EP0631022A2 - Tridimensional element for building purposes and its manufacturing process - Google Patents

Tridimensional element for building purposes and its manufacturing process Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0631022A2
EP0631022A2 EP94106923A EP94106923A EP0631022A2 EP 0631022 A2 EP0631022 A2 EP 0631022A2 EP 94106923 A EP94106923 A EP 94106923A EP 94106923 A EP94106923 A EP 94106923A EP 0631022 A2 EP0631022 A2 EP 0631022A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ceiling
formwork
spatial
prefabricated
prefabricated concrete
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Granted
Application number
EP94106923A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0631022A3 (en
EP0631022B1 (en
Inventor
Karl Seitz
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication of EP0631022A3 publication Critical patent/EP0631022A3/en
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Publication of EP0631022B1 publication Critical patent/EP0631022B1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B23/00—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/348—Structures composed of units comprising at least considerable parts of two sides of a room, e.g. box-like or cell-like units closed or in skeleton form
    • E04B1/34815—Elements not integrated in a skeleton
    • E04B1/34823—Elements not integrated in a skeleton the supporting structure consisting of concrete

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a structure comprising at least one spatial body as a free-standing raw or prefabricated building cell and method for producing the spatial body.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a room body which can be easily manufactured with high precision, can be easily transported from the place of manufacture to the building site, and can also be easily assembled without a crane, and which makes up the most diverse single or multi-storey buildings can be created with a wide range of variations, such as B. hall installations and exhibition stands - should only be used for temporary purposes and should then be easy to dismantle and can be used again for other structures in a different design and which form waterproof outer ceilings with a long service life without difficulty.
  • the room body I is composed of two prefabricated components 1 and 2, which are preferably made of concrete.
  • the prefabricated concrete component 1 consists of a rectangular ceiling section 3 of length "1" and width "b1". At the outer corners on the underside of the ceiling section 3, aligned with the outer longitudinal side 4, there are two approximately vertical supports 5 and 6 of the same height h.
  • the prefabricated concrete component 2 in turn consists of a rectangular ceiling section 7 of length "1" and width "b2". At the outer corners on the underside of the ceiling section 7, aligned with the outer longitudinal side 8, there are also two approximately vertical supports 9 and 10 of the height "h”.
  • the lengths "1" of the ceiling sections 3 and 7 of the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 match, the widths "b1" and "b2" can be the same or different. Furthermore, the supports 5 and 6 of the prefabricated concrete component 1 and the supports 9 and 10 of the prefabricated concrete component 2 each have the same height "h”.
  • the upright two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 together form the free-standing spatial body I by supporting each other on their end faces along their inner longitudinal sides 11 and 12.
  • the assembled from the ceiling sections 3 and 7 two-part ceiling of the room body I is supported by the four supports 5, 6, 9 and 10. Drainage systems can be integrated into the top of the ceiling in various ways and connection means can be provided for a room body that is supported on the ceiling.
  • the ceiling can be adapted to the static conditions by means of transverse and longitudinal beams.
  • the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 of the spatial body according to the invention each form a rigid double-joint frame in the longitudinal direction along their long sides.
  • prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 of the spatial body I form a three-joint frame in the transverse direction.
  • the two opposite arrows in Fig. 1 b show the directions in which the two components 1 and 2 are placed together to form the three-joint frame in the transverse direction.
  • the three-joint frame can be converted into a rigid two-joint frame if the prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 are rigidly connected in the transverse direction. As a result, the horizontal forces in the joint area become smaller, and the steel requirement is also reduced.
  • a joint that is open at the top in the joint area of the two components 1 and 2 can be cast with concrete during assembly in order to achieve a positive connection between components 1 and 2.
  • a non-positive connection can also be made by a screw connection, so that the spatial bodies according to the invention can also be dismantled into the individual prefabricated concrete components. Whether a positive or non-positive connection is chosen depends on the particular circumstances.
  • FIG. 1c A non-positive connection is shown schematically in Fig. 1c.
  • screw connections are integrated into the beams of the spatial body according to the invention which run transversely between the supports.
  • Such a screw connection within a space left empty in the formwork in the joint area of two adjoining cross beams of the two prefabricated concrete components of the spatial body is indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 1c.
  • the recessed space is labeled "R”, which is accessible for assembly and disassembly from below and into which the threaded ends "B1" and “B2" of transverse reinforcing bars open, over which a threaded sleeve "M” engages can be tightened from below with a wrench to connect the reinforcing bars or their separation can be released.
  • connection is advantageously made in a common formwork before the production of the two prefabricated concrete components. This is followed by a separation in order to be able to stack and transport the two related components of a spatial body separately. Only at the construction site is there a renewed connection of the two jointly manufactured components to the functional room body I.
  • a plurality of spatial bodies I juxtaposed in the transverse and / or longitudinal direction form a plane which can be used for different purposes.
  • the supports of adjacent spatial bodies are connected to one another with tension members (the following FIGS. 4c and 4d).
  • Two supports of a prefabricated concrete component 1 or 2 can be connected to one another along the outer longitudinal side 4 by a vertical wall element 4 'indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 1 a.
  • the supports then form the lateral boundaries of a longitudinal one Wall section which can represent an outer or inner or intermediate wall section of a building constructed from a plurality of spatial bodies and which can also have openings in the form of windows or doors.
  • vertical wall elements 2' and 3 'indicated by dashed lines along at least one transverse side of the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 may be present, which are delimited on the outside by the supports 6 and 10 and on the inside with vertical abutting surfaces adjoin.
  • the two vertical wall elements 2 'and 3' form in the transverse direction an essentially closed vertical wall section which, like the longitudinal wall element 4 ', forms an outer or inner or intermediate wall section of a can represent building constructed from several spatial bodies.
  • Fig. 2 shows a plan view from below of another spatial body II according to the invention, which differs from the spatial body I according to Fig. 1 a and 1 b only in that the supports 5 'and 9' from one (right) outer corners of the Prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 each have the distance c.
  • Such an offset can e.g. B. for the construction of an underground car park from several such spaces may be advantageous to facilitate parking between the supports 5 'and 9' (Fig. 5 c below).
  • connection of two adjacent room bodies on supports by means of tension members can be easily dismantled again, so that the room bodies in the same or in one another arrangement for the same or different purposes can be rebuilt in other places.
  • the individual room bodies can temporarily be disassembled into their two prefabricated concrete components and then reassembled.
  • precast concrete elements 1 and 2 can each have a length of 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 meters and a width of 2 or 3 meters with a clear ceiling height of, for example, 280 cm.
  • the individual prefabricated concrete components can easily be manufactured in series in precision steel molds.
  • the invention is based on the idea that the two prefabricated concrete components of a spatial body are always manufactured together and are also stacked and transported together until assembly.
  • the optimal fit of the two prefabricated concrete components of a spatial body according to the invention can only be ensured by joint production in one formwork.
  • the joint production also ensures that the concrete properties at the joints of the prefabricated concrete parts of a room body are completely the same.
  • the same Water / cement factor, the same material temperature during manufacture and the same grain structure of the cement mass result in a match in the shrinkage and hardening of the two components of a spatial body according to the invention.
  • a formwork device which has a common formwork table for the two ceiling sections of the components.
  • a flat formwork sheet is inserted as a formwork separating element to subdivide the two adjacent ceiling elements of the construction site.
  • the formwork table is then poured onto the supports to form the two ceiling elements and for concreting the ceiling sections.
  • the formwork separating element with selected outer profile can be concreted on the abutting surface of the ceiling element of the one component, or such a low material thickness of e.g. B. 1.0 to 1.5 mm, that the material loss between the abutting surfaces of the adjacent ceiling elements of the two components after the removal of the formwork separating element is negligible.
  • 3 a and 3 b show partial cross sections through two adjoining ceiling sections 13, 14 and 15, 16, which have each been produced together in a formwork table, here the formwork separating element 17 and 18 with anchors 19 and 20 on the abutting surface of a ceiling section 13 or 15 is firmly connected, while the counter abutting surface on the other ceiling section abuts the outer surface of the formwork separating element.
  • the formwork separating element consists of a straight sheet metal strip, which is perpendicular to the plane of the ceiling elements.
  • the formwork separating element is advantageously curved in cross-section, which favors the mutual support of the prefabricated concrete components in the joint area of the ceiling elements. Since the ceiling elements 13, 14 and 15, 16 are each made together in a formwork table, it is ensured according to the invention that when using a formwork separating element, the abutting surfaces of the ceiling elements adjoin one another exactly flat and point and line contact are excluded.
  • a semicircular cross-section of the formwork separating element for the design of the end faces of the ceiling elements of two associated prefabricated concrete components offer the advantage that assembly tolerances are permissible when setting up a room structure.
  • the adjacent ceiling elements of the two components do not have to be exactly aligned horizontally when installing the room structure in order to ensure that the ceiling elements lie flat against their abutting surfaces.
  • a flat system is also ensured if the adjoining ceiling elements form a flat roof-shaped angle, which settles into a substantially horizontal position in accordance with the expected setting process of the two prefabricated concrete components.
  • the full-surface contact of the two ceiling sections of the spatial body, which are supported on their end faces is always maintained. Point and line-shaped contacts are advantageously avoided. This also applies if the formwork separating element after production the prefabricated concrete components are removed and do not remain on the abutting surface of one component.
  • the vertical wall sections 2 'and 3' which are adjacent to one another on the end face, along a transverse side of the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 can be produced in a common form of form, like the ceiling sections.
  • An optimal fit on the abutting surfaces of the two wall sections 2 'or 3' does not play the role here as in the abutting surfaces in the ceiling area.
  • FIG. 4a shows a spatial body I 'according to the invention made of two prefabricated concrete components 1' and 2 ', each with longitudinal and transverse beams U1 and U2, in a further embodiment.
  • the room body I ' differs from the room body I in Fig. 1b essentially in that the top of the ceiling D formed by the two prefabricated concrete components has a circumferential shoulder A on the outside.
  • two adjoining transverse or longitudinal shoulders of two adjacent spatial bodies form a longitudinally divided channel section which advantageously serves to accommodate a drainage channel.
  • the room body I ' is shown in section in Fig. 4b, each precast concrete element here having a central beam U3. To largely reduce the weight of a room body, the ceiling sections between the beams are largely thin.
  • Fig. 4c shows two adjacent spatial bodies I'a, I'b in broken form.
  • the adjoining supports 21 and 22 of the two spatial bodies I'a, I'b in the direction of the three-articulated frame are through a tension member 23 (bolt) connected to one another, which is inserted in aligned bores 32 and 33 in the supports 21 and 22, the bores being prefabricated when shelling.
  • FIG. 4d shows a tension member 23 'modified according to the invention with a thrust cone 23' 'which engages in prefabricated conical recesses 21' and 22 'in the supports 21 and 22 of the prefabricated concrete components I'a and I'b which are to be screwed together.
  • a shear and pressure-resistant connection is achieved by the thrust cone 23' ', the gap S of the prefabricated concrete components I'a and I'b being precisely fixable.
  • the ratios are advantageously chosen so that a gap width of approximately 20 mm is ensured with a fixed screw connection. With such a connection, shear forces acting on the prefabricated concrete components in the longitudinal direction of the gap are advantageously not transmitted to the tension member 23 'but to the shear cone 23' '.
  • the two opposite prefabricated concrete components of the room body I'a and I'b in FIG. 4b have recesses or shoulders 24, 25 of approximately the same size, which together form a concrete channel 26.
  • the vertical gap S between the two supports 21, 22 below the concrete channel 26 is sealed watertight by an inserted sealing tape 26 ′′.
  • the concrete channel serves to receive a drainage channel 26 'made of sheet metal or plastic.
  • the gutter is through a walk-in or passable Grid 31 covered to z. B. to be able to form a parking space in an underground car park.
  • a drainage system made up of interconnected gutters can thus be integrated.
  • the channels can also connect to vertical downpipes, as will be described below with reference to FIGS. 7 a, 7 b and 7 d.
  • FIG. 7 a shows a top view from below of four spatial bodies I 'c to I' f adjoining one another at outer corner points.
  • the adjoining four supports 33 to 36 form a central node for accommodating a vertical drain pipe 37.
  • the four supports 33 to 36 each have, in the example, semicircular recesses 38 to 41 on their outer edges, which together form a vertical round shaft K, in which the drain pipe 37 takes place, which is tightly connected to the gutter system in the ceiling formed by several spatial bodies.
  • the drain pipe can be connected to wet cells.
  • FIG. 7b shows the ceiling section according to FIG. 7a in a top view from above. 4c meet in the central node for receiving the drain pipe 37 shown in FIG. 7a.
  • the recesses or shoulders on the prefabricated concrete components for the formation of concrete channels are designed in such a way that they become a node run slightly inclined.
  • the ceiling surface of the prefabricated concrete components slightly slopes transversely outwards from their inner longitudinal sides. The inclination can be about 1%.
  • the idea underlying the drainage system in a ceiling formed from a plurality of spatial bodies according to the invention essentially consists in not closing all the joints in the ceiling level between adjacent spatial bodies, but rather leaving them open and in the form of gutters via which rainwater is discharged directly or via inserted drainage gutters becomes.
  • the invention is not limited to the channel design according to FIG. 4c. 7c shows a further channel design according to the invention.
  • the individual prefabricated concrete components each have a channel-like depression 66 near the top of the ceiling, which form a circumferential concrete channel in a spatial body composed of two prefabricated concrete components, as a result of which each spatial body has an integrated drainage system. With such a channel system, every room can be drained separately.
  • the encircling concrete channel can be used to hold a channel body made of sheet metal or plastic, or it can drain the water itself.
  • gutter connectors that are adapted to the profile of the concrete gutter can be provided at the butt joints of the two prefabricated concrete parts of the spatial body, or the opening of the gutters to the outside at the butt joints is blocked off by a concrete rib.
  • FIG. 7c shows parts of two adjoining spatial bodies I''a and I''b corresponding to FIG. 4c.
  • the gap S between adjacent supports of the two spatial bodies I''a and I''b is covered by a cover cap 67 which rest on the adjacent outer wall regions 68, 69 of the parallel sections of the concrete channels 66, 66.
  • the height of the upper ends of the outer wall areas are set back in relation to the ceiling surface of the room bodies I''a and I''b in such a way that a grating 70 that can be walked on or driven over, comparable to the grating 31 in FIG. 4c, has space above the cover cap 67 finds that rests on paragraphs 71 and 72 of the opposite prefabricated concrete components, with the top of the grating in the ceiling plane of the room body.
  • Fig. 7d shows comparable to Fig. 7a in plan view parts of four adjacent spatial bodies I''c, I''d, I''e and I''f with a vertical drain pipe 73 indicated by dashed lines in a central node of these four Spatial body.
  • the channel outer walls 78, 79, 80 and 81 have openings at the centrally opposite corners. In these openings engaging connection channel parts 82, 83, 84 and 85, which are integrally formed on a central cylindrical drain element 90, which is brought to the upper end of the drain pipe 73 for connection.
  • the ceiling sections of the prefabricated concrete components are either waterproof coated at the factory and / or designed as waterproof concrete slabs.
  • the ceilings with integrated drainage system which are formed by several bodies, can not only be designed as free-to-drive and walk-on areas, they are also suitable as a wing for planting.
  • the channels are covered with a protective filter.
  • Valves can be provided in the vertical downpipes or drainage pipes, by means of which the water retention required for the plants can be set.
  • the prefabricated concrete components for the construction of spatial bodies according to the invention can advantageously be equipped as standard with empty pipes, junction boxes and junction boxes for electrical lines, switches and sockets in order to be able to carry out an electrical installation in a simple manner.
  • the room bodies can be mounted in a chessboard-like manner at a distance in two directions that are perpendicular to each other.
  • the gaps are filled with suspended ceiling elements.
  • the ceiling elements are then e.g. on paragraphs, which also serve to form gutters according to FIG. 4b, or they are supported on additional beams.
  • the room bodies can also be installed in parallel rows, with the distance to the next row being bridged with suspended ceiling elements.
  • the ceiling elements can also rest on recesses for the gutters here.
  • the ceiling elements can be easily manufactured in any length. It is therefore possible to install the room elements in industrial halls in order to create levels there. Different length and width dimensions of the industrial halls can be easily compensated for by length-adapted ceiling elements which are suspended between the spatial body according to the invention.
  • Fig. 5 a shows e.g. an industrial hall with spaced bodies arranged in three rows 42, 43 and 44 and ceiling elements 45 and 46 suspended in between in two rows, only the three foremost room bodies and the foremost ceiling elements being shown in each case.
  • the ceiling elements 45 and 46 are shown in section in Fig. 5 a.
  • Fig. 5 b shows a broken view in view of the left connection of the front end of a ceiling element 45 'to the visible front support 46 of a prefabricated concrete component by means of a tension member 47, which aligns the pre-drilled holes in the support 46 and in a shoulder 48 on the ceiling element 45 penetrates.
  • the tension member 47 can be designed corresponding to the bolt 23 in Fig. 4c or Fig. 4d. Accordingly, the invisible rear end of the ceiling element is connected to the invisible rear support of the room body.
  • the ceiling element 45 rests with its left projection 49 on a prefabricated concrete component.
  • the not shown right end of the ceiling element is designed accordingly and connected in the same way to a prefabricated concrete component.
  • Fig. 5 c shows the view of an underground garage from two spaced rows 51 and 52 of room bodies II corresponding to Fig. 2 with a row of suspended ceiling elements 53, of which in turn only the two foremost room bodies and the foremost ceiling element are visible. 2, the middle lane is widened, and parking in the parking spaces located to the left and right of the lane is facilitated.
  • the ceiling element 53 is shown in section in FIG. 5c.
  • Fig. 5 d shows a schematic representation in the view of a three-span row house R1, R2, R3, each with two floors G1, G2.
  • the row house is made up of three by three superimposed structures.
  • the dismantling is of no importance here, the neighboring three-joint frame can be transferred in the transverse direction of the room body by an in-situ concrete supplement in closed floor frames.
  • the drainage channel between two adjacent room bodies (cf. FIG. 4c) is dimensioned so large that a continuous bar is formed after grouting with in-situ concrete.
  • FIG. 6 shows the arrangement of a parapet 54 on the left outer edge of a spatial body according to the invention, the offset attachment profile 55 of the parapet being connected to the shoulder 56 of the spatial body, which serves to accommodate a drainage channel according to FIG. 4c.
  • Fig. 8 shows the connection of a support 57 of an upper spatial body to a lower spatial body, the profile 58 of the support end on the upper body is adapted to the profile of paragraph 56 on the lower body. It is clear that the recess 56 can be designed such that the support end of the upper spatial body as a whole fits on the horizontal floor of the recess, and the support end of the upper spatial body need not have a special profile.
  • FIG. 9 shows a further spatial body III according to the invention consisting of two prefabricated concrete building elements 59, 60, the ceiling sections of which are excluded except for the longitudinal and transverse beams 61, 62 and 63, 64.
  • the cross beams 63, 64 support each other on the front end faces.
  • the room body III like the room bodies described above with the closed ceilings, forms a two-joint frame in the longitudinal direction and a three-joint frame in the transverse direction, the three-joint frame being able to be converted into a two-joint frame by positive or non-positive engagement, as in the previously described room bodies.
  • a scaffold-like room is suitable for the construction of glass houses and conservatories. They can be covered by glass roofs and glass domes of any design. With a square base of z. B. 6 x 6 m with a pyramidal glass construction z. B. pavilions that can be used with or without external walls for trade fairs, exhibitions, etc. It is clear that the scaffold-like room body III can also consist of two steel elements which are mutually supported on the projecting arms.
  • the prefabricated concrete components 59 and 60 are advantageously produced together in accordance with the prefabricated concrete components described above.
  • the invention is based on the basic idea of assembling a room body as a raw or prefabricated cell from two prefabricated components, each of which consists of a two-joint frame in the longitudinal direction and which form a three-joint frame in the transverse direction, which can be converted into a two-joint frame in a positive or non-positive manner, wherein preferably the two prefabricated concrete components of a spatial body according to the invention are manufactured together in a formwork form. If, on the other hand, the two prefabricated concrete components of a room body are not made in pairs but individually, they must be preassembled at a distance using screw connections on protruding reinforcing bars. The released longitudinal gap between two separately manufactured prefabricated concrete components is then poured with concrete.
  • FIG. 10 two formwork boxes 90a and 90b, which are of identical design and mirror-inverted, are shown in perspective, which are drawn in longitudinal section in FIG. 11 and in cross section in FIG. 12, and which are formed by a formwork separating element 91, comparable to the formwork separating elements in FIGS. 3a and 3b, are separated from one another between two jointly produced prefabricated concrete components.
  • the ends 92 '(93') and 94 '(95') of the reinforcing bars in the formwork boxes are provided with threaded sockets 96 (97) for connection. of which only the one (front) threaded sleeve 96 for connecting the reinforcing bars 92, 94 can be seen, while a further corresponding threaded sleeve 97, which is concealed, serves for connecting the reinforcing bars 93, 95.
  • the longitudinal lines 98, 99 and vertical lines 100, 101 and 102 still shown in FIG. 10 are additional reinforcements in the area of the transverse beams U2 of two prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2' (FIG. 4a) which are to be produced together.
  • the two formwork boxes 90a and 90b have filler neck 103 and 104 for connecting conventional hoses for filling in concrete.
  • the formwork boxes open on their undersides can be closed by cover 104.
  • the reinforcing bars 92, 93 and 94, 95 are firmly clamped to one another via the sleeves until they meet.
  • the formwork separating element 91 and the formwork boxes 90a and 90b are fixed in the formwork, not shown, before the concrete is introduced into the formwork to produce the ceilings of the prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2'.
  • the jointly produced prefabricated concrete parts 1 'and 2' are taken out of the formwork as a coherent spatial body after the concrete has hardened.
  • the prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2' separated from one another by the formwork separating element 91 can then be stacked separately from one another or transported to the construction site. There they are reconnected via sleeves 96 (97).
  • the formwork boxes 90a and 90b are then closed with lids and the interior of the formwork boxes is poured with concrete via the filler neck 103 and 104. This is advantageously done in such a way that, at a later point in time, the screwing of the sleeves for renewed dismantling of the prefabricated concrete components after removal of the ceiling 104 is possible from below.
  • the formwork separating element 91 in FIG. 10 advantageously has a window 105 through which trapezoidal shuttering membranes 106 and 107 reach, which are shown in longitudinal section in FIG. 13 a.
  • the shuttering membrane 106 is shown in the view, which lies in the opening of the window 105 of the formwork separating element 91 (not shown in any more detail) and is firmly connected to reinforcing bars 108 and 109 in the cross beam 42 of a prefabricated concrete component 2 '.
  • the corresponding trapezoidal shaped shuttering membrane 107 fits exactly into the shuttering membrane 106, as shown in FIG. 13a, and is firmly connected to the reinforcing bars 110 and 111 in the cross beam 42 of the other prefabricated concrete component 1 '.
  • the lost shuttering membranes 106 and 107 serve as a centering cone for the precise assembly of a fully functional spatial body from the prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2'.
  • the invention is not limited to the above statements in the spatial design of the room body from two prefabricated concrete components and for their manufacture with the possibilities for assembling and disassembling the room body.
  • the person skilled in the art is readily able to make changes to the designs which, however, are within the scope of the invention.

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Abstract

The invention discloses a free-standing carcass unit or system-built structural unit, as three-dimensional body for constructing single-storey or multiple-storey building structures from a multiplicity of such three-dimensional bodies, each three-dimensional body being made up to prefabricated compound elements which each form a two-hinged frame in the longitudinal direction and a three-hinged frame in the transverse direction. The three-hinged frame can be transferred into a two-hinged frame by positive or frictional locking. Advantageously, the two prefabricated compound elements are produced together from concrete in such a manner that, after their manufacture, they can be separated for transportation and/or for storage, can be connected once again on site for constructing the building structure, and can be separated once again for dismantling the building structure in order then, if appropriate, to be used in a corresponding manner for constructing another building structure. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Bauwerk aus wenigstens einem Raumkörper als frei stehende Roh- oder Fertigbauzelle und Verfahren zur Herstellung des Raumkörpers.The invention relates to a structure comprising at least one spatial body as a free-standing raw or prefabricated building cell and method for producing the spatial body.

Es sind aus Raumkörpern aufgebaute Bauwerke bekannt, die den Nachteil aufweisen, daß sie entweder nur mit großem Aufwand herstellbar und/oder transportierbar und/oder montierbar sind oder aber keine ausreichende Variationsvielfalt für zu errichtende Bauwerke der verschiedensten Art aufweisen, wie z. B. (ohne Vollständigkeit) Wohn-, und Bürogebäude, Parkdecks, Parkhäuser, Tiefgaragen, Messestände, Lagerhäuser, Halleneinbauten, Glashäuser, Wintergärten, Balkone. Die bekannten, aus mehreren Raumkörpern aufgebauten Bauwerke weisen vor allem den wesentlichen Nachteil auf, daß es eines erheblichen Aufwandes bedarf, eine von ihnen gebildete gemeinsame Außendecke, z. B. eine Parkgaragendecke, mit höherer Lebensdauer wasserdicht zu bekommen.There are known structures constructed from bodies that have the disadvantage that they can either be produced and / or transported and / or assembled only with great effort or that they do not have a sufficient variety for buildings of the most varied types, such as, for. B. (without completeness) residential and office buildings, parking decks, parking garages, underground garages, exhibition stands, warehouses, hall installations, glass houses, winter gardens, balconies. The known, built from several spatial structures have the main disadvantage that it requires considerable effort, a common outer ceiling formed by them, for. B. a parking garage ceiling to get waterproof with longer life.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen mit hoher Präzision einfach herstellbaren, ohne Schwierigkeiten vom Herstellungsort zum Bauplatz transportierbaren, auch ohne Kran einfach montierbaren Raumkörper anzugeben, aus dem sich die verschiedensten ein- oder mehrgeschossigen Bauwerke mit großer Variationsbreite erstellen lassen, die - wie z. B. Halleneinbauten und Messestände - auch nur zu vorübergehenden Zwecken genutzt werden und anschließend leicht demontierbar und erneut für andere Bauwerke auch in anderer Gestaltung erneut verwendbar sein sollen und die ohne Schwierigkeiten wasserdichte Außendecken mit hoher Lebensdauer bilden.The object of the invention is to provide a room body which can be easily manufactured with high precision, can be easily transported from the place of manufacture to the building site, and can also be easily assembled without a crane, and which makes up the most diverse single or multi-storey buildings can be created with a wide range of variations, such as B. hall installations and exhibition stands - should only be used for temporary purposes and should then be easy to dismantle and can be used again for other structures in a different design and which form waterproof outer ceilings with a long service life without difficulty.

Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Anspruches 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausbildungen und Weiterbildungen nach der Erfindung ergeben sich, ohne jede Beschränkung, aus den Merkmalen der Unteransprüche und/oder der nachstehenden Beschreibung für Ausführungsbeispiele, die anhand einer schematischen Zeichnung veranschaulicht sind. Hierin zeigt:

Figur 1a
einen erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper in der Draufsicht aus zwei Betonfertigbauteilen von unten;
Figur 1b
den Raumkörper nach Fig. 1 a in perspektivischer Ansicht;
Figur 1c
einen Teil eines erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers mit einer kraftschlüssigen Verbindung der Betonfertigbauteile;
Figur 2
einen weiteren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper in der Draufsicht aus zwei Betonfertigbauteilen von unten;
Figur 3a und 3b
vertikale Schnitte durch Stoßflächen zweier einen Raumkörper nach Fig. 1 und 2 bildenden Betonfertigbauteile in abgebrochener Darstellung,
Figur 4a
einen weiteren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper aus zwei Betonfertigbauteilen in perspektivischer Darstellung;
Figur 4b
einen Querschnitt durch den Raumkörper nach Fig. 4a;
Figur 4c
einen vertikalen Schnitt durch zwei aneinandergrenzende Raumkörper in abgebrochener Darstellung mit einem integrierten Entwässerungssystem;
Figur 4d
ein Zugglied zur Verbindung zweier benachbarter Stützen zweier Betonfertigbauteile;
Figur 5a
eine Seitenansicht mehrerer in einer Ebene angeordneter erfindungsgemäßer Raumkörper mit zwischen ihnen eingehängten Deckenelementen als Einbau in eine Industriehalle;
Figur 5b
eine Seitenansicht im Bereich der Auflage eines zwischen zwei erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpern eingehängten Deckenelements in abgebrochener Darstellung;
Figur 5c
eine Seitenansicht, z. B. einer Tiefgarage, aus mehreren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpern und zwischen ihnen eingehängten Deckenelementen;
Figur 5d
eine Seitenansicht eines zweietagigen Wohnhauses aus mehreren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpern;
Figur 6
eine Seitenansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers nach Fig. 1 in Verbindung mit einer Brüstung in abgebrochener Darstellung;
Figur 7a
eine Ansicht einer Knotenpunktstelle von vier aneinandergrenzender erfindungsgemäßer Raumkörpern in abgebrochener Darstellung von unten in Verbindung mit einer integrierten Entwässerung;
Figur 7b
eine Draufsicht auf eine von mehreren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpern gebildete Decke mit integrierter Entwässerung;
Figur 7c
eine integrierte Entwässerung in einer abgewandelten Ausführungsform;
Figur 7d
die integrierte Entwässerung in der Draufsicht auf eine Knotenpunktstelle von vier erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpern;
Figur 8
einen Vertikalschnitt durch zwei aufeinandergestellte erfindungsgemäße Raumkörper in abgebrochener Darstellung,
Figur 9
eine perspektivische Ansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers aus zwei gerüstartigen Fertigbauteilen; und
Figuren 10 bis 13
Einzelheiten zur Fertigung von kraftschlüssigen Verbindungen zwischen zwei Betonfertigbauteilen entsprechend Fig. 1c.
The object is achieved with the characterizing features of claim 1. Advantageous developments and further developments according to the invention result, without any limitation, from the features of the subclaims and / or the description below for exemplary embodiments, which are illustrated with the aid of a schematic drawing. Herein shows:
Figure 1a
a spatial body according to the invention in plan view from two prefabricated concrete components from below;
Figure 1b
the spatial body of Figure 1 a in a perspective view.
Figure 1c
a part of a spatial body according to the invention with a non-positive connection of the prefabricated concrete components;
Figure 2
a further spatial body according to the invention in plan view from two prefabricated concrete components from below;
Figure 3a and 3b
vertical sections through abutting surfaces of two prefabricated concrete components forming a spatial body according to FIGS. 1 and 2 in a broken-away representation,
Figure 4a
another spatial body according to the invention from two prefabricated concrete components in a perspective view;
Figure 4b
a cross section through the spatial body of FIG. 4a;
Figure 4c
a vertical section through two adjoining spatial bodies in broken form with an integrated drainage system;
Figure 4d
a tension member for connecting two adjacent columns of two prefabricated concrete components;
Figure 5a
a side view of several arranged according to the invention spatial body with ceiling elements suspended between them as an installation in an industrial hall;
Figure 5b
a side view in the area of the support of a suspended ceiling element between two spatial bodies according to the invention in a broken view;
Figure 5c
a side view, e.g. B. an underground car park, from several bodies according to the invention and ceiling elements suspended between them;
Figure 5d
a side view of a two-day apartment building from several spatial bodies according to the invention;
Figure 6
a side view of a spatial body according to the invention of Figure 1 in conjunction with a parapet in a broken view.
Figure 7a
a view of a junction of four adjacent spatial bodies according to the invention in a broken view from below in connection with an integrated drainage;
Figure 7b
a plan view of a ceiling formed by several spatial bodies according to the invention with integrated drainage;
Figure 7c
integrated drainage in a modified embodiment;
Figure 7d
the integrated drainage in plan view of a junction of four spatial bodies according to the invention;
Figure 8
3 shows a vertical section through two superimposed spatial bodies according to the invention in a broken view,
Figure 9
a perspective view of a spatial body according to the invention from two frame-like prefabricated components; and
Figures 10 to 13
Details on the production of positive connections between two prefabricated concrete components according to Fig. 1c.

Fig. 1 a und 1 b zeigen in einer Grundausführung einen erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper I in der Draufsicht von unten (Fig. 1 a) und in Perspektive (Fig. 1 b). Der Raumkörper I ist aus zwei Fertigbauteilen 1 und 2 zusammengesetzt, die vorzugsweise aus Beton bestehen. Das Betonfertigbauteil 1 besteht aus einem rechteckigen Deckenabschnitt 3 der Länge "1" und der Breite "b1". An den äußeren Ecken an der Unterseite des Deckenabschnittes 3, fluchtend mit der äußeren Längsseite 4, befinden sich zwei etwa senkrechte Stützen 5 und 6 gleicher Höhe h. Das Betonfertigbauteil 2 besteht seinerseits aus einem rechteckigen Deckenabschnitt 7 der Länge "1" und der Breite "b2". An den äußeren Ecken an der Unterseite des Deckenabschnittes 7, fluchtend mit der äußeren Längsseite 8, befinden sich ebenfalls zwei etwa senkrechte Stützen 9 und 10 der Höhe "h".1 a and 1 b show a basic embodiment of a spatial body I according to the invention in a top view from below (FIG. 1 a) and in perspective (FIG. 1 b). The room body I is composed of two prefabricated components 1 and 2, which are preferably made of concrete. The prefabricated concrete component 1 consists of a rectangular ceiling section 3 of length "1" and width "b1". At the outer corners on the underside of the ceiling section 3, aligned with the outer longitudinal side 4, there are two approximately vertical supports 5 and 6 of the same height h. The prefabricated concrete component 2 in turn consists of a rectangular ceiling section 7 of length "1" and width "b2". At the outer corners on the underside of the ceiling section 7, aligned with the outer longitudinal side 8, there are also two approximately vertical supports 9 and 10 of the height "h".

Die Längen "1" der Deckenabschnitte 3 und 7 der beiden Betonfertigbauteile 1 und 2 stimmen überein, die Breiten "b1" und "b2" können gleich oder unterschiedlich sein. Weiterhin weisen die Stützen 5 und 6 des Betonfertigbauteiles 1 und die Stützen 9 und 10 des Betonfertigbauteiles 2 jeweils die gleiche Höhe "h" auf.The lengths "1" of the ceiling sections 3 and 7 of the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 match, the widths "b1" and "b2" can be the same or different. Furthermore, the supports 5 and 6 of the prefabricated concrete component 1 and the supports 9 and 10 of the prefabricated concrete component 2 each have the same height "h".

Die aufrechtstehenden beiden Betonfertigbauteile 1 und 2 bilden gemeinsam den frei stehenden Raumkörper I, indem sie sich an ihren Stirnflächen entlang ihren inneren Längsseiten 11 und 12 gegenseitig aneinander abstützen. Die aus den Deckenabschnitten 3 und 7 zusammengesetzte zweigeteilte Decke des Raumkörpers I ist von den vier Stützen 5, 6, 9 und 10 getragen. In die Oberseite der Decke lassen sich auf verschiedene Weise Entwässerungssysteme integrieren und Anschlußmittel für einen Raumkörper vorsehen, der sich auf der Decke abstützt. Durch quer- und längs verlaufende Unterzüge kann die Decke den statischen Gegebenheiten angepaßt werden.The upright two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 together form the free-standing spatial body I by supporting each other on their end faces along their inner longitudinal sides 11 and 12. The assembled from the ceiling sections 3 and 7 two-part ceiling of the room body I is supported by the four supports 5, 6, 9 and 10. Drainage systems can be integrated into the top of the ceiling in various ways and connection means can be provided for a room body that is supported on the ceiling. The ceiling can be adapted to the static conditions by means of transverse and longitudinal beams.

Statisch gesehen bilden die beiden Betonfertigbauteile 1 und 2 des erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers in Längsrichtung entlang ihren Längsseiten jeweils einen biegesteifen Zweigelenkrahmen. Hingegen bilden Betonfertigbauteile 1 und 2 des Raumkörpers I in Querrichtung einen Dreigelenkrahmen. Die beiden gegenläufigen Pfeile in Fig. 1 b zeigen die Richtungen, in denen die beiden Bauteile 1 und 2 aneinandergesetzt werden, um in Querrichtung den Dreigelenkrahmen zu bilden.Statically speaking, the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 of the spatial body according to the invention each form a rigid double-joint frame in the longitudinal direction along their long sides. In contrast, prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 of the spatial body I form a three-joint frame in the transverse direction. The two opposite arrows in Fig. 1 b show the directions in which the two components 1 and 2 are placed together to form the three-joint frame in the transverse direction.

Der Dreigelenkrahmen läßt sich in einen biegesteifen Zweigelenkrahmen überführen, wenn die Betonfertigbauteile 1 und 2 in Querrichtung biegesteif verbunden werden. Hierdurch werden die Horizontalkräfte im Stoßbereich kleiner, außerdem reduziert sich der Stahlbedarf. Dabei kann eine oben offene Fuge im Stoßbereich der beiden Bauteile 1 und 2 bei der Montage mit Beton vergossen werden, um eine formschlüssige Verbindung zwischen den Bauteilen 1 und 2 zu erzielen. Vorteilhafterweise kann aber auch eine kraftschlüssige Verbindung durch eine Verschraubung vorgenommen werden, so daß die erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper auch wieder in die einzelnen Betonfertigbauteile zerlegbar sind. Ob eine form- oder eine kraftschlüssige Verbindung gewählt wird, hängt von den jeweiligen Gegebenheiten ab.The three-joint frame can be converted into a rigid two-joint frame if the prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 are rigidly connected in the transverse direction. As a result, the horizontal forces in the joint area become smaller, and the steel requirement is also reduced. A joint that is open at the top in the joint area of the two components 1 and 2 can be cast with concrete during assembly in order to achieve a positive connection between components 1 and 2. Advantageously, however, a non-positive connection can also be made by a screw connection, so that the spatial bodies according to the invention can also be dismantled into the individual prefabricated concrete components. Whether a positive or non-positive connection is chosen depends on the particular circumstances.

Eine kraftschlüssige Verbindung ist schematisch in Fig. 1c gezeigt. Hier sind Schraubverbindungen in die zwischen den Stützen querverlaufenden Unterzüge des erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers integriert. Eine solche Schraubverbindung innerhalb eines bei der Schalung ausgesparten Raumes im Stoßbereich zweier aneinandergrenzender Querunterzüge der beiden Betonfertigbauteile des Raumkörpers ist in Fig. 1c gestrichelt angedeutet. Hier ist der ausgesparte Raum mit "R" bezeichnet, der zur Montage und Demontage von unten zugänglich ist und in den die mit Gewinden versehenen Enden "B1" und "B2" von querverlaufenden Bewehrungseisen münden, über die eine Gewindemuffe "M" greift, die von unten mit einem Schraubenschlüssel zur Verbindung der Bewehrungseisen angezogen bzw. ihrer Trennung gelöst werden kann. Die Verbindung erfolgt vorteilhafterweise vor der Herstellung der beiden Betonfertigbauteile in einer gemeinsamen Schalung. Anschließend erfolgt eine Trennung, um die beiden zueinander gehörigen Bauteile eines Raumkörpers getrennt stapeln und transportieren zu können. Erst an der Baustelle erfolgt dann eine erneute Verbindung der beiden gemeinsam hergestellten Bauteile zu dem funktionsfähigen Raumkörper I.A non-positive connection is shown schematically in Fig. 1c. Here, screw connections are integrated into the beams of the spatial body according to the invention which run transversely between the supports. Such a screw connection within a space left empty in the formwork in the joint area of two adjoining cross beams of the two prefabricated concrete components of the spatial body is indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 1c. Here the recessed space is labeled "R", which is accessible for assembly and disassembly from below and into which the threaded ends "B1" and "B2" of transverse reinforcing bars open, over which a threaded sleeve "M" engages can be tightened from below with a wrench to connect the reinforcing bars or their separation can be released. The connection is advantageously made in a common formwork before the production of the two prefabricated concrete components. This is followed by a separation in order to be able to stack and transport the two related components of a spatial body separately. Only at the construction site is there a renewed connection of the two jointly manufactured components to the functional room body I.

Mehrere in Quer- und/oder Längsrichtung aneinandergestellte Raumkörper I bilden eine Ebene, die für unterschiedliche Zwecke verwendet werden kann. Dabei sind die Stützen benachbarter Raumkörper mit Zuggliedern untereinander verbunden (nachstehende Fig. 4c und 4d).A plurality of spatial bodies I juxtaposed in the transverse and / or longitudinal direction form a plane which can be used for different purposes. The supports of adjacent spatial bodies are connected to one another with tension members (the following FIGS. 4c and 4d).

Zwei Stützen eines Betonfertigbauteiles 1 oder 2 können durch ein in Fig. 1 a gestrichelt angedeutetes senkrechtes Wandelement 4' entlang der äußeren Längsseite 4 miteinander verbunden sein. Die Stützen bilden dann die seitlichen Begrenzungen eines in Längsrichtung verlaufenden Wandabschnittes, der einen Außen- oder Innen- bzw. Zwischenwandabschnitt eines aus mehreren Raumkörpern aufgebauten Gebäudes darstellen kann und der auch Durchbrechungen in der Gestalt von Fenstern oder Türen aufweisen kann.Two supports of a prefabricated concrete component 1 or 2 can be connected to one another along the outer longitudinal side 4 by a vertical wall element 4 'indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 1 a. The supports then form the lateral boundaries of a longitudinal one Wall section which can represent an outer or inner or intermediate wall section of a building constructed from a plurality of spatial bodies and which can also have openings in the form of windows or doors.

Zusätzlich zu dem senkrechten Wandelement 4' oder allein können wenigstens entlang einer Querseite der beiden Betonfertigbauteile 1 und 2 gestrichelt angedeutete, senkrechte Wandelemente 2' und 3' vorhanden sein, die außenseitig von den Stützen 6 bzw. 10 begrenzt sind und die innenseitig mit senkrechten Stoßflächen aneinandergrenzen. Bei dem aus den beiden Betonfertigbauteilen 1 und 2 zusammengesetzten Raumkörper bilden die beiden senkrechten Wandelemente 2' und 3' in Querrichtung einen im wesentlichen geschlossenen senkrechten Wandabschnitt, der entsprechend wie das in Längsrichtung verlaufende Wandelement 4' einen Außen- oder Innen- bzw. Zwischenwandabschnitt eines aus mehreren Raumkörpern I aufgebauten Gebäudes darstellen kann.In addition to the vertical wall element 4 'or alone, vertical wall elements 2' and 3 'indicated by dashed lines along at least one transverse side of the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 may be present, which are delimited on the outside by the supports 6 and 10 and on the inside with vertical abutting surfaces adjoin. In the case of the spatial body composed of the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2, the two vertical wall elements 2 'and 3' form in the transverse direction an essentially closed vertical wall section which, like the longitudinal wall element 4 ', forms an outer or inner or intermediate wall section of a can represent building constructed from several spatial bodies.

Fig. 2 zeigt in der Draufsicht von unten einen weiteren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper II, der sich von dem Raumkörper I nach Fig. 1 a und 1 b lediglich dadurch unterscheidet, daß die Stützen 5' und 9' von den einen (rechten) äußeren Ecken der Betonfertigbauteile 1 und 2 jeweils den Abstand c aufweisen. Ein solcher Versatz kann z. B. zum Bau einer Tiefgarage aus mehreren solcher Raumkörper von Vorteil sein, um das Einparken zwischen den Stützen 5' und 9' zu erleichtern (nachstehende Fig. 5 c).Fig. 2 shows a plan view from below of another spatial body II according to the invention, which differs from the spatial body I according to Fig. 1 a and 1 b only in that the supports 5 'and 9' from one (right) outer corners of the Prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 each have the distance c. Such an offset can e.g. B. for the construction of an underground car park from several such spaces may be advantageous to facilitate parking between the supports 5 'and 9' (Fig. 5 c below).

Die Verbindung zweier benachbarter Raumkörper an Stützen mittels Zuggliedern lassen sich leicht wieder demontieren, so daß die Raumkörper in der gleichen oder in einer anderen Anordnung zu gleichen oder anderen Zwecken an anderen Orten wieder aufgebaut werden können. Dabei können die einzelnen Raumkörper vorübergehend jeweils auch in ihre beiden Betonfertigbauteile zerlegt und anschließend wieder zusammengesetzt werden.The connection of two adjacent room bodies on supports by means of tension members can be easily dismantled again, so that the room bodies in the same or in one another arrangement for the same or different purposes can be rebuilt in other places. The individual room bodies can temporarily be disassembled into their two prefabricated concrete components and then reassembled.

Der Transport von Betonfertigbauteilen 1 und 2 auf LKWs bereitet keinerlei Schwierigkeiten, wenn ihre Abmessungen den jeweiligen Transportmöglichkeiten der LKWs angepaßt sind. Hierzu können die Betonfertigbautele 1 und 2 beispielsweise jeweils eine Länge von 5, 6, 7, 8 oder 9 Metern und eine Breite von 2 oder 3 Metern bei einer lichten Raumhöhe von beispielsweise 280 cm aufweisen. Die Grundfläche eines Raumkörpers aus zwei Betonfertigbauteilen von jeweils 3 mal 9 Metern beträgt dann 6 x 9 = 54,0 m². Bei Betonfertigbauteilen in den vorstehend gewählten Abmessungen ergeben sich eine Vielzahl von Variationsmöglichkeiten zum Aufbau von Raumkörpern unterschiedlicher Größe. Die Erfindung ist auf derartige Abmessungen jedoch nicht beschränkt.The transportation of prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 on trucks does not pose any difficulties if their dimensions are adapted to the respective transportation options of the trucks. For this purpose, the precast concrete elements 1 and 2 can each have a length of 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 meters and a width of 2 or 3 meters with a clear ceiling height of, for example, 280 cm. The base area of a room made of two precast concrete elements, each 3 x 9 meters, is 6 x 9 = 54.0 m². With precast concrete components in the dimensions selected above, there are a multitude of possible variations for the construction of spatial structures of different sizes. However, the invention is not limited to such dimensions.

Die einzelnen Betonfertigbauteile lassen sich leicht serienförmig in Präzisionsstahlformen herstellen.The individual prefabricated concrete components can easily be manufactured in series in precision steel molds.

Dabei geht die Erfindung von dem Gedanken aus, daß die beiden Betonfertigbauteile eines Raumkörpers immer gemeinsam hergestellt werden und bis zur Montage auch gemeinsam gestapelt und transportiert werden. Nur durch die gemeinsame Herstellung in einer Schalung kann die optimale Passform der beiden Betonfertigbauteile eines erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers sichergestellt werden. Die gemeinsame Herstellung gewährleistet auch, daß die Betonbeschaffenheit an den Stoßstellen der Betonfertigbauteile eines Raumkörpers vollkommen gleich sind. Der gleiche Wasser/Zementfaktor, die gleiche Materialtemperatur bei der Fertigung und der gleiche Kornaufbau der Zementmasse ergeben eine Übereinstimmung im Schwinden und Aushärten der beiden Bauteile eines erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers.The invention is based on the idea that the two prefabricated concrete components of a spatial body are always manufactured together and are also stacked and transported together until assembly. The optimal fit of the two prefabricated concrete components of a spatial body according to the invention can only be ensured by joint production in one formwork. The joint production also ensures that the concrete properties at the joints of the prefabricated concrete parts of a room body are completely the same. The same Water / cement factor, the same material temperature during manufacture and the same grain structure of the cement mass result in a match in the shrinkage and hardening of the two components of a spatial body according to the invention.

Um zwei Betonfertigbauteile für einen erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper herzustellen, werden vier vorgefertigte Stützen in eine Schalungseinrichtung eingesetzt, die einen gemeinsamen Schaltisch für die beiden Deckenabschnitte der Bauteile aufweist. In den Schaltisch wird ein flaches Schalungsblech als Schalungstrennelement zur Unterteilung der beiden aneinandergrenzenden Deckenelemente der Bautelle eingelegt. Anschließend wird der Schaltisch zur Formung der beiden Deckenelemente und zum Ausbetonieren der Deckenabschnitte an die Stützen mit Beton ausgegossen. Dabei kann das Schalungstrennelement mit gewähltem Außenprofil an der Stoßfläche des Deckenelements des einen Bauteiles anbetoniert sein oder es kann eine derart geringe Materialstärke von z. B. 1,0 bis 1,5 mm aufweisen, daß der Materialverlust zwischen den Stoßflächen der aneinandergrenzenden Deckenelemente der beiden Bauteile nach der Entfernung des Schalungstrennelementes vernachlässigbar klein ist.In order to produce two prefabricated concrete components for a spatial body according to the invention, four prefabricated supports are used in a formwork device which has a common formwork table for the two ceiling sections of the components. In the formwork table, a flat formwork sheet is inserted as a formwork separating element to subdivide the two adjacent ceiling elements of the construction site. The formwork table is then poured onto the supports to form the two ceiling elements and for concreting the ceiling sections. The formwork separating element with selected outer profile can be concreted on the abutting surface of the ceiling element of the one component, or such a low material thickness of e.g. B. 1.0 to 1.5 mm, that the material loss between the abutting surfaces of the adjacent ceiling elements of the two components after the removal of the formwork separating element is negligible.

Fig. 3 a und Fig. 3 b zeigen Teilquerschnitte durch zwei aneinandergrenzende Deckenabschnitte 13, 14 und 15, 16, die jeweils gemeinsam in einem Schaltisch hergestellt worden sind, wobei hier das Schalungstrennelement 17 bzw. 18 mit Ankern 19 bzw. 20 an der Stoßfläche des einen Deckenabschnittes 13 bzw. 15 fest angeschlossen ist, während die Gegenstoßfläche am anderen Deckenabschnitt stirnseitig an der Außenfläche des Schalungstrennelements anliegt.3 a and 3 b show partial cross sections through two adjoining ceiling sections 13, 14 and 15, 16, which have each been produced together in a formwork table, here the formwork separating element 17 and 18 with anchors 19 and 20 on the abutting surface of a ceiling section 13 or 15 is firmly connected, while the counter abutting surface on the other ceiling section abuts the outer surface of the formwork separating element.

Nach Fig. 3 a besteht das Schalungstrennelement aus einem geraden Blechstreifen, der senkrecht zur Ebene der Deckenelemente liegt. Nach Fig. 3 b ist das Schalungstrennelement im Querschnitt vorteilhafterweise gewölbt ausgebildet, wodurch die gegenseitige Abstützung der Betonfertigbauteile im Stoßbereich der Deckenelemente begünstigt wird. Da die Deckenelemente 13, 14 und 15, 16 jeweils gemeinsam in einem Schaltisch gefertigt sind, ist erfindungsgemäß sichergestellt, daß die Deckenelemente bei Einsatz eines Schalungstrennelementes mit ihren Stoßflächen genau flächig aneinandergrenzen und Punkt- und - Linienberührungen ausgeschlossen sind.According to Fig. 3 a, the formwork separating element consists of a straight sheet metal strip, which is perpendicular to the plane of the ceiling elements. According to FIG. 3 b, the formwork separating element is advantageously curved in cross-section, which favors the mutual support of the prefabricated concrete components in the joint area of the ceiling elements. Since the ceiling elements 13, 14 and 15, 16 are each made together in a formwork table, it is ensured according to the invention that when using a formwork separating element, the abutting surfaces of the ceiling elements adjoin one another exactly flat and point and line contact are excluded.

Ein halbkreisförmiger Querschnitt des Schalungstrennelementes zur Gestaltung der Stirnflächen der Deckenelemente zweier zusammengehöriger Betonfertigbauteile bieten den Vorteil, daß Montagetoleranzen beim Aufstellen eines Raumkörpers zulässig sind. So müssen die aneinanderliegenden Deckenelemente der beiden Bauteile bei der Montage des Raumkörpers nicht genau in der Horizontalen fluchten, um die flächige Anlage der Deckenelemente an ihren Stoßflächen sicherstellen zu können. Bei der Ausführung nach Fig. 3 b ist eine flächige Anlage auch dann sichergestellt, wenn die aneinandergrenzenden Deckenelemente einen flachen dachförmigen Winkel bilden, der sich entsprechend dem zu erwartenden Setzvorgang der beiden Betonfertigbauteile in eine im wesentlichen waagerechte Lage absetzt. Bei diesem Setzvorgang bleibt der vollflächige Kontakt der beiden sich an ihren Stirnflächen aneinander abstützenden Deckenabschnitte des Raumkörpers stets erhalten. Punkt- und linienförmige Berührungen werden dabei vorteilhafterweise vermieden. Das gilt auch dann, wenn das Schalungstrennelement nach der Fertigung der Betonfertigbauteile entfernt wird und nicht an der Stoßfläche des einen Bauteiles verbleibt.A semicircular cross-section of the formwork separating element for the design of the end faces of the ceiling elements of two associated prefabricated concrete components offer the advantage that assembly tolerances are permissible when setting up a room structure. For example, the adjacent ceiling elements of the two components do not have to be exactly aligned horizontally when installing the room structure in order to ensure that the ceiling elements lie flat against their abutting surfaces. In the embodiment according to FIG. 3 b, a flat system is also ensured if the adjoining ceiling elements form a flat roof-shaped angle, which settles into a substantially horizontal position in accordance with the expected setting process of the two prefabricated concrete components. During this setting process, the full-surface contact of the two ceiling sections of the spatial body, which are supported on their end faces, is always maintained. Point and line-shaped contacts are advantageously avoided. This also applies if the formwork separating element after production the prefabricated concrete components are removed and do not remain on the abutting surface of one component.

Die stirnflächig aneinandergrenzenden senkrechten Wandabschnitte 2' und 3' entlang einer Querseite der beiden Betonfertigbauteile 1 und 2 können entsprechend wie die Deckenabschnitte in einer gemeinsamen Schalform hergestellt sein. Eine optimale Paßform an den Stoßflächen der beiden Wandabschnitte 2' oder 3' spielt hier nicht die Rolle wie bei den Stoßflächen im Deckenbereich.The vertical wall sections 2 'and 3', which are adjacent to one another on the end face, along a transverse side of the two prefabricated concrete components 1 and 2 can be produced in a common form of form, like the ceiling sections. An optimal fit on the abutting surfaces of the two wall sections 2 'or 3' does not play the role here as in the abutting surfaces in the ceiling area.

Fig. 4a zeigt einen erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper I' aus zwei Betonfertigbauteilen 1' und 2', jeweils mit Längs- und Querunterzügen U1 und U2, in einer weiteren Ausführungsform,. Der Raumkörper I' unterscheidet sich von dem Raumkörper I in Fig. 1b im wesentlichen dadurch, daß die Oberseite der von den beiden Betonfertigbauteilen gebildeten Decke D außen einen umlaufenden Absatz A aufweist. Bei einer aus mehreren aneinandergrenzenden Raumkörpern I' zusammengesetzten Decke bilden je zwei aneinanderstoßende quer- oder längs verlaufende Absätze zweier nebeneinanderliegender Raumkörper einen längsgeteilten Rinnenabschnitt, der vorteilhafterweise zur Aufnahme einer Entwässerungsrinne dient. Der Raumkörper I' ist in Fig. 4b im Schnitt dargestellt, wobei jedes Betonfertigbauteil hier einen Mittelunterzug U3 aufweist. Zur weitgehenden Verringerung des Gewichtes eines Raumkörpers sind damit die Deckenabschnitte zwischen den Unterzügen weitgehend dünn ausgebildet.4a shows a spatial body I 'according to the invention made of two prefabricated concrete components 1' and 2 ', each with longitudinal and transverse beams U1 and U2, in a further embodiment. The room body I 'differs from the room body I in Fig. 1b essentially in that the top of the ceiling D formed by the two prefabricated concrete components has a circumferential shoulder A on the outside. In the case of a ceiling composed of a plurality of adjoining spatial bodies I ', two adjoining transverse or longitudinal shoulders of two adjacent spatial bodies form a longitudinally divided channel section which advantageously serves to accommodate a drainage channel. The room body I 'is shown in section in Fig. 4b, each precast concrete element here having a central beam U3. To largely reduce the weight of a room body, the ceiling sections between the beams are largely thin.

Fig. 4c zeigt zwei aneinandergrenzende erfindungsgemäße Raumkörper I'a, I'b in abgebrochener Darstellung. Die in Richtung der Dreigelenkrahmen aneinandergrenzenden Stützen 21 und 22 der beiden Raumkörper I'a, I'b sind durch ein Zugglied 23 (Bolzen) miteinander verbunden, der in fluchtenden Bohrungen 32 und 33 in den Stützen 21 und 22 eingesetzt ist, wobei die Bohrungen beim Schalen vorgefertigt sind.Fig. 4c shows two adjacent spatial bodies I'a, I'b in broken form. The adjoining supports 21 and 22 of the two spatial bodies I'a, I'b in the direction of the three-articulated frame are through a tension member 23 (bolt) connected to one another, which is inserted in aligned bores 32 and 33 in the supports 21 and 22, the bores being prefabricated when shelling.

Fig. 4d zeigt einen erfindungsgemäß abgewandeltes Zugglied 23' mit einem Schubkegel 23'', der in vorgefertigte kegelförmige Ausnehmungen 21' und 22' in den miteinander zu verschraubenden Stützen 21 und 22 der Betonfertigbauteile I'a und I'b eingreift. Bei einer Verschraubung der Stützen 21 und 22 mit dem Zugglied 23' wird durch den Schubkegel 23'' eine zug- und druckfeste Verbindung erreicht, wobei der Spalt S der Betonfertigbauteile I'a und I'b genau fixierbar ist. Vorteilhafterweise werden die Verhältnisse so gewählt, daß bei einer festen Verschraubung eine Spaltweite von etwa 20 mm sichergestellt ist. Bei einer derartigen Verbindung werden außerdem auf die Betonfertigbauteile einwirkende Schubkräfte in Längsrichtung des Spaltes vorteilhafterweise nicht auf das Zugglied 23', sondern auf den Schubkegel 23'' übertragen.4d shows a tension member 23 'modified according to the invention with a thrust cone 23' 'which engages in prefabricated conical recesses 21' and 22 'in the supports 21 and 22 of the prefabricated concrete components I'a and I'b which are to be screwed together. When the supports 21 and 22 are screwed to the tension member 23 ', a shear and pressure-resistant connection is achieved by the thrust cone 23' ', the gap S of the prefabricated concrete components I'a and I'b being precisely fixable. The ratios are advantageously chosen so that a gap width of approximately 20 mm is ensured with a fixed screw connection. With such a connection, shear forces acting on the prefabricated concrete components in the longitudinal direction of the gap are advantageously not transmitted to the tension member 23 'but to the shear cone 23' '.

An den gegenüberliegenden oberen Längskanten in Richtung der Zweigelenkrahmen weisen die beiden gegenüberliegenden Betonfertigbauteile der Raumkörper I'a und I'b in Fig. 4b etwa gleich große Ausnehmungen bzw. Absätze 24, 25 auf, die gemeinsam eine Betonrinne 26 bilden. Der senkrechte Spalt S zwischen den beiden Stützen 21, 22 unterhalb der Betonrinne 26 ist durch ein eingelegtes Dichtungsband 26'' wasserdicht abgeschlossen. Die Betonrinne dient zur Aufnahme einer Entwässerungsrinne 26' aus Blech oder Kunststoff. In Schlitzen 27 und 28 an gegenüberliegenden oberen Enden der Ausnehmungen 24, 25 sind die abgewinkelten Ränder 29 und 30 der Entwässerungsrinne 26' eingeklebt. Die Rinne ist durch einen begehbaren oder befahrbaren Gitterrost 31 abgedeckt, um z. B. eine Parkfläche einer Tiefgarage bilden zu können.On the opposite upper longitudinal edges in the direction of the two-joint frame, the two opposite prefabricated concrete components of the room body I'a and I'b in FIG. 4b have recesses or shoulders 24, 25 of approximately the same size, which together form a concrete channel 26. The vertical gap S between the two supports 21, 22 below the concrete channel 26 is sealed watertight by an inserted sealing tape 26 ″. The concrete channel serves to receive a drainage channel 26 'made of sheet metal or plastic. The angled edges 29 and 30 of the drainage channel 26 'are glued into slots 27 and 28 at opposite upper ends of the recesses 24, 25. The gutter is through a walk-in or passable Grid 31 covered to z. B. to be able to form a parking space in an underground car park.

In die Decke einer aus mehreren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpern aufgebauten Tiefgarage kann damit ein Entwässerungssystem aus untereinander in Verbindung stehenden Rinnen integriert sein. Die Rinnen können auch an senkrechte Fallrohre anschließen, wie nachstehend anhand der Fig. 7 a, 7 b und 7 d noch beschrieben wird.In the ceiling of an underground car park constructed from a plurality of spatial objects according to the invention, a drainage system made up of interconnected gutters can thus be integrated. The channels can also connect to vertical downpipes, as will be described below with reference to FIGS. 7 a, 7 b and 7 d.

Fig. 7 a zeigt in der Draufsicht von unten vier an äußeren Eckpunkten aneinadergrenzende Raumkörper I' c bis I' f. Die dabei aneinandergrenzenden vier Stützen 33 bis 36 bilden einen zentralen Knotenpunkt zur Unterbringung eines senkrechten Abflußrohres 37. Hierzu weisen die vier Stützen 33 bis 36 im Beispielsfalle jeweils an ihren Außenkanten halbrunde vorgefertigte Ausnehmungen 38 bis 41 auf, die gemeinsam einen senkrechten runden Schacht K bilden, in dem das Abflußrohr 37 Platz findet, das an das Rinnensystem in der von mehreren Raumkörpern gebildeten Decke dicht angeschlossen ist. Bei zu mehrstöckigen Gebäuden zusammengesetzten Raumkörpern kann das Abflußrohr an Naßzellen angeschlossen sein.7 a shows a top view from below of four spatial bodies I 'c to I' f adjoining one another at outer corner points. The adjoining four supports 33 to 36 form a central node for accommodating a vertical drain pipe 37. For this purpose, the four supports 33 to 36 each have, in the example, semicircular recesses 38 to 41 on their outer edges, which together form a vertical round shaft K, in which the drain pipe 37 takes place, which is tightly connected to the gutter system in the ceiling formed by several spatial bodies. In the case of multi-storey buildings, the drain pipe can be connected to wet cells.

Fig 7b zeigt den Deckenabschnitt nach Fig. 7a in der Draufsicht von oben. Die Betonrinnen 26 entsprechend Fig. 4c treffen sich im zentralen Knotenpunkt zur Aufnahme des in Fig. 7a gezeigten Abflußrohres 37.FIG. 7b shows the ceiling section according to FIG. 7a in a top view from above. 4c meet in the central node for receiving the drain pipe 37 shown in FIG. 7a.

Um einen sicheren Wasserabfluß auf einer aus mehreren Raumkörpern zusammengesetzten Decke gewährleisten zu können, kann es vorteilhaft sein, wenn die Ausnehmungen bzw. Absätze an den Betonfertigbauteilen zur Bildung von Betonrinnen so gestaltet sind, daß sie zu einem Knotenpunkt hin geringfügig geneigt verlaufen. Hierzu kann es vorteilhaft sein, wenn die Deckenfläche der Betonfertigbauteile von ihren inneren Längsseiten Stoßflächen quer nach außen leicht abfällt. Die Neigung kann etwa 1 % betragen.In order to be able to guarantee a safe drainage of water on a ceiling composed of several spatial bodies, it can be advantageous if the recesses or shoulders on the prefabricated concrete components for the formation of concrete channels are designed in such a way that they become a node run slightly inclined. For this purpose, it can be advantageous if the ceiling surface of the prefabricated concrete components slightly slopes transversely outwards from their inner longitudinal sides. The inclination can be about 1%.

Der dem Entwässerungssystem in einer, aus mehreren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpern gebildeten Decke zugrunde liegende Gedanke besteht im wesentlichen darin, alle Fugen in der Deckenebene zwischen aneinandergrenzenden Raumkörpern nicht zu verschließen, sonder offen zu lassen und als Rinnen auszubilden, über die Regenwasser direkt oder über eingelegte Entwässerungsrinnen abgeführt wird.The idea underlying the drainage system in a ceiling formed from a plurality of spatial bodies according to the invention essentially consists in not closing all the joints in the ceiling level between adjacent spatial bodies, but rather leaving them open and in the form of gutters via which rainwater is discharged directly or via inserted drainage gutters becomes.

Wenn die Wasserrinnen ausreichend dimensioniert sind, erübrigt sich ein Gefälle. Es ist klar, daß die Erfindung nicht auf die Rinnenausführung nach Fig 4c beschränkt ist. So zeigt Fig. 7c eine weitere erfindungsgemäße Rinnenausführung. Hier weisen die einzelnen Betonfertigbauteile jeweils deckenoberseitig eine randnahe kanalartige Vertiefung 66 auf, die bei einem aus zwei Betonfertigbauteilen zusammengesetzten Raumkörper eine umlaufende Betonrinne bilden, wodurch jeder Raumkörper über ein integriertes Entwässerungssystem verfügt. Durch ein solches Rinnensystem kann jeder Raumkörper für sich entwässert werden. Die umlaufende Betonrinne kann zur Aufnahme eines Rinnenkörpers aus Blech oder Kunststoff dienen oder sie führt selbst das Wasser ab. Im letzteren Falle können an den Stoßstellen der beiden Betonfertigbauteile des Raumkörpers Rinnenverbindungsstücke vorgesehen sein, die dem Profil der Betonrinne angepaßt sind, oder die Öffnung der Rinnen nach außen an den Stoßstellen wird jeweils durch eine Betonrippe abgesperrt.If the water channels are large enough, there is no need for a slope. It is clear that the invention is not limited to the channel design according to FIG. 4c. 7c shows a further channel design according to the invention. Here, the individual prefabricated concrete components each have a channel-like depression 66 near the top of the ceiling, which form a circumferential concrete channel in a spatial body composed of two prefabricated concrete components, as a result of which each spatial body has an integrated drainage system. With such a channel system, every room can be drained separately. The encircling concrete channel can be used to hold a channel body made of sheet metal or plastic, or it can drain the water itself. In the latter case, gutter connectors that are adapted to the profile of the concrete gutter can be provided at the butt joints of the two prefabricated concrete parts of the spatial body, or the opening of the gutters to the outside at the butt joints is blocked off by a concrete rib.

In Fig. 7c sind entsprechend Fig. 4c Teile zweier aneinandergrenzender Raumkörper I''a und I''b dargestellt. Der Spalt S zwischen angrenzenden Stützen der beiden Raumkörpern I''a und I''b ist durch eine Abdeckkappe 67 abgedeckt, die auf den benachbartliegenden Außenwandbereichen 68, 69 der parallelverlaufenden Abschnitte der Betonrinnen 66, 66 aufliegen. Die oberen Enden der Außenwandbereiche sind derart gegenüber der Deckenoberfläche der Raumkörper I''a und I''b in ihrer Höhe zurückgesetzt, daß oberhalb der Abdeckkappe 67 ein begehbarer bzw. befahrbarer Gitterrost 70, vergleichbar mit dem Gitterrost 31 in Fig. 4c, Platz findet, der auf Absätzen 71 und 72 der gegenüberliegenden Betonfertigbauteile aufliegt, wobei die Oberseite des Gitterrostes in der Deckenebene der Raumkörper liegt.7c shows parts of two adjoining spatial bodies I''a and I''b corresponding to FIG. 4c. The gap S between adjacent supports of the two spatial bodies I''a and I''b is covered by a cover cap 67 which rest on the adjacent outer wall regions 68, 69 of the parallel sections of the concrete channels 66, 66. The height of the upper ends of the outer wall areas are set back in relation to the ceiling surface of the room bodies I''a and I''b in such a way that a grating 70 that can be walked on or driven over, comparable to the grating 31 in FIG. 4c, has space above the cover cap 67 finds that rests on paragraphs 71 and 72 of the opposite prefabricated concrete components, with the top of the grating in the ceiling plane of the room body.

Fig. 7d zeigt vergleichbar mit Fig. 7 a in der Draufsicht Teile von vier aneinandergrenzenden Raumkörpern I''c, I''d, I''e und I''f mit einem gestrichelt angedeuteten senkrechten Abflußrohr 73 in einem zentralen Knotenpunkt dieser vier Raumkörper. Zum Anschluß der umlaufenden Rinnen 74, 75, 76 und 77 der vier Raumkörper an das zentrale Abschlußrohr 73 weisen die Rinnenaußenwandungen 78, 79, 80 und 81 an den zentral gegenüberstehenden Ecken Durchbrechungen auf. In diese Durchbrechungen greifen Anschlußrinnenteile 82, 83, 84 und 85 ein, die an ein zentrales zylindrisches Abflußelement 90 angeformt sind, das an das obere Ende des Abflußrohres 73 zum Anschluß gebracht ist.Fig. 7d shows comparable to Fig. 7a in plan view parts of four adjacent spatial bodies I''c, I''d, I''e and I''f with a vertical drain pipe 73 indicated by dashed lines in a central node of these four Spatial body. To connect the circumferential channels 74, 75, 76 and 77 of the four spatial bodies to the central end pipe 73, the channel outer walls 78, 79, 80 and 81 have openings at the centrally opposite corners. In these openings engaging connection channel parts 82, 83, 84 and 85, which are integrally formed on a central cylindrical drain element 90, which is brought to the upper end of the drain pipe 73 for connection.

In den Ecken der Raumkörper bzw. der zugehörigen Betonfertigbauteile sind einbetonierte u-förmige Formteile 86, 87, 88 und 89 vorhanden, die zur Verklemmung der Anschlußrinnenteile dienen, wodurch die Montage des Abflußelementes 90 erleichtert ist.In the corners of the room body or the associated prefabricated concrete components, concreted U-shaped molded parts 86, 87, 88 and 89 are provided, which are used for jamming the connection gutter parts, as a result of which the assembly of the drainage element 90 is facilitated.

Die Deckenabschnitte der Betonfertigbauteile sind entweder werkseitig wasserdicht beschichtet und/oder als wasserdichte Betonplatten ausgebildet.The ceiling sections of the prefabricated concrete components are either waterproof coated at the factory and / or designed as waterproof concrete slabs.

Die von mehreren Raumkörpern gebildeten Decken mit integriertem Entwässerungssystem können nicht nur als freie befahrbare und begehbare Flächen ausgebildet sein, sie sind auch als Tragfläche einer Bepflanzung geeignet. In einem solchen Falle sind die Rinnen mit einem Schutzfilter abgedeckt. In den senkrechten Fall- oder Ablaufrohren können Ventile vorgesehen sein, durch die die erforderliche Wasserrückhaltung für die Pflanzen eingestellt werden kann.The ceilings with integrated drainage system, which are formed by several bodies, can not only be designed as free-to-drive and walk-on areas, they are also suitable as a wing for planting. In such a case, the channels are covered with a protective filter. Valves can be provided in the vertical downpipes or drainage pipes, by means of which the water retention required for the plants can be set.

Die Betonfertigbauteile zum Aufbau von erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpern lassen sich vorteilhafterweise serienmäßig mit Leerrohren, Verteilerdosen und Anschlußdosen für elektrische Leitungen, Schalter und Steckdosen ausrüsten, um eine Elektroinstallation auf einfache Weise vornehmen zu können.The prefabricated concrete components for the construction of spatial bodies according to the invention can advantageously be equipped as standard with empty pipes, junction boxes and junction boxes for electrical lines, switches and sockets in order to be able to carry out an electrical installation in a simple manner.

Die Raumkörper können in zwei zueinander rechtwinklig verlaufenden Richtungen schachbrettartig auf Abstand montiert werden. Die Zwischenräume werden mit eingehängten Deckenelementen ausgefüllt. Die Deckenelemente liegen dann z.B. auf Absätzen auf, die nach Fig. 4b auch zur Bildung von Regenrinnen dienen, oder sie stützen sich auf zusätzlichen Unterzügen ab.The room bodies can be mounted in a chessboard-like manner at a distance in two directions that are perpendicular to each other. The gaps are filled with suspended ceiling elements. The ceiling elements are then e.g. on paragraphs, which also serve to form gutters according to FIG. 4b, or they are supported on additional beams.

Die Raumkörper können aber auch in parallelen Reihen montiert werden, wobei der Abstand zur nächsten Reihe mit eingehängten Deckenelementen überbrückt wird. Auch können hier die Deckenelemente auf Aussparungen für die Regenrinnen aufliegen.However, the room bodies can also be installed in parallel rows, with the distance to the next row being bridged with suspended ceiling elements. The ceiling elements can also rest on recesses for the gutters here.

Die Deckenelemente können problemlos in beliebigen Längen hergestellt werden. Es ist daher möglich, die Raumelemente in Industriehallen einzubauen, um dort Ebenen zu schaffen. Unterschiedliche Längen- und Breitenabmessungen der Industriehallen lassen sich durch in ihren Längen angepaßte Deckenelemente leicht ausgleichen, die zwischen erfindungsgemäße Raumkörper eingehängt werden.The ceiling elements can be easily manufactured in any length. It is therefore possible to install the room elements in industrial halls in order to create levels there. Different length and width dimensions of the industrial halls can be easily compensated for by length-adapted ceiling elements which are suspended between the spatial body according to the invention.

Fig 5 a zeigt in der Ansicht z.B. eine Industriehalle mit auf Abstand in drei Reihen 42, 43 und 44 angeordneten Raumkörpern und dazwischen in zwei Reihen eingehängten Deckenelementen 45 und 46, wobei jeweils nur die drei vordersten Raumkörper und die vordersten Deckenelemente dargestellt sind. Die Deckenelemente 45 und 46 sind in Fig. 5 a geschnitten dargestellt.Fig. 5 a shows e.g. an industrial hall with spaced bodies arranged in three rows 42, 43 and 44 and ceiling elements 45 and 46 suspended in between in two rows, only the three foremost room bodies and the foremost ceiling elements being shown in each case. The ceiling elements 45 and 46 are shown in section in Fig. 5 a.

Fig. 5 b zeigt in abgebrochener Darstellung in Ansicht den linken Anschluß des vorderen Endes eines Deckenelementes 45' an die sichtbare vordere Stütze 46 eines Betonfertigbauteiles mittels eines Zuggliedes 47, das die miteinander fluchtenden vorgefertigten Bohrungen in der Stütze 46 und in einem Ansatz 48 am Deckenelement 45 durchdringt. Das Zugglied 47 kann entsprechend dem Bolzen 23 in Fig. 4c oder Fig. 4d ausgebildet sein. Entsprechend ist das nicht sichtbare hintere Ende des Deckenelementes an die nicht sichtbare hintere Stütze des Raumkörpers angeschlossen. Das Deckenelement 45 ruht mit seinem linken Vorsprung 49 auf einem Betonfertigbauteil. Das nicht dargestellte rechte Ende des Deckenelementes ist entsprechend ausgebildet und in gleicher Weise an ein Betonfertigbauteil angeschlossen.Fig. 5 b shows a broken view in view of the left connection of the front end of a ceiling element 45 'to the visible front support 46 of a prefabricated concrete component by means of a tension member 47, which aligns the pre-drilled holes in the support 46 and in a shoulder 48 on the ceiling element 45 penetrates. The tension member 47 can be designed corresponding to the bolt 23 in Fig. 4c or Fig. 4d. Accordingly, the invisible rear end of the ceiling element is connected to the invisible rear support of the room body. The ceiling element 45 rests with its left projection 49 on a prefabricated concrete component. The not shown right end of the ceiling element is designed accordingly and connected in the same way to a prefabricated concrete component.

Fig. 5 c zeigt die Ansicht einer Tiefgarage aus zwei mit Abstand voneinander angeordneten Reihen 51 und 52 von Raumkörpern II entsprechend Fig. 2 mit einer Reihe dazwischen eingehängter Deckenelemente 53, von denen jeweils wiederum nur die beiden vordersten Raumkörper und das vorderste Deckenelement sichtbar sind. Durch die nach innen versetzten inneren Stützen der Raumkörper entsprechend Fig. 2 wird die mittlere Fahrspur verbreitert, und das Einparken in die links und rechts von der Fahrspur liegenden Parkplätze wird erleichtert. Das Deckenelement 53 ist in Fig. 5c im Schnitt dargestellt.Fig. 5 c shows the view of an underground garage from two spaced rows 51 and 52 of room bodies II corresponding to Fig. 2 with a row of suspended ceiling elements 53, of which in turn only the two foremost room bodies and the foremost ceiling element are visible. 2, the middle lane is widened, and parking in the parking spaces located to the left and right of the lane is facilitated. The ceiling element 53 is shown in section in FIG. 5c.

Fig. 5 d zeigt in schematischer Darstellung in der Ansicht ein dreispanniges Reihenhaus R1, R2, R3, jeweils mit zwei Geschossen G1, G2. Das Reihenhaus ist aus drei mal drei übereinander angeordneten Raumkörpern aufgebaut. Da, anders als z. B. bei Industrie- und Ausstellungsbauten die Demontierbarkeit hier ohne Bedeutung ist, können die benachbarten Dreigelenkrahmen in Querrichtung der Raumkörper durch eine Ortbetonergänzung in geschlossene Stockwerksrahmen überführt werden. In diesem Falle wird die Entwässerungsrinne zwischen zwei benachbarten Raumkörpern (vgl. Fig 4c) so groß dimensioniert, daß nach einem Verguß mit Ortbeton ein durchlaufender Riegel gebildet ist.Fig. 5 d shows a schematic representation in the view of a three-span row house R1, R2, R3, each with two floors G1, G2. The row house is made up of three by three superimposed structures. There, unlike z. B. in industrial and exhibition buildings, the dismantling is of no importance here, the neighboring three-joint frame can be transferred in the transverse direction of the room body by an in-situ concrete supplement in closed floor frames. In this case, the drainage channel between two adjacent room bodies (cf. FIG. 4c) is dimensioned so large that a continuous bar is formed after grouting with in-situ concrete.

Fig. 6 zeigt die Anordnung einer Brüstung 54 am linken Außenrand eines erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers, wobei das abgesetzte Ansatzprofil 55 der Brüstung am Absatz 56 des Raumkörpers angeschlossen ist, der nach Fig. 4c zur Aufnahme einer Entwässerungsrinne dient.FIG. 6 shows the arrangement of a parapet 54 on the left outer edge of a spatial body according to the invention, the offset attachment profile 55 of the parapet being connected to the shoulder 56 of the spatial body, which serves to accommodate a drainage channel according to FIG. 4c.

Fig. 8 zeigt den Anschluß einer Stütze 57 eines oberen Raumkörpers an einen unteren Raumkörper, wobei das Profil 58 des Stützenendes am oberen Raumkörper an das Profil des Absatzes 56 am unteren Raumkörper angepaßt ist. Es ist klar, daß die Ausnehmung 56 derart weit gestaltet sein kann, daß das Stützenende des oberen Raumkörpers als ganzes auf dem horizontalen Boden der Ausnehmung Platz findet, und das Stützenende des oberen Raumkörpers kein besonderes Profil aufweisen muß.Fig. 8 shows the connection of a support 57 of an upper spatial body to a lower spatial body, the profile 58 of the support end on the upper body is adapted to the profile of paragraph 56 on the lower body. It is clear that the recess 56 can be designed such that the support end of the upper spatial body as a whole fits on the horizontal floor of the recess, and the support end of the upper spatial body need not have a special profile.

Fig. 9 zeigt einen weiteren erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörper III aus zwei Betonfertigbauelementen 59, 60, deren Deckenabschnitte bis auf die Llängs- und Querunterzüge 61, 62 und 63, 64 ausgenommen sind. Dabei stützen sich die Querunterzüge 63, 64 an den vorderen Stirnflächen gegenseitig ab.FIG. 9 shows a further spatial body III according to the invention consisting of two prefabricated concrete building elements 59, 60, the ceiling sections of which are excluded except for the longitudinal and transverse beams 61, 62 and 63, 64. The cross beams 63, 64 support each other on the front end faces.

Der Raumkörper III bildet, wie die vorstehend beschriebenen Raumkörper mit den geschlossenen Decken in Längsrichtung einen Zweigelenkrahmen und in Querrichtung einen Dreigelenkrahmen, wobei der Dreigelenkrahmen entsprechend wie bei den vorbeschriebenen Raumkörpern durch Form- oder Kraftschluß in einen Zweigelenkrahmen überführt werden kann. Ein derartiger gerüstartiger Raumkörper ist zum Bau von Glashäusern und Wintergärten geeignet. Sie können durch Glasdächer und Glaskuppeln 65 beliebiger Ausführung abgedeckt werden. Bei einer quadratischen Grundfläche von z. B. 6 x 6 m mit einer pyramidenförmigen Glaskonstruktion entstehen z. B. Pavillons, die mit oder ohne Außenwände für Messen, Ausstellungen usw. verwendet werden können. Es ist klar, daß der gerüstartige Raumkörper III auch aus zwei Stahlelementen bestehen kann, die an den auskragenden Armen gegenseitig zur Abstützung kommen. Die Betonfertigbauelemente 59 und 60 werden entsprechend den vorbeschriebenen Betonfertigbauteilen vorteilhafterweise gemeinsam hergestellt.The room body III, like the room bodies described above with the closed ceilings, forms a two-joint frame in the longitudinal direction and a three-joint frame in the transverse direction, the three-joint frame being able to be converted into a two-joint frame by positive or non-positive engagement, as in the previously described room bodies. Such a scaffold-like room is suitable for the construction of glass houses and conservatories. They can be covered by glass roofs and glass domes of any design. With a square base of z. B. 6 x 6 m with a pyramidal glass construction z. B. pavilions that can be used with or without external walls for trade fairs, exhibitions, etc. It is clear that the scaffold-like room body III can also consist of two steel elements which are mutually supported on the projecting arms. The prefabricated concrete components 59 and 60 are advantageously produced together in accordance with the prefabricated concrete components described above.

Die Erfindung beruht auf dem Grundgedanken, einen Raumkörper als Roh- oder Fertigbauzelle aus zwei Fertigbauteilen zusammenzusetzen, die jeweils in Längsrichtung aus einem Zweigelenkrahmen bestehen und die zum Raumkörper zusammengesetzt in Querrichtung einen Dreigelenkrahmen bilden, der form- oder kraftschlüssig in einen Zweigelenkrahmen überführt werden kann, wobei vorzugsweise die beiden Betonfertigbauteile eines erfindungsgemäßen Raumkörpers gemeinsam in einer Schalungsform hergestellt sind. Wenn die beiden Betonfertigbauteile eines Raumkörpers dagegen nicht paarweise gemeinsam sondern einzeln hergestellt sind, sind sie über Schraubverbindungen an vorstehenden Bewehrungseisen auf Abstand vorzumontieren. Der freigelassene Längsspalt zwischen zwei getrennt hergestellten Betonfertig-bauteilen wird dann anschließend mit Beton vergossen.The invention is based on the basic idea of assembling a room body as a raw or prefabricated cell from two prefabricated components, each of which consists of a two-joint frame in the longitudinal direction and which form a three-joint frame in the transverse direction, which can be converted into a two-joint frame in a positive or non-positive manner, wherein preferably the two prefabricated concrete components of a spatial body according to the invention are manufactured together in a formwork form. If, on the other hand, the two prefabricated concrete components of a room body are not made in pairs but individually, they must be preassembled at a distance using screw connections on protruding reinforcing bars. The released longitudinal gap between two separately manufactured prefabricated concrete components is then poured with concrete.

Fig. 10, 11, 12 und 13 zeigen ein Beispiel zur Herstellung eines ausgesparten Raumes "R" zur Aufnahme der Schraubverbindung gemäß Fig. 1c.10, 11, 12 and 13 show an example for producing a recessed space "R" for receiving the screw connection according to FIG. 1c.

In Fig. 10 sind zwei spiegelbildlich gleich ausgebildete miteinander fluchtende Schalboxen 90a und 90b perspektivisch dargestellt, die in Fig. 11 im Längsschnitt und in Fig. 12 im Querschnitt gezeichnet sind und die durch ein Schalungstrennelement 91, vergleichbar mit den Schalungstrennelementen in Fig. 3a und 3b, zwischen zwei gemeinsam herzustellenden Betonfertigbauteilen voneinander getrennt sind. In die Schalungsbox 90a greifen die Enden zweier Bewehrungseisen 92, 93 und in die Schalungsbox 90b greifen die Enden zweier Bewehrungseisen 94, 95 ein, die mit den ersteren fluchten. Die in den Schalungsboxen liegenden Enden 92' (93') und 94' (95') der Bewehrungseisen sind zur Verbindung mit Gewindemuffen 96 (97) versehen, von denen in Fig. 11 nur die eine (vorne liegende) Gewindemuffe 96 zur Verbindung der Bewehrungseisen 92, 94 zu sehen ist, während eine weitere verdeckt liegende entsprechende Gewindemuffe 97 durch Verbindung der Bewehrungseisen 93, 95 dient. Die in Fig. 10 noch gezeigten längsverlaufenden Linien 98, 99 und senkrecht liegenden Linienzüge 100, 101 und 102 sind zusätzliche Bewehrungen im Bereich der querverlaufenden Unterzüge U2 zweier Betonfertigbauteile 1' und 2' (Fig. 4a), die gemeinsam hergestellt werden sollen.In FIG. 10, two formwork boxes 90a and 90b, which are of identical design and mirror-inverted, are shown in perspective, which are drawn in longitudinal section in FIG. 11 and in cross section in FIG. 12, and which are formed by a formwork separating element 91, comparable to the formwork separating elements in FIGS. 3a and 3b, are separated from one another between two jointly produced prefabricated concrete components. The ends of two reinforcing bars 92, 93 engage in the formwork box 90a and the ends of two reinforcing bars 94, 95 engage in the formwork box 90b, which are aligned with the former. The ends 92 '(93') and 94 '(95') of the reinforcing bars in the formwork boxes are provided with threaded sockets 96 (97) for connection. of which only the one (front) threaded sleeve 96 for connecting the reinforcing bars 92, 94 can be seen, while a further corresponding threaded sleeve 97, which is concealed, serves for connecting the reinforcing bars 93, 95. The longitudinal lines 98, 99 and vertical lines 100, 101 and 102 still shown in FIG. 10 are additional reinforcements in the area of the transverse beams U2 of two prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2' (FIG. 4a) which are to be produced together.

Die beiden Schalboxen 90a und 90b weisen Einfüllstutzen 103 und 104 zum Anschluß von herkömmlichen Schläuchen zum Einfüllen von Beton auf. Die an ihren Unterseiten offenen Schalboxen sind durch Deckel 104 verschließbar. Vor der Herstellung der Decken der Betonfertigbauteile 1' und 2' werden die Bewehrungseisen 92, 93 und 94, 95 über die Muffen bis auf Stoß fest miteinander verspannt. Das Schalungstrennelement 91 und die Schalboxen 90a und 90b werden in der nicht dargestellten Schalung fixiert, bevor der Beton zur Herstellung der Decken der Betonfertigbauteile 1' und 2' in die Schalung eingebracht wird. Die gemeinsam hergestellten Betonfertigbauteile 1' und 2' werden nach der Aushärtung des Betons aus der Schalung als zusammenhängender Raumkörper herausgenommen. Anschließend wird die Bewehrungsverbindung durch Zurückschrauben der Muffen 96 (97) gelöst. Die durch das Schalungstrennelement 91 voneinander getrennten Betonfertigbauteile 1' und 2' können dann voneinander getrennt gestapelt oder zur Baustelle transportiert werden. Dort werden sie über die Muffen 96 (97) erneut verbunden. Anschließend werden die Schalboxen 90a und 90b mit Deckeln verschlossen und der Innenraum der Schalboxen wird über die Einfüllstutzen 103 und 104 mit Beton vergossen. Dies erfolgt vorteilhafterweise dergestalt, daß zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt gegebenenfalls die Verschraubung der Muffen zur erneuten Demontage der Betonfertigbauteile nach Entfernung der Decke 104 von unten ermöglicht ist.The two formwork boxes 90a and 90b have filler neck 103 and 104 for connecting conventional hoses for filling in concrete. The formwork boxes open on their undersides can be closed by cover 104. Before the ceilings of the precast concrete elements 1 'and 2' are made, the reinforcing bars 92, 93 and 94, 95 are firmly clamped to one another via the sleeves until they meet. The formwork separating element 91 and the formwork boxes 90a and 90b are fixed in the formwork, not shown, before the concrete is introduced into the formwork to produce the ceilings of the prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2'. The jointly produced prefabricated concrete parts 1 'and 2' are taken out of the formwork as a coherent spatial body after the concrete has hardened. Then the reinforcement connection is loosened by unscrewing the sleeves 96 (97). The prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2' separated from one another by the formwork separating element 91 can then be stacked separately from one another or transported to the construction site. There they are reconnected via sleeves 96 (97). The formwork boxes 90a and 90b are then closed with lids and the interior of the formwork boxes is poured with concrete via the filler neck 103 and 104. This is advantageously done in such a way that, at a later point in time, the screwing of the sleeves for renewed dismantling of the prefabricated concrete components after removal of the ceiling 104 is possible from below.

Das Schalungstrennelement 91 weist in Fig. 10 vorteilhafterweise ein Fenster 105 auf, durch das trapezförmige Abschalmembrane 106 und 107 greifen, die im Längsschnitt in Fig. 13 a dargestellt sind. In Fig. 13b ist die Abschalmembran 106 in der Ansicht dargestellt, die in der Öffnung des Fenster 105 des nicht weiter dargestellten Schalungstrennelementes 91 liegt und mit Bewehrungseisen 108 und 109 im Querunterzug 42 des einen Betonfertigbauteiles 2' fest verbunden ist. Die entsprechend trapezförmig ausgebildete Abschalmembran 107 paßt genau in die Abschalmembran 106 hinein, wie Fig. 13a verdeutlicht, und ist mit den Bewehrungseisen 110 und 111 im Querunterzug 42 des anderen Betonfertigbauteiles 1' fest verbunden.The formwork separating element 91 in FIG. 10 advantageously has a window 105 through which trapezoidal shuttering membranes 106 and 107 reach, which are shown in longitudinal section in FIG. 13 a. In Fig. 13b, the shuttering membrane 106 is shown in the view, which lies in the opening of the window 105 of the formwork separating element 91 (not shown in any more detail) and is firmly connected to reinforcing bars 108 and 109 in the cross beam 42 of a prefabricated concrete component 2 '. The corresponding trapezoidal shaped shuttering membrane 107 fits exactly into the shuttering membrane 106, as shown in FIG. 13a, and is firmly connected to the reinforcing bars 110 and 111 in the cross beam 42 of the other prefabricated concrete component 1 '.

Nach der Herstellung der Betonfertigbauteile 1' und 2' dienen die verlorenen Abschalmembranen 106 und 107 als Zentrierkegel zur genauen Montage eines voll funktionsfähigen Raumkörpers aus den gemeinsam hergestellten Betonfertigbauteilen 1' und 2'.After the production of the prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2', the lost shuttering membranes 106 and 107 serve as a centering cone for the precise assembly of a fully functional spatial body from the prefabricated concrete components 1 'and 2'.

Die Erfindung ist auf die vorstehenden Ausführungen in der räumlichen Gestaltung der Raumkörper aus zwei Betonfertigbauteilen und zu ihrer Herstellung mit den Möglichkeiten zur Montage und Demontage der Raumkörper nicht beschränkt. Der Fachmann ist ohne weiteres in der Lage, Änderungen an den Ausführungen vorzunehmen, die jedoch im Rahmen der Erfindung liegen.The invention is not limited to the above statements in the spatial design of the room body from two prefabricated concrete components and for their manufacture with the possibilities for assembling and disassembling the room body. The person skilled in the art is readily able to make changes to the designs which, however, are within the scope of the invention.

Claims (9)

Raumkörper als Roh- oder Fertigbauzelle zum Aufbau von Bauwerken aus einer Vielzahl solcher Bauzellen in mindestens einer Ebene, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bauzelle aus zwei Fertigbauteilen zusammengesetzt ist, welche jeweils in Längsrichtung einen Zweigelenkrahmen und in Querrichtung einen Dreigelenkrahmen bilden, wobei der Dreigelenkrahmen durch Form- oder Kraftschluß in einen Zweigelenkrahmen überführt ist.Spatial structure as a raw or prefabricated building cell for building structures from a large number of such building cells in at least one level, characterized in that the building cell is composed of two prefabricated components, each of which forms a two-joint frame in the longitudinal direction and a three-joint frame in the transverse direction, the three-joint frame being shaped - Or traction is transferred to a two-joint frame. Raumkörper nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die zweigeteilte Raumkörperdecke von vier Stützen getragen ist, von denen je zwei Stützen zu einem Deckenteil gehören, die gemeinsam je ein Fertigbauteil bilden.Spacer according to claim 1, characterized in that the two-part ceiling is supported by four supports, of which two supports belong to a ceiling part, which together each form a prefabricated component. Raumkörper nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stoßflächen der beiden Deckenteile im Kontakt mit einem gemeinsamen Schalungstrennelement gebildet sind.Spacer according to claim 2, characterized in that the abutting surfaces of the two ceiling parts are formed in contact with a common formwork separating element. Raumkörper nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß seine rechteckige Decke in Längsrichtung geteilt ist und daß die beiden Stützen je Fertigbauteil jeweils an einer äußeren Längsseite einer Teildecke liegen.Spacious body according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that its rectangular ceiling is divided in the longitudinal direction and that the two supports for each prefabricated component are each on an outer longitudinal side of a partial ceiling. Raumkörper nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in der Oberseite der zweigeteilten Raumkörperdecke randseitig wenigstens teilweise ein Entwässerungssystem integriert ist.Spacious body according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a drainage system is at least partially integrated in the upper side of the two-part ceiling of the spatial body. Raumkörper nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fertigbauteile im Bereich ihrer aneinandergrenzenden Deckenteile kraftschlüssig verbunden sind.Spacious body according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the prefabricated components are non-positively connected in the region of their adjoining ceiling parts. Raumkörper nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Bewehrungsenden in Querunterzügen der Deckenteile mit Gewinden versehen sind, die über Gewindemuffen kraftschlüssig miteinander verspannt sind.Spacer according to claim 6, characterized in that reinforcement ends in cross beams of the ceiling parts are provided with threads which are non-positively clamped together via threaded sleeves. Raumkörper nach Anspruch 7' dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bewehrungsenden mit den zugehörigen Gewindemuffen in verlorenen Schalboxen liegen.Spacer according to Claim 7 ', characterized in that the reinforcement ends with the associated threaded sleeves lie in lost formwork boxes. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Raumkörpers nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüchen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die vorgefertigten Stützen in eine Schalungseinrichtung eingesetzt werden, die einen gemeinsamen Schaltisch für die beiden Deckenabschnitte des Raumkörpers aufweist und daß in den Schaltisch ein flaches Schalungstrennelement zur Trennung der Deckenteile eingelegt ist.Method for producing a room body according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the prefabricated supports are used in a formwork device which has a common formwork table for the two ceiling sections of the room body and that a flat formwork separating element for separating the ceiling parts is inserted in the formwork table.
EP94106923A 1993-05-04 1994-05-03 Tridimensional element for building purposes and its manufacturing process Expired - Lifetime EP0631022B1 (en)

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ES2147563T3 (en) 2000-09-16
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DE59409294D1 (en) 2000-05-25
DE4314714A1 (en) 1994-11-17
ATE191944T1 (en) 2000-05-15

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