is fixed (arbitrarily) to 10 mm and the length of the recess to 20 mm. Since the global solution is not unique, these values correspond to a choice made according to criteria not depending solely on the subject of the invention itself.
  • the criteria for respecting the elastic limit lead to taking the maximum value of the stress due to bending as 9/11 of the elastic limit, that is to say 409 N / mm2 and for maximum value of the stress due to shearing, the 2 / 11ths of the elastic limit is 91 N / mm2.
  • the shear stress is 45.5 n / mm2.
  • the measuring device (M) described above as consisting of a single strain sensor can of course be made up of several sensors mounted in a half-bridge or in a full bridge. Multiple bridge structures can be produced while remaining within the scope of the invention.
  • the different extensometers can be placed at identical stress points (side by side for example) at symmetrical stress points (opposite faces of the bar for example), or at stress value points different. In the latter case, it is the functional sum of the measured stresses which must meet the placement criterion defined by the single extensometer.
  • the arrangement of the extensometer (s) must follow all the usual rules known to those skilled in the art, and can use the specific arrangements, also known. , in order to obtain an advantageous operation (insensitivity to unwanted twisting for example).
  • the recesses such as 8 and 9 preferably have a regular section for reasons of ease of manufacture. But this section may also not be regular, while remaining within the scope of the invention. It is also possible to make several recesses instead of just one.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)

Claims (18)

  1. Vorrichtung zur Messung eines Drehmoments, zum Beispiel eines Anzugsdrehmoments, wie ein elektronischer Drehmomentschlüssel (6), umfassend einen Kopf (2) zum Anziehen eines festzuschraubenden Teils, einen Handgriff (3) zur Betätigung, einen verformbaren und biegeempfindlichen Stiel (7; 11), der den Griff mit dem Kopf verbindet, sowie elektronische Mittel (M) zur Messung der Verformung des Stiels und zur Anzeige des anhand dieser Verformungsmessung bestimmten Drehmoments, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mittel (M) dafür angepaßt sind, unabhängig oder nicht die jeweils durch die Scherung und die Biegung hervorgerufenen Spannungen zu messen, und diese Mittel so verwirklicht sind, daß diese Spannungen in solchen Verhältnissen vorliegen, daß der Einfluß der Scherspannungen einen Fehler ausgleicht, der verursacht wird, wenn zur Bestimmung des durch den Kopf übertragenen Drehmoments nur die Biegung berücksichtigt wird.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Stiel eine Zone aufweist, deren Hauptquerschnitt von dem des restlichen Stiels abweicht und die so beschaffen ist, daß sie die von der Betätigungskraft (F) erzeugten Scherspannungen lokal in zur Oberfläche des Stiels parallele Dehnungs-Druckspannungen umwandeln kann.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zone mit dem Hauptquerschnitt, der von dem des restlichen Stiels (7) abweicht, mindestens eine querlaufende Aussparung (8; 9) mit einem vorzugsweise regelmäßigen Querschnitt aufweist, deren Achse (XX) senkrecht zur Achse des Stiels (4) und zur Betätigungs- (F) oder Rückwirkungskraft ist.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Querschnitt der Aussparung regelmäßig ist, zum Beispiel quadratisch (8), kreisrund (9) oder rechteckig.
  5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, bei der die Aussparung (9) zylindrisch ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich die Achse dieser Aussparung in der Hauptebene des verformbaren Stiels befindet, welche durch die Längsachse des Schlüssels und durch die Achse des festzuschraubenden Teils definiert ist, um zwei identische Verformungszonen auf beiden Seiten der Aussparung zu schaffen.
  6. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Stiel (7; 11; 15) und die Aussparung (8, 9...) eine solche Form aufweisen, daß das Verhältnis zwischen den durch die Biegung hervorgerufenen Spannungen und jenen, die durch die Scherung hervorgerufen werden, auf einer bestimmten Länge des das Meßorgan (M) aufnehmenden Teils konstant oder ungefähr konstant ist, und daß dieses Meßorgan einen empfindlichen Teil umfaßt, der vorzugsweise eine über die Meßlänge konstante Empfindlichkeit besitzt.
  7. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens eines der spannungsempfindlichen Organe (M) der Meßmittel von mindestens zwei Teilen gebildet wird, von denen einige in Zonen angeordnet sind, wo das Spannungsverhältnis etwas über dem theoretischen Wert liegt, während die anderen Teile in Zonen angeordnet sind, wo das Verhältnis der Spannungen etwas unter dem theoretischen Wert liegt.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die verschiedenen Teile des oder der vorgenannten empfindlichen Organe mit Mitteln gestaltet oder verbunden sind, welche die stufenweise oder kontinuierliche Einstellung ihres reziproken Einflusses gestatten, um insgesamt ein Verhältnis zu erhalten, das genau dem gesuchten Wert entspricht.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die verschiedenen Teile der betreffenden empfindlichen Organe mit Mitteln gestaltet oder verbunden sind, welche die stufenweise oder kontinuierliche Einstellung ihres Gesamteinflusses gestatten, um eine Gesamtempfindlichkeit zu erhalten, die genau dem gesuchten Wert entspricht, wobei die Mittel mit den vorgenannten, zur Regelung des Verhältnisses bestimmten Mitteln vereinigt oder von diesen getrennt sein können.
  10. Vorrichtung nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 2 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Aussparung eine solche Geometrie aufweist, daß sie nach Befestigung der empfindlichen Organe der Meßmittel (M) mechanisch eingestellt werden kann, um den passenden Wert des Spannungsempfindlichkeitsverhältnisses zu erhalten, und die vorgesehenen Mittel zur mechanischen Einstellung so gestaltet sind, daß sie ohne Gefahr einer Beschädigung der empfindlichen Organe verwendet werden können.
  11. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mittel zur Regelung mit spezifischen Hilfsmitteln gestaltet oder verbunden sind, die dazu dienen, das Spannungsempfindlichkeitsverhältnis in Abhängigkeit von einer Veränderung der Geometrie des Organs zur Betätigung des festzuschraubenden Teils, wenn dieses Organ abnehmbar ist, und/oder von einem Wechsel eines Adapters zwischen diesem Betätigungsorgan und dem festzuschraubenden Teil einzustellen.
  12. Vorrichtung nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie Mittel aufweist, die es gestatten, die funktionelle Geometrie der Aussparung des Betätigungsorgans direkt oder indirekt durch Bewirken einer Veränderung ihres Einflusses zu verändern, um das Spannungsempfindlichkeitsverhältnis in Abhängigkeit von einer Veränderung der Geometrie des Organs zur Betätigung des festzuschraubenden Teils, wenn dieses Organ abnehmbar ist, und/oder von einem Wechsel des Adapters zwischen diesem Betätigungsorgan und dem festzuschraubenden Teil einzustellen.
  13. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zone mit dem abweichenden Querschnitt von mindestens zwei parallelen Stäben (12) gebildet wird, deren gegenüberliegende Enden (14) einen größeren Querschnitt aufweisen als der dazwischenliegende Stabteil (12) von konstantem Querschnitt, und die Mittel zur Messung (M) des Anzugsdrehmoments trägt.
  14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Enden (14) der Stäbe (12) ein konisches Profil aufweisen.
  15. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zone (16) mit dem abweichenden Querschnitt von einem mittleren Teil (17) mit einem größeren Querschnitt als der restliche Stiel und von zwei gegenüberliegenden Endteilen (18) gebildet wird, deren Querschnitt bis zur Verbindungsstelle mit den angrenzenden Teilen (15a) des Stiels (15) abnimmt, wobei einer dieser Endteile mit den Mitteln zur Messung (M) des Anzugsdrehmoments ausgestattet ist.
  16. Vorrichtung nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mittel zur Messung (M) des Anzugsdrehmoments einen einzigen Dehnungsaufnehmer (M) oder mehrere Dehnungsaufnehmer umfassen, die als Halbbrücke oder vollständige Brücke oder auch als mehrfache Brücken montiert sind.
  17. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der verformbare Stiel mit einem Meßmittel ausgestattet ist, das aus der Verbindung eines ersten Organs (21) zur Messung der durch die Betätigungskraft hervorgerufenen Scherkräfte und eines zweiten Organs (20) zur Messung der durch die Betätigungskraft hervorgerufenen Biegekräfte besteht (Fig. 8).
  18. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mittel zur Messung der Scherkräfte und der Biegekräfte zum Beispiel eine Dehnungsmeßbrücke (20), die zur Messung der Biegung auf den von der neutralen Achse entfernten Flächen des Stiels angeordnet ist, und eine Dehnungsmeßbrücke oder -halbbrücke (21) auf den Seitenflächen des Stiels zur Messung der Scherung umfassen.
EP94401544A 1993-07-09 1994-07-05 Werkzeug zum Messen eines Drehmoments, wie z.b. ein elektronischer Drehmomentschlüssel Expired - Lifetime EP0633100B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9308519 1993-07-09
FR9308519A FR2707395B1 (fr) 1993-07-09 1993-07-09 Outil de mesure d'un couple, tel qu'une clé dynamométrique électronique.

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EP0633100A1 EP0633100A1 (de) 1995-01-11
EP0633100B1 true EP0633100B1 (de) 1997-10-08

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US (1) US5503028A (de)
EP (1) EP0633100B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69406057T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2707395B1 (de)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69406057T2 (de) 1998-02-26
EP0633100A1 (de) 1995-01-11
DE69406057D1 (de) 1997-11-13
US5503028A (en) 1996-04-02
FR2707395B1 (fr) 1995-10-06
FR2707395A1 (fr) 1995-01-13

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