EP0619773A1 - Method and device for manufacturing construction blocks from a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand, and water - Google Patents

Method and device for manufacturing construction blocks from a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand, and water

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Publication number
EP0619773A1
EP0619773A1 EP92911263A EP92911263A EP0619773A1 EP 0619773 A1 EP0619773 A1 EP 0619773A1 EP 92911263 A EP92911263 A EP 92911263A EP 92911263 A EP92911263 A EP 92911263A EP 0619773 A1 EP0619773 A1 EP 0619773A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mold
plates
mixture
station
block
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92911263A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0619773B1 (en
Inventor
Jean Brouard
Original Assignee
TECFIM SARL
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by TECFIM SARL filed Critical TECFIM SARL
Publication of EP0619773A1 publication Critical patent/EP0619773A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0619773B1 publication Critical patent/EP0619773B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B5/00—Producing shaped articles from the material in moulds or on moulding surfaces, carried or formed by, in or on conveyors irrespective of the manner of shaping
    • B28B5/04—Producing shaped articles from the material in moulds or on moulding surfaces, carried or formed by, in or on conveyors irrespective of the manner of shaping in moulds moved in succession past one or more shaping stations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B17/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for shaping the material; Auxiliary measures taken in connection with such shaping
    • B28B17/0063—Control arrangements
    • B28B17/0081—Process control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for manufacturing building blocks by high pressure molding of a mixture of a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand and water.
  • a hydraulic binder such as plaster
  • an inert filler such as sand and water.
  • This process essentially consists in molding under high pressure the mixture of plaster, sand and water for a sufficient time, of the order of 2 to 3 minutes, corresponding to the hydration under pressure of the plaster which results in an expansion upset of the plaster inside the mold, as well as by a densification and a reorientation of its crystal lattice.
  • the building blocks thus obtained have remarkable characteristics: a compressive strength much greater than 100 kg / cm 2 , a hardness equivalent to that of soft stone, good resistance to humidity and frost, and a dimensional precision of the order of 1/10 th of a millimeter, which allows them to be mounted directly on top of each other without the inter ⁇ position of traditional seals between the blocks.
  • the present invention relates to important improvements to this process, as well as to means for implementing this process, which make it possible to further improve the characteristics of the building blocks. mentioned above, to standardize their quality and to reduce their cost price.
  • the invention provides for this purpose a method of manufacturing building blocks from a mixture of a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand and water, which is molded under pressure for a sufficient time to obtain hydration under pressure of the hydraulic binder and a densification of its crystal lattice, characterized in that it consists in placing a metered quantity of the mixture in a mold with non-deformable side walls and with upper horizontal plates and lower, displaceable in vertical translation inside the mold with small clearance relative to the side walls, then moving lente ⁇ ment at least 1'un trays 1 to r inside the mold on races successively determined for compacting the mixture to inside the mold, then to give a predefined height to the block to be obtained by exerting progressively high pressure on the mixture in the mold, at my hold these plates in place for the aforementioned period during which a controlled expansion of the hydraulic binder takes place in the mold, then move aside one of the plates and unmold the block by moving the other plate towards the interior of the mold.
  • the slow compression of the mixture placed in the mold has the effect, successively, of packing the mixture in the mold by reducing its overrun, to expel the air contained in the mixture and to accelerate the wetting of the mixture thanks to the pressurization of water, to chase out of the mold a possible excess of water relative to the amount of water just necessary for the hydration of the plaster, and to define with precision the height (or dimension between the horizontal plates of the mold) of building block to be obtained. Keeping the mold plates in place, in the position they occupy at the end of the compression phase, makes it possible to maintain this height during the next phase, which is a phase of hydration under pressure and of thwarted expansion of the plaster in the mold.
  • the building blocks thus produced have well-defined dimensions and a resistance to compression which is at least equal to a predetermined value.
  • this method also consists in detecting the increase in pressure in the mold resulting from the thwarted expansion of the hydraulic binder, to define the end of the duration of thwarted expansion in the mold and unmold the building block, when this pressure has reached a predetermined value.
  • this predetermined value of the pressure in the mold will only correspond to around 70-90% of the complete hydration of the hydraulic binder in the mold, so as to reduce the effort to be provided for demolding the blocks. of construction and wear of the molds.
  • the invention also provides a device for implementing this method, characterized in that it comprises:
  • the means for holding the plates in place in the mold can be constituted either by the hydraulic jack (s) of the aforementioned press, or by mechanical and / or hydraulic means independent of this press.
  • the device may also include means for detecting the increase in pressure of the mixture in the mold, resulting from the thwarted expansion of the hydraulic binder.
  • At least the upper plate of the mold comprises an oblique rim on at least a part of the periphery of its contact face with the mixture in the mold, to form a chamfer (continuous or discontinuous) on at least part of the upper peripheral edge of the building block.
  • This chamfer avoids the risks of cracking or bursting of the upper peripheral edge of the building block, when the mold plates are released at the end of the thwarted expansion phase, before demolding.
  • the appearance of a construction formed by placing these blocks on top of each other is improved.
  • the hydraulic press comprises upper and lower plates between which the mold is placed and which are connected by a mechanical transmission capable of positively defining a determined distance between the plates of the press, corresponding to the desired height of the building block, and to ensure the parallelism of these plates.
  • the invention makes it possible to reliably and safely automate the process for manufacturing building blocks, to improve and standardize their quality, and to very significantly increase their rate of manufacture.
  • FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are diagrammatic views from above, in vertical section and from below respectively, of a building block according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view in vertical section of a mold for manufacturing this block
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view from above of this mold, from which the upper plate has been removed;
  • FIG. 6 schematically illustrates the different manufacturing stations of this block, in one embodiment of the invention;
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 are views in vertical section and from above, respectively, of an alternative embodiment of a mold
  • FIG. 9 schematically shows the stations of an installation using the mold of Figures 7 and 8.
  • the building block which has been shown in Figures 1 to 3 is substantially identical to that which has been described in International Application WO 88 / 03916 and is of rectangular rectangular shape, with dimensions which are for example 15cm x 15cm x 30 cm.
  • the invention also allows the manufacture of blocks having different shapes and dimensions.
  • the upper face 12 of this block has protrusions 14 of low height, of square or circular shape for example.
  • the lower face 16 of the block comprises a ca ⁇ vity 18 of a relatively large volume (of the order of 30% of the total volume for example), which extends over a certain height inside the block 10 and of which the plug on the lower face 16 of the block is delimited by longitudinal edges 20 and transverse edges 22 which define the housings of the projections 14 of the upper face of another block.
  • the lower face 16 of the block com ⁇ carries a groove or a longitudinal channel 24 extending over its entire length, which communicates with the cavity 18 and which opens at one of its longitudinal ends in a vertical groove 26 formed over the entire height of the block, in one of its vertical end faces.
  • the blocks 10 are intended to be placed on top of each other and next to each other, all being oriented in the same direction, to form a wall comprising horizontal rows of blocks in which the blocks are offset from one another by half a length from one row to another.
  • Relatively liquid plaster is poured twice into the vertical grooves 26 to partially fill the cavities 18 of the blocks by covering the projections 14 on the upper faces of the lower blocks, then to fill the vertical grooves 26.
  • a chamfer 28 is formed on at least part of the peripheral edges of the upper and lower faces of the building block. Identical chamfers can also be formed on the vertical edges of the block.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 schematically represent a mold used for the manufacture of the block represented in FIGS. 1 to 3.
  • This mold comprises four vertical steel walls 30, which are rigidly assembled together, preferably by bolts 32 and which are positioned in relation to one another by means of centering pins 34 to precisely define the length and the width of the molding cavity, with a dimensional tolerance of the order of a few hundredths of a milli ⁇ meter.
  • the inner faces of the vertical walls 30 are ground to be perfectly smooth and flat.
  • One of the vertical walls 30, forming one of the small vertical end faces of the mold has over its entire height a vertical projection 36 of semi-cylindrical shape intended to form the vertical groove 26 of the building block to be obtained.
  • the vertical walls 30 of the mold have a height greater than that of the block to be obtained, so as to re- ire between them the upper plate 38 and the lower plate 40 of the mold.
  • the vertical walls 30 of the mold When the height of the block to be obtained is 15 cm, the vertical walls 30 of the mold will have a height of between 25 and 30 cm approximately.
  • the mold plates are rectangular steel plates, dimensioned so that they can be moved by vertical translation inside the mold, with a small clearance of a few tenths of a millimeter relative to the vertical walls. Furthermore, the internal faces of the vertical walls 30 form with the vertical a small draft angle of the order of 0.5 * to facilitate demolding of the building block.
  • the lower face of the upper plate 38 of the mold has two small cavities 42, the shapes of which correspond to those of the projections 14 of the upper face of the building block to be obtained, and an oblique peripheral rim 44 for forming the chamfer 28 of the block. to obtain.
  • This oblique rim can be provided only on a part of the periphery of the lower face of the plate 38.
  • a small vertical face of the plate 38 has a semi-cylindrical groove corresponding to the vertical projection 36.
  • the upper face of the lower plate 40 carries a core 46 intended to form the cavity 18 and the longitudinal channel 24 in the lower face of the block to be held.
  • a small vertical face of this plate 40 and of the core 46 has a vertical semi-cylindrical groove, intended to receive the vertical projection 36 of the corresponding side wall 30 of the mold.
  • the upper edge of the plate 40 also includes an oblique peripheral edge for forming the aforementioned chamfer 28 of the building block. As before, this oblique rim can be provided only on a part of the periphery of the plate 40.
  • at least one of the large vertical walls 30 of the mold is easily attached to the other walls by any suitable means, for example comprising hinges and / or locking levers.
  • this large wall 30 can facilitate the demolding of the building block.
  • this wall 30 can be intended to receive on its internal face a plate of any suitable material intended to form a facade facing on the building block.
  • FIG. 6 The different positions of a device for manufacturing a building block according to the invention have been shown diagrammatically in FIG. 6.
  • the first station of the device according to the invention is a mold filling station 50.
  • the mold 50 rests on a support surface 52, which can be part of means for transferring the molds between the different stations of the manufacturing device.
  • the in ⁇ lower plate 40 of the mold is also carried by this support surface 52, so as to occupy a defined position inside the mold.
  • Means 54 make it possible to pour inside the mold a metered amount of a mixture 56 of a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand, and water.
  • the means 54 for supplying this mixture are advantageously designed to also carry out the humidification of a dry mixture of plaster and sand with an amount of water which will be substantially equal or slightly greater than the amount of water required.
  • the mold is then transferred to the next station, designated by the reference B, where the upper plate 38 of the mold is placed in the mold and rests on the mixture 56 of plaster, sand and water.
  • one or other of the stations A and B or the two stations may include a vibrating table making it possible to start compacting the mixture 56 in the mold, evacuating the occluded air and better anchorage.
  • the next station, designated by the reference C essentially comprises a hydraulic press with two movable horizontal plates 58 and 60 between which the mold 50 is placed.
  • One or more hydraulic cylinders 62 make it possible to move the plates of the press, for example in synchronism , in opposite directions to bring them closer and to move them apart.
  • the piston rods of the cylinders 62 are supported on the upper plate 58 of the press while their cylinders are carried by a horizontal plate 64 movable in vertical translation and connected by ti ⁇ rants 66 to the lower plate 60 of the hurry.
  • the tie rods 66 make it possible to obtain and maintain the desired distance between the plates of the mold, and are the seat of tension forces which can be measured to control the proper execution of the process.
  • the upper plate 58 of the press is applied to the upper plate 38 of the mold while the vertical walls 30 and the lower plate 40 of the mold rest on the lower plate 60 of the press.
  • the compression of the mixture 56 in the mold is carried out slowly, preferably in two stages:
  • the distance between the plates 38 and 40 of the mold, corresponding to the desired height of the block to be obtained, is preferably defined positively by a mechanical transmission connecting together the plates 58 and 60 of the press and ensuring their parallelism.
  • the station D may for example comprise means 68 for supporting the mold and the lower plate 40, and means for bearing on the upper plate 38, these means possibly being of the mechanical type, for example levers 70 mounted at rotation on a support 72, and / or of the hydraulic type, for example jacks 74 carried by the support 72.
  • the mold 50 is kept at station D for a period sufficient for hydration of the plaster to occur at around 70-90% inside the mold 50. This period can vary from 1.5 to 5 min approximately, depending ⁇ tion of the temperature, the type and quantity of plaster used, and the degree of hydration of the plaster that one wants to obtain under pressure.
  • the increase in pressure in the mold 50, which results from the contrared expansion of the plaster, can be very significant and reach values of the order of 100 kg / cm 2 .
  • the support means 70, 74 will therefore have sufficient strength to oppose the pressure exer ⁇ ced on the upper plate 38 of the mold.
  • the pressure inside the mold is detected by suitable means, so that the support means 70, 74 release the upper plate 38 from the mold as soon as this pressure has reached a predetermined value.
  • a means 76 for measuring the pressure in a jack 74 there is shown diagrammatically at station D a means 76 for measuring the pressure in a jack 74, this means 76 being associated with a means 78 for controlling the jack.
  • the means 70, 74 of support on the upper plate 38 of the mold are discarded and the mold is transferred to the following station designated by the reference E, where the upper plate 38 of the mold is re ⁇ drawn.
  • the mold is then transferred to the following station, designated by the reference F and which is a demoulding station.
  • the vertical walls 30 of the mold are immobilized between stops, and one or more hydraulic cylinders 80 exert a significant force on the lower plate 40, to push it upwards and allow the extraction of the block 82 by means 84 for taking and transfer, the block 82 being manipulable and usable as soon as it leaves the mold.
  • the force provided by the cylinder (s) 80 can be very large (for example of the order of 100 kg / cm 2 ) over a short stroke, after which the vertical clearance of the faces 30 facilitates the upward movement of the lower plate 40.
  • the station occupied the longest by the molds is station D where the counterbalanced expansion of the plaster occurs for a period of between approximately 1.5 and 5 min.
  • the device according to the invention can therefore include several of these stations, arranged to be de ⁇ placeable on a path of determined length between station C and station E, for example by means of a carrousel comprising ten stations D, turning step by step between station C and station E.
  • the entire device can also be in the form of a rotating carousel between stations A, C and F, and comprising a certain number of stations D, as well as means for fitting and removing the upper covers 38 from the molds.
  • the production rate is then limited only by the duration of operations at station C, which is around fifteen seconds, and can therefore reach around 200 blocks / hour.
  • This rate can be greatly increased by performing the first compression time of the mixture in the mold at station B, and the second time at station C.
  • the device according to the invention only includes the stations
  • the upper plate 38 of the mold then being permanently fixed under the upper plate 58 of the press.
  • the operations of compacting the mixture in the mold, of compacting and holding in place the plates of the mold during the thwarted expansion of the plaster are carried out at the press.
  • the production rate is then around twenty blocks per hour (if only molds with a single imprint are used), but is obtained by means of a relatively simple machine comprising only filling stations. molds and mold release blocks and a hydraulic press. Two workers are sufficient to ensure the operation of this machine.
  • the device according to the invention when the device according to the invention is designed to offer a high production rate, it can be provided at the outlet of a plaster production installation and then use the hot plaster leaving directly from this installation, which reduces moreover the duration of the expansion thwarted and is favorable to the increase in the rate of production.
  • FIGS 7 and 8 There is shown schematically in FIGS 7 and 8 an alternative embodiment of the mold according to the invention.
  • the mold essentially consisting of the four vertical walls 30, the upper plate 38 and the lower plate 40, is surrounded and supported by at least one rigid frame 86 of rectangular shape on the sides of which the vertical walls 30 of the mold are detachably fixed.
  • Two adjacent sides of the frame 86 comprise means 88 associated with the corresponding vertical walls 30 of the mold to move them transversely inwards and outwards of the mold, as indicated by the double arrows in FIG. 8, on a short distance, for example of the order of 1 to 10 mm approximately.
  • These means 88 can be mechanical, for example screw, cam or lever, or hydraulic.
  • the base of the frame 86 may also include means 90 on which the lower plate 40 of the mold rests.
  • the upper plate 38 of the mold comprises means 92, for example mechanical, for locking in position between the vertical walls 30 when the upper plate 38 is at a predefined distance from the lower plate 40, this distance being equal to the height of the block to be manufactured.
  • the installation represented in FIG. 9 comprises a certain number of stations A, B, C, D, E, F and G to which the mold of FIGS. 7 and 8 is successively brought by transfer means represented schematically by the arrows joining the various stations of Figure 9.
  • transfer means represented schematically by the arrows joining the various stations of Figure 9.
  • these transfer means will act on the frame 86 which surrounds and supports the mold itself.
  • the first station A of the installation of FIG. 9 is a station for filling the mold with a mixture of plaster, sand and water.
  • the lower plate 40 of the mold is supported on the support means 90, and the two movable vertical walls 30 of the mold have been brought together, to delimit between them and with two other vertical walls 30 a volume of molding to the size of the block to be manufactured.
  • the upper plate 38 of the mold has been moved aside, to allow the mold to be filled with the mixture of plaster, sand and water.
  • next station B the upper plate 38 is placed on the mold and the wet mixture placed in the mold can be slightly packed and compressed as already described with reference to FIG. 6.
  • the next station C is the station for slowly compressing the mixture in the mold, and includes a press which will act on the upper plate 38 to compress the mixture in the mold to the desired height of the block to be manufactured.
  • the means 92 are actuated to block the upper plate 38 in position on the vertical walls 30 of the mold, then the mold and its frame 86 are transferred from station C to station E for opening the mold.
  • the duration of the path between these two positions corresponding to the duration of the thwarted expansion phase D of the plaster in the mold. This period may be sufficient for the hydration of the plaster to be complete between stations C and E, which guarantees the dimensional stability of the blocks after they are removed from the mold.
  • the means 92 are actuated to release the upper plate 38 and the means 88 are also actuated to spread the two movable walls 30 of the mold outwards.
  • the mold and its frame 86 are then transferred to station F where it suffices to lift the lower plate 40 to release the building block. Due to the prior spacing of the movable walls 30 of the mold, this release takes place without problem and without friction of the block on the internal faces of the walls 30 of the mold, and therefore without significant wear of these faces.
  • station G is a station for cleaning the mold, for example by means of pressurized air jets or pressurized water jets, which may also be optionally a station for laying a facing plate on the internal face of one of the walls 30 of the mold.
  • the mold and the frame 86 are finally brought back to the filling station A, where the means 88 can be actuated again to replace the movable walls 30 in molding position, before filling the mold with the mixture of plaster, sand and water.
  • the mold of FIGS. 7 and 8 has very significant advantages, insofar as it makes it possible to avoid any problem with demolding, and to effect a " total hydra ⁇ tion of the plaster under pressure in the mold, all by guaranteeing a high dimensional precision of the order of lOth of a millimeter on the building block thus manufactured.
  • the frame 86 which surrounds the mold is of robust construction to be rigid and undeformable.
  • the frames 86 each equipped with a mold can be jux ⁇ tapped, for example by two or four, to be transferred together from one station to another in the installation of Figure 9, which is then equipped with a multiple press, to double or quadruple the rate of fabrication.
  • the method and the device according to the invention are applicable to the manufacture of elements and building blocks having shapes and dimensions different from those of the block shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, and in particular solid blocks, blocks with multiple cavities, planar elements, chains, etc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/FR92/00424 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 12, 1993 Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 12, 1993 PCT Filed May 14, 1992 PCT Pub. No. WO92/20502 PCT Pub. Date Nov. 26, 1992.A method and apparatus for manufacturing a building block by molding under pressure a mixture of a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand, and water, by passing a mold (50) through various stations, including a station (A) for filling the mold with a measured quantity of the mixture (56), a station (B) for installing a mold top plate (38), a station (C) for compressing the mixture in the mold, a station (D) for keeping the top and bottom plates (38, 40) in place in the mold, a station (E) for withdrawing the top plate (38), and an unmolding station (F).

Description

PROCEDE ET DISPOSITIF DE FABRICATION El BLQÇg DEPROCESS AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING El BLQÇg DE
CONSTRUCTION A PARTIR D'UN LIANT HYDRAULIQUE TEL QUE DU PLATRE. D'UNE CHARGE INERTE TELLE QUE DU SABLE ET D'EAUCONSTRUCTION FROM A HYDRAULIC BINDER SUCH AS PLASTER. AN INERT LOAD SUCH AS SAND AND WATER
L'invention concerne un procédé et un disposi- tif de fabrication de blocs de construction par moulage sous pression élevée d'un mélange d'un liant hydraulique tel que du plâtre, d'une charge inerte telle que du sable et d'eau.The invention relates to a method and a device for manufacturing building blocks by high pressure molding of a mixture of a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand and water.
Ces blocs de construction et leur procédé de fabrication ont été décrits dans la Demande Internatio¬ nale WO 88/03916 du même inventeur.These building blocks and their manufacturing process have been described in International Application WO 88/03916 from the same inventor.
Ce procédé consiste essentiellement à mouler sous pression élevée le mélange de plâtre, de sable et d'eau pendant une durée suffisante, de l'ordre de 2 à 3 mn, correspondant à l'hydratation sous pression du plâtre qui se traduit par une expansion contrariée du plâtre à l'intérieur du moule, ainsi que par une densification et une réorientation de son réseau cristallin.This process essentially consists in molding under high pressure the mixture of plaster, sand and water for a sufficient time, of the order of 2 to 3 minutes, corresponding to the hydration under pressure of the plaster which results in an expansion upset of the plaster inside the mold, as well as by a densification and a reorientation of its crystal lattice.
Les blocs de construction ainsi obtenus ont des caractéristiques remarquables : une résistance à la compression largement supérieure à 100 kg/cm2, une dureté équivalente à celle de la pierre tendre, une bonne résis¬ tance à l'humidité et au gel, et une précision dimension- nelle de l'ordre du l/10e de millimètre, ce qui permet de les monter directement les uns sur les autres sans inter¬ position de joints traditionnels entre les blocs.The building blocks thus obtained have remarkable characteristics: a compressive strength much greater than 100 kg / cm 2 , a hardness equivalent to that of soft stone, good resistance to humidity and frost, and a dimensional precision of the order of 1/10 th of a millimeter, which allows them to be mounted directly on top of each other without the inter¬ position of traditional seals between the blocks.
Ces blocs sont de plus utilisables en construction à leur sortie des moules, sans séchage.These blocks can also be used in construction when they come out of the molds, without drying.
Il en résulte une économie de construction considérable, aussi bien en temps qu'en qualification de main d'oeuvre, les frais de construction proprement dits étant divisés par un facteur au moins égal à 2 ou 3.This results in a considerable saving in construction, both in terms of time and of qualification of the workforce, the construction costs proper being divided by a factor at least equal to 2 or 3.
La présente invention a pour objet des perfec¬ tionnements importants à ce procédé, ainsi que des moyens de mise en oeuvre de ce procédé, qui permettent d'amélio¬ rer encore les caractéristiques des blocs de construction précités, d'uniformiser leur qualité et de réduire leur prix de revient.The present invention relates to important improvements to this process, as well as to means for implementing this process, which make it possible to further improve the characteristics of the building blocks. mentioned above, to standardize their quality and to reduce their cost price.
Elle a également pour objet des moyens permet¬ tant de fabriquer ces blocs en grande quantité et à ca- dence élevée.It also relates to means allowing both to manufacture these blocks in large quantities and at high speed.
L'invention propose à cet effet un procédé de fabrication de blocs de construction à partir d'un mé¬ lange d'un liant hydraulique tel que du plâtre, d'une charge inerte telle que du sable et d'eau, qui est moulé sous pression pendant une durée suffisante pour obtenir une hydratation sous pression du liant hydraulique et une densification de son réseau cristallin, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à placer une quantité dosée du mélange dans un moule à parois latérales indéformableset à pla- teaux horizontaux supérieur et inférieur, deplaçables en translation verticale dans le moule avec un jeu faible par rapport aux parois latérales, puis à déplacer lente¬ ment au moins 1'un des plateaux vers 1rintérieur du moule sur des courses déterminées pour successivement tasser le mélange à l'intérieur du moule, puis pour donner une hau¬ teur prédéfinie au bloc à obtenir en exerçant progressi¬ vement une pression élevée sur le mélange dans le moule, à maintenir en place lesdits plateaux pendant la durée précitée durant laquelle se produit une expansion contra- riée du liant hydraulique dans le moule, puis à écarter l'un des plateaux et à démouler le bloc par déplacement de 1'autre plateau vers 1'intérieur du moule.The invention provides for this purpose a method of manufacturing building blocks from a mixture of a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand and water, which is molded under pressure for a sufficient time to obtain hydration under pressure of the hydraulic binder and a densification of its crystal lattice, characterized in that it consists in placing a metered quantity of the mixture in a mold with non-deformable side walls and with upper horizontal plates and lower, displaceable in vertical translation inside the mold with small clearance relative to the side walls, then moving lente¬ ment at least 1'un trays 1 to r inside the mold on races successively determined for compacting the mixture to inside the mold, then to give a predefined height to the block to be obtained by exerting progressively high pressure on the mixture in the mold, at my hold these plates in place for the aforementioned period during which a controlled expansion of the hydraulic binder takes place in the mold, then move aside one of the plates and unmold the block by moving the other plate towards the interior of the mold.
La compression lente du mélange placé dans le moule a pour effet, successivement, de tasser le mélange dans le moule en réduisant son foisonnement, de chasser l'air contenu dans le mélange et d'accélérer le mouillage du mélange grâce à la mise en pression de l'eau, de chas¬ ser hors du moule un éventuel excès d'eau par rapport à la quantité d'eau juste nécessaire à l'hydratation du plâtre, et de définir avec précision la hauteur (ou dimension entre les plateaux horizontaux du moule) du bloc de construction à obtenir. Le maintien en place des plateaux du moule, dans la position qu'ils occupent à la fin de la phase de compression, permet de conserver cette hauteur pendant la phase suivante, qui est une phase d'hydratation sous pression et d'expansion contrariée du plâtre dans le moule.The slow compression of the mixture placed in the mold has the effect, successively, of packing the mixture in the mold by reducing its overrun, to expel the air contained in the mixture and to accelerate the wetting of the mixture thanks to the pressurization of water, to chase out of the mold a possible excess of water relative to the amount of water just necessary for the hydration of the plaster, and to define with precision the height (or dimension between the horizontal plates of the mold) of building block to be obtained. Keeping the mold plates in place, in the position they occupy at the end of the compression phase, makes it possible to maintain this height during the next phase, which is a phase of hydration under pressure and of thwarted expansion of the plaster in the mold.
Les blocs de construction ainsi produits ont des dimensions bien définies et une résistance à la com¬ pression qui est au moins égale à une valeur prédétermi- née.The building blocks thus produced have well-defined dimensions and a resistance to compression which is at least equal to a predetermined value.
Selon une autre caractéristique de 1 'inven¬ tion, ce procédé consiste également à détecter l'augmen¬ tation de pression dans le moule résultant de 1 'expansion contrariée du liant hydraulique, pour définir la fin de la durée d'expansion contrariée dans le moule et démouler le bloc de construction, lorsque cette pression a atteint une valeur prédéterminée.According to another characteristic of the invention, this method also consists in detecting the increase in pressure in the mold resulting from the thwarted expansion of the hydraulic binder, to define the end of the duration of thwarted expansion in the mold and unmold the building block, when this pressure has reached a predetermined value.
De préférence, cette valeur prédéterminée de la pression dans le moule ne correspondra qu'à 70-90% en- viron de l'hydratation complète du liant hydraulique dans le moule, de façon à réduire l'effort à fournir pour le démoulage des blocs de construction et l'usure des moules.Preferably, this predetermined value of the pressure in the mold will only correspond to around 70-90% of the complete hydration of the hydraulic binder in the mold, so as to reduce the effort to be provided for demolding the blocks. of construction and wear of the molds.
L'invention propose également un dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend :The invention also provides a device for implementing this method, characterized in that it comprises:
- un moule à parois verticales indéformables et à plateaux horizontaux supérieur et inférieur, qui sont deplaçables en translation dans le moule avec un jeu faible par rapport aux parois verticales,- a mold with non-deformable vertical walls and with upper and lower horizontal plates, which are displaceable in translation in the mold with little play with respect to the vertical walls,
- des moyens de positionnement du plateau in¬ férieur dans le moule,means for positioning the in¬ lower plate in the mold,
- des moyens de remplissage du moule par une quantité dosée du mélange précité, - des moyens de mise en place du plateau supé¬ rieur dans le moule, - au moins une presse hydraulique commandée pour déplacer lentement au moins 1'un des plateaux à 1'intérieur du moule sur des courses déterminées pour successivement tasser le mélange dans le moule et le com- primer sous pression élevée jusqu'à la hauteur désirée du bloc à obtenir,means for filling the mold with a metered quantity of the above-mentioned mixture, means for placing the upper plate in the mold, - At least one hydraulic press controlled to slowly move at least one of the plates inside the mold over specified strokes to successively pack the mixture in the mold and compress it under high pressure to the desired height of the block to get,
- des moyens de maintien en place des plateaux dans le moule pendant l'expansion contrariée du liant hy¬ draulique dans le moule, - des moyens de retrait d'au moins un des pla¬ teaux du moule,means for holding the plates in place in the mold during the contrared expansion of the hydraulic binder in the mold, means for removing at least one of the plates from the mold,
- et des moyens de démoulage à vérin hydrau¬ lique, pour sortir le bloc du moule.- And demoulding means with hydraulic cylinder, to remove the block from the mold.
Selon les modes de réalisation de ce disposi- tif, les moyens de maintien en place des plateaux dans le moule peuvent être constitués soit par le ou les vérins hydrauliques de la presse précitée, soit par des moyens mécaniques et/ou hydrauliques indépendants de cette presse. Par ailleurs, le dispositif peut également comprendre des moyens de détection de 1'augmentation de pression du mélange dans le moule, résultant de l'expan¬ sion contrariée du liant hydraulique.According to the embodiments of this device, the means for holding the plates in place in the mold can be constituted either by the hydraulic jack (s) of the aforementioned press, or by mechanical and / or hydraulic means independent of this press. . Furthermore, the device may also include means for detecting the increase in pressure of the mixture in the mold, resulting from the thwarted expansion of the hydraulic binder.
De préférence, au moins le plateau supérieur du moule comprend un rebord oblique sur au moins une par¬ tie de la périphérie de sa face de contact avec le mé¬ lange dans le moule, pour former un chanfrein (continu ou discontinu) sur au moins une partie du bord périphérique supérieur du bloc de construction. La présence de ce chanfrein évite les risques de fissuration ou d'éclatement du bord périphérique supé¬ rieur du bloc de construction, lorsque les plateaux du moule sont libérés à la fin de la phase d'expansion contrariée, avant le démoulage. Par ailleurs, en prévoyant un chanfrein iden¬ tique sur le bord périphérique inférieur du bloc de construction, on améliore l'aspect d'une construction formée par la pose de ces blocs les uns sur les autres.Preferably, at least the upper plate of the mold comprises an oblique rim on at least a part of the periphery of its contact face with the mixture in the mold, to form a chamfer (continuous or discontinuous) on at least part of the upper peripheral edge of the building block. The presence of this chamfer avoids the risks of cracking or bursting of the upper peripheral edge of the building block, when the mold plates are released at the end of the thwarted expansion phase, before demolding. Furthermore, by providing an identical chamfer on the lower peripheral edge of the block of construction, the appearance of a construction formed by placing these blocks on top of each other is improved.
Selon une autre caractéristique de l'inven¬ tion, la presse hydraulique comprend des plateaux supé- rieur et inférieur entre lesquels est placé le moule et qui sont reliés par une transmission mécanique propre à définir de façon positive une distance déterminée entre les plateaux de la presse, correspondant à la hauteur dé¬ sirée du bloc de construction, et à assurer le parallé- lisme de ces plateaux.According to another characteristic of the invention, the hydraulic press comprises upper and lower plates between which the mold is placed and which are connected by a mechanical transmission capable of positively defining a determined distance between the plates of the press, corresponding to the desired height of the building block, and to ensure the parallelism of these plates.
On évite ainsi d'utiliser des butées méca¬ niques sur lesquels les plateaux de la presse viendraient en appui, et l'on peut mesurer les efforts de tension ou de compression auxquels sont soumis des éléments de cette transmission mécanique lors de la phase d'expansion contrariée du liant hydraulique dans le moule, pour défi¬ nir la fin de cette phase d'expansion contrariée.This avoids the use of mechanical stops on which the press plates come to bear, and one can measure the tension or compression forces to which elements of this mechanical transmission are subjected during the phase of thwarted expansion of the hydraulic binder in the mold, to defi ne the end of this thwarted expansion phase.
De façon générale, l'invention permet d'auto¬ matiser de façon fiable et sûre le procédé de fabrication des blocs de construction, d'améliorer et d'uniformiser leur qualité, et d'augmenter très sensiblement leur cadence de fabrication.In general, the invention makes it possible to reliably and safely automate the process for manufacturing building blocks, to improve and standardize their quality, and to very significantly increase their rate of manufacture.
L'invention sera mieux comprise et d'autres caractéristiques, détails et avantages de celle-ci appa- raitront plus clairement à la lecture de la description qui suit, faite à titre d'exemple en référence aux des¬ sins annexés, dans lesquels :The invention will be better understood and other characteristics, details and advantages thereof will appear more clearly on reading the description which follows, given by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
- les figures 1, 2 et 3 sont des vues schéma¬ tiques de dessus, en coupe verticale et de dessous res- pectivement, d'un bloc de construction selon l'invention;FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are diagrammatic views from above, in vertical section and from below respectively, of a building block according to the invention;
- la figure 4 est une vue schématique en coupe verticale d'un moule de fabrication de ce bloc;- Figure 4 is a schematic view in vertical section of a mold for manufacturing this block;
- la figure 5 est une vue schématique de des¬ sus de ce moule, dont le plateau supérieur a été retiré; - la figure 6 illustre schématiquement les différents postes de fabrication de ce bloc, dans une réalisation de l'invention;- Figure 5 is a schematic view from above of this mold, from which the upper plate has been removed; - Figure 6 schematically illustrates the different manufacturing stations of this block, in one embodiment of the invention;
- les figures 7 et 8 sont des vues en coupe verticale et de dessus, respectivement, d'une variante de réalisation d'un moule;- Figures 7 and 8 are views in vertical section and from above, respectively, of an alternative embodiment of a mold;
- la figure 9 représente schématiquement les postes d'une installation utilisant le moule des figures 7 et 8. Le bloc de construction qui a été représenté dans les figures 1 à 3 est sensiblement identique à celui qui a été décrit dans la Demande Internationale WO 88/03916 et est de forme parallépipédique rectangle, avec des dimensions qui sont par exemple de 15cm x 15cm x 30 cm. Un bloc selon l'invention, ayant ces dimensions, pèse un peu plus d'une dizaine de kilos et est facilement anipulable à la main. Bien entendu, l'invention permet également la fabrication de blocs ayant des formes et di¬ mensions différentes. La face supérieure 12 de ce bloc comporte des saillies 14 de faible hauteur, de forme carrée ou circu¬ laire par exemple.- Figure 9 schematically shows the stations of an installation using the mold of Figures 7 and 8. The building block which has been shown in Figures 1 to 3 is substantially identical to that which has been described in International Application WO 88 / 03916 and is of rectangular rectangular shape, with dimensions which are for example 15cm x 15cm x 30 cm. A block according to the invention, having these dimensions, weighs a little more than ten kilos and is easily anipulable by hand. Of course, the invention also allows the manufacture of blocks having different shapes and dimensions. The upper face 12 of this block has protrusions 14 of low height, of square or circular shape for example.
La face inférieure 16 du bloc comprend une ca¬ vité 18 d'un volume relativement important (de l'ordre de 30% du volume total par exemple), qui s'étend sur une certaine hauteur à l'intérieur du bloc 10 et dont le dé¬ bouché sur la face inférieure 16 du bloc est délimité par des bords longitudinaux 20 et transversaux 22 qui défi¬ nissent des logements des saillies 14 de la face supé- rieure d'un autre bloc.The lower face 16 of the block comprises a ca¬ vity 18 of a relatively large volume (of the order of 30% of the total volume for example), which extends over a certain height inside the block 10 and of which the plug on the lower face 16 of the block is delimited by longitudinal edges 20 and transverse edges 22 which define the housings of the projections 14 of the upper face of another block.
En outre, la face inférieure 16 du bloc com¬ porte une rainure ou un canal longitudinal 24 s'étendant sur toute sa longueur, qui communique avec la cavité 18 et qui débouche à l'une des ses extrémités longitudinales dans une rainure verticale 26 formée sur toute la hauteur du bloc, dans une de ses faces verticales d'extrémité. Comme cela est expliqué dans la Demande Inter¬ nationale précitée, les blocs 10 sont destinés à être po¬ sés les uns sur les autres et les uns à côté des autres, en étant tous orientés dans le même sens, pour former un mur comprenant des rangées horizontales de blocs dans lesquels les blocs sont décalés entre eux d'une demi-lon¬ gueur d'une rangée à l'autre. Du plâtre relativement li¬ quide est versé en deux fois dans les rainures verticales 26 pour venir remplir partiellement les cavités 18 des blocs en recouvrant les saillies 14 des faces supérieures des blocs inférieurs, puis pour remplir les rainures ver¬ ticales 26.In addition, the lower face 16 of the block com¬ carries a groove or a longitudinal channel 24 extending over its entire length, which communicates with the cavity 18 and which opens at one of its longitudinal ends in a vertical groove 26 formed over the entire height of the block, in one of its vertical end faces. As explained in the aforementioned International Application, the blocks 10 are intended to be placed on top of each other and next to each other, all being oriented in the same direction, to form a wall comprising horizontal rows of blocks in which the blocks are offset from one another by half a length from one row to another. Relatively liquid plaster is poured twice into the vertical grooves 26 to partially fill the cavities 18 of the blocks by covering the projections 14 on the upper faces of the lower blocks, then to fill the vertical grooves 26.
Comme on le voit sur les figures 1 à 3, un chanfrein 28 est formé sur au moins une partie des bords périphériques des faces supérieure et inférieure du bloc de construction. Des chanfreins identiques peuvent aussi être formés sur les bords verticaux du bloc.As seen in Figures 1 to 3, a chamfer 28 is formed on at least part of the peripheral edges of the upper and lower faces of the building block. Identical chamfers can also be formed on the vertical edges of the block.
Les figures 4 et 5 représentent schématique¬ ment un moule utilisé pour la fabrication du bloc repré- sente dans les figures 1 à 3.FIGS. 4 and 5 schematically represent a mold used for the manufacture of the block represented in FIGS. 1 to 3.
Ce moule comprend quatre parois verticales 30 en acier, qui sont assemblées rigidement entre elles, de préférence par des boulons 32 et qui sont positionnées les unes par rapport aux autres au moyen de pions de cen- trage 34 pour définir de façon précise la longueur et la largeur de la cavité de moulage, avec une tolérance dimensionnelle de l'ordre de quelques centièmes de milli¬ mètre. Les faces intérieures des parois verticales 30 sont rectifiées pour être parfaitement lisses et planes. L'une des parois verticales 30, formant une des petites faces verticales d'extrémité du moule, comporte sur toute sa hauteur une saillie verticale 36 de forme semi-cylin¬ drique destinée à former la rainure verticale 26 du bloc de construction à obtenir. Les parois verticales 30 du moule ont une hau¬ teur supérieure à celle du bloc à obtenir, de façon à re- cevoir entre elles le plateau supérieur 38 et le plateau inférieur 40 du moule. Lorsque la hauteur du bloc à obte¬ nir est de 15 cm, les parois verticales 30 du moule au¬ ront une hauteur comprise entre 25 et 30 cm environ. Les plateaux du moule sont des plaques rectan¬ gulaires en acier, dimensionnées pour pouvoir être depla¬ çables par translation verticale à l'intérieur du moule, avec un jeu faible de quelques dixièmes de millimètres par rapport aux parois verticales. Par ailleurs, les faces internes des parois verticales 30 forment avec la verticale un angle de dépouille faible de l'ordre de 0,5* pour faciliter le démoulage du bloc de construction.This mold comprises four vertical steel walls 30, which are rigidly assembled together, preferably by bolts 32 and which are positioned in relation to one another by means of centering pins 34 to precisely define the length and the width of the molding cavity, with a dimensional tolerance of the order of a few hundredths of a milli¬ meter. The inner faces of the vertical walls 30 are ground to be perfectly smooth and flat. One of the vertical walls 30, forming one of the small vertical end faces of the mold, has over its entire height a vertical projection 36 of semi-cylindrical shape intended to form the vertical groove 26 of the building block to be obtained. The vertical walls 30 of the mold have a height greater than that of the block to be obtained, so as to re- cevoir between them the upper plate 38 and the lower plate 40 of the mold. When the height of the block to be obtained is 15 cm, the vertical walls 30 of the mold will have a height of between 25 and 30 cm approximately. The mold plates are rectangular steel plates, dimensioned so that they can be moved by vertical translation inside the mold, with a small clearance of a few tenths of a millimeter relative to the vertical walls. Furthermore, the internal faces of the vertical walls 30 form with the vertical a small draft angle of the order of 0.5 * to facilitate demolding of the building block.
La face inférieure du plateau supérieur 38 du moule comporte deux petites cavités 42, dont les formes correspondent à celles des saillies 14 de la face supé¬ rieure du bloc de construction à obtenir, et un rebord périphérique oblique 44 de formation du chanfrein 28 du bloc à obtenir. Ce rebord oblique peut être prévu unique¬ ment sur une partie de la périphérie de la face infé- rieure du plateau 38. Une petite face verticale du pla¬ teau 38 comporte une rainure semi-cylindrique correspon¬ dant à la saillie verticale 36.The lower face of the upper plate 38 of the mold has two small cavities 42, the shapes of which correspond to those of the projections 14 of the upper face of the building block to be obtained, and an oblique peripheral rim 44 for forming the chamfer 28 of the block. to obtain. This oblique rim can be provided only on a part of the periphery of the lower face of the plate 38. A small vertical face of the plate 38 has a semi-cylindrical groove corresponding to the vertical projection 36.
La face supérieure du plateau inférieur 40 porte un noyau 46 destiné à former la cavité 18 et le ca- nal longitudinal 24 dans la face inférieure du bloc à ob¬ tenir. De plus, une petite face verticale de ce plateau 40 et du noyau 46 comporte une rainure verticale semi-cy¬ lindrique, destinée à recevoir la saillie verticale 36 de la paroi latérale 30 correspondante du moule. Le bord su- périeur du plateau 40 comporte également un rebord péri¬ phérique oblique de formation du chanfrein 28 précité du bloc de construction. Comme précédemment, ce rebord oblique peut être prévu uniquement sur une partie de la périphérie du plateau 40. Dans une variante de réalisation de ce moule, au moins l'une des grandes parois verticales 30 du moule est fixée de façon facilement amovible aux autres parois par tout moyen approprié, comprenant par exemple des charnières et/ou des leviers de verrouillage. Le retrait de cette grande paroi 30 du moule peut faciliter le démoulage du bloc de construction. De plus, cette paroi 30 peut être destinée à recevoir sur sa face interne une plaque d'une matière quelconque appropriée destinée à former un parement de façade sur le bloc de construction. Les différents postes d'un dispositif de fa- brication d'un bloc de construction selon l'invention ont été représentés schématiquement en figure 6.The upper face of the lower plate 40 carries a core 46 intended to form the cavity 18 and the longitudinal channel 24 in the lower face of the block to be held. In addition, a small vertical face of this plate 40 and of the core 46 has a vertical semi-cylindrical groove, intended to receive the vertical projection 36 of the corresponding side wall 30 of the mold. The upper edge of the plate 40 also includes an oblique peripheral edge for forming the aforementioned chamfer 28 of the building block. As before, this oblique rim can be provided only on a part of the periphery of the plate 40. In an alternative embodiment of this mold, at least one of the large vertical walls 30 of the mold is easily attached to the other walls by any suitable means, for example comprising hinges and / or locking levers. The removal of this large wall 30 from the mold can facilitate the demolding of the building block. In addition, this wall 30 can be intended to receive on its internal face a plate of any suitable material intended to form a facade facing on the building block. The different positions of a device for manufacturing a building block according to the invention have been shown diagrammatically in FIG. 6.
Dans cette figure, le dessin du moule 50 a été simplifié, mais il est bien entendu que ce moule peut être identique à celui représenté schématiquement dans les figures 4 et 5.In this figure, the design of the mold 50 has been simplified, but it is understood that this mold can be identical to that shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 4 and 5.
Le premier poste du dispositif selon l'inven¬ tion, désigné généralement par la référence A, est un poste de remplissage du moule 50. A ce poste, le moule 50 repose sur une surface de support 52, qui peut faire par- tie de moyens de transfert des moules entre les diffé¬ rents postes du dispositif de fabrication. Le plateau in¬ férieur 40 du moule est également porté par cette surface de support 52, de façon à occuper une position définie à l'intérieur du moule. Des moyens 54 permettent de déver- ser à l'intérieur du moule une quantité dosée d'un mé¬ lange 56 d'un liant hydraulique tel que du plâtre, d'une charge inerte telle que du sable, et d'eau. Les moyens 54 d'amenée de ce mélange sont avantageusement conçus pour réaliser également l'humidification d'un mélange sec de plâtre et de sable avec une quantité d'eau qui sera sen¬ siblement égale ou légèrement supérieure à la quantité d'eau nécessaire à la compacité optimale du mélange (cette quantité d'eau étant supérieure à celle nécessaire à l'hydratation du plâtre). Pour la fabrication d'un bloc de construction tel que représenté aux figures 1 à 3, et ayant des dimen- sions de 15cm x 15 cm x 30 cm, on utilise un mélange com¬ prenant environ 6 kg de sable, 4 kg de plâtre et 1,3-1,5 litres d'eau selon les granulométries du sable et du plâtre. Ce mélange est déversé dans le moule en quelques secondes.The first station of the device according to the invention, generally designated by the reference A, is a mold filling station 50. At this station, the mold 50 rests on a support surface 52, which can be part of means for transferring the molds between the different stations of the manufacturing device. The in¬ lower plate 40 of the mold is also carried by this support surface 52, so as to occupy a defined position inside the mold. Means 54 make it possible to pour inside the mold a metered amount of a mixture 56 of a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand, and water. The means 54 for supplying this mixture are advantageously designed to also carry out the humidification of a dry mixture of plaster and sand with an amount of water which will be substantially equal or slightly greater than the amount of water required. the optimal compactness of the mixture (this amount of water being greater than that necessary for the hydration of the plaster). For the manufacture of a building block as shown in Figures 1 to 3, and having dimensions sions of 15cm x 15 cm x 30 cm, a mixture comprising approximately 6 kg of sand, 4 kg of plaster and 1.3-1.5 liters of water is used depending on the particle size of the sand and the plaster. This mixture is poured into the mold in a few seconds.
Le moule est ensuite transféré au poste sui¬ vant, désigné par la référence B, où le plateau supérieur 38 du moule est placé dans le moule et repose sur le mé¬ lange 56 de plâtre, de sable et d'eau. Eventuellement, l'un ou l'autre des postes A et B ou les deux postes, peuvent comprendre une table vi¬ brante permettant de réaliser un début de tassement du mélange 56 dans le moule, une évacuation de l'air occlus et un meilleur mouillage. Le poste suivant, désigné par la référence C, comporte essentiellement une presse hydraulique à deux plateaux horizontaux mobiles 58 et 60 entre lesquels est placé le moule 50. Un ou plusieurs vérins hydrauliques 62 permettent de déplacer les plateaux de la presse, par exemple en synchronisme, dans des directions opposées pour les rapprocher et pour les écarter 1'un de 1'autre. Par exemple, les tiges de piston des vérins 62 s'appuient sur le plateau supérieur 58 de la presse tandis que leurs cylindres sont portés par une plaque horizontale 64 deplaçable en translation verticale et reliée par des ti¬ rants 66 au plateau inférieur 60 de la presse.The mold is then transferred to the next station, designated by the reference B, where the upper plate 38 of the mold is placed in the mold and rests on the mixture 56 of plaster, sand and water. Optionally, one or other of the stations A and B or the two stations, may include a vibrating table making it possible to start compacting the mixture 56 in the mold, evacuating the occluded air and better anchorage. The next station, designated by the reference C, essentially comprises a hydraulic press with two movable horizontal plates 58 and 60 between which the mold 50 is placed. One or more hydraulic cylinders 62 make it possible to move the plates of the press, for example in synchronism , in opposite directions to bring them closer and to move them apart. For example, the piston rods of the cylinders 62 are supported on the upper plate 58 of the press while their cylinders are carried by a horizontal plate 64 movable in vertical translation and connected by ti¬ rants 66 to the lower plate 60 of the hurry.
Les tirants 66 permettent d'assurer l'obten¬ tion et le maintien de la distance voulue entre les pla¬ teaux du moule, et sont le siège d'efforts de tension que l'on peut mesurer pour contrôler la bonne exécution du procédé.The tie rods 66 make it possible to obtain and maintain the desired distance between the plates of the mold, and are the seat of tension forces which can be measured to control the proper execution of the process.
Le plateau supérieur 58 de la presse s'ap¬ plique sur le plateau supérieur 38 du moule tandis que les parois verticales 30 et le plateau inférieur 40 du moule s'appuient sur le plateau inférieur 60 de la presse. La compression du mélange 56 dans le moule est réalisée de façon lente, de préférence en deux temps :The upper plate 58 of the press is applied to the upper plate 38 of the mold while the vertical walls 30 and the lower plate 40 of the mold rest on the lower plate 60 of the press. The compression of the mixture 56 in the mold is carried out slowly, preferably in two stages:
- une premier temps au cours duquel le mélange 56 est simplement tassé dans le moule par descente du plateau supérieur 38 à l'intérieur du moule, sur une course de plusieurs centimètres (de 4 à 10 cm par exemple) , la durée de cette course étant de plusieurs se¬ condes (par exemple de 5 à 10 s environ) ;- A first step during which the mixture 56 is simply packed into the mold by lowering the upper plate 38 inside the mold, over a stroke of several centimeters (from 4 to 10 cm for example), the duration of this stroke being of several seconds (for example from 5 to 10 s approximately);
- un deuxième temps au cours duquel le plateau supérieur 38 est enfoncé dans le moule sur une course de plusieurs centimètres jusqu'à ce que la distance séparant les plateaux 38 et 40 du moule soit égale à la hauteur désirée du bloc de construction. La durée de ce deuxième temps est de plusieurs secondes et la pression appliquée au mélange 56 à l'intérieur du moule atteint des valeurs comprises entre 50 et 100 kg/cm2 environ, selon les cas.- A second stage during which the upper plate 38 is pressed into the mold over a stroke of several centimeters until the distance separating the plates 38 and 40 from the mold is equal to the desired height of the building block. The duration of this second time is several seconds and the pressure applied to the mixture 56 inside the mold reaches values of between 50 and 100 kg / cm 2 approximately, depending on the case.
Ces deux temps de compression peuvent être réalisés soit par déplacement d'un des deux plateaux 38, 40 à l'intérieur du moule, soit par déplacement des deux plateaux 38,40 l'un vers l'autre.These two compression times can be achieved either by displacement of one of the two plates 38, 40 inside the mold, or by displacement of the two plates 38, 40 towards one another.
Au cours de la compression du mélange 56 dans le moule, l'air contenu dans ce mélange est chassé par le jeu entre les parois verticales et les plateaux du moule, l'eau se répartit uniformément dans le mélange de plâtre et de sable grâce à la pression exercée, et un éventuel excès d'eau est chassé par le jeu entre les parois verti¬ cales et les plateaux du moule. La distance entre les plateaux 38 et 40 du moule, correspondant à la hauteur désirée du bloc à obtenir, est de préférence définie de façon positive par une transmission mécanique reliant entre eux les plateaux 58 et 60 de la presse et assurant leur parallélisme.During the compression of the mixture 56 in the mold, the air contained in this mixture is expelled by the play between the vertical walls and the plates of the mold, the water is distributed uniformly in the mixture of plaster and sand thanks to the pressure exerted, and a possible excess of water is expelled by the play between the vertical walls and the mold plates. The distance between the plates 38 and 40 of the mold, corresponding to the desired height of the block to be obtained, is preferably defined positively by a mechanical transmission connecting together the plates 58 and 60 of the press and ensuring their parallelism.
Lorsque les plateaux 38 et 40 du moule ont été amenés à la distance voulue correspondant à la hauteur du bloc à obtenir, ils sont immobilisés. La pression dans le moule va alors chuter sensiblement pendant un laps de temps bref, puis va augmenter progressivement au fur et à mesure de l'expansion du plâtre, résultant de son hydra¬ tation.When the plates 38 and 40 of the mold have been brought to the desired distance corresponding to the height of the block to be obtained, they are immobilized. The pressure in the mold will then drop significantly during a period of short time, then will gradually increase as the plaster expands, resulting from its hydration.
En conséquence, lorsque les plateaux 38 et 40 du moule ont été amenés à la distance voulue l'un de l'autre par les vérins hydrauliques 62 de la presse, ces vérins sont à nouveau commandés pour écarter les plateaux 58 et 60 et permettre le transfert du moule 50 au poste suivant, désigné par la référence D, où les plateaux 38 et 40 du moule sont maintenus dans une position corres¬ pondant à la hauteur désirée du bloc à obtenir. Pour cela, le poste D peut comprendre par exemple des moyens 68 de support du moule et du plateau inférieur 40, et des moyens d'appui sur le plateau supérieur 38, ces moyens pouvant être du type mécanique, par exemple des leviers 70 montés à rotation sur un support 72, et/ou du type hy¬ draulique, par exemple des vérins 74 portés par le sup¬ port 72.Consequently, when the plates 38 and 40 of the mold have been brought to the desired distance from one another by the hydraulic jacks 62 of the press, these jacks are again controlled to separate the plates 58 and 60 and allow the transfer of the mold 50 to the next station, designated by the reference D, where the plates 38 and 40 of the mold are maintained in a position corresponding to the desired height of the block to be obtained. For this, the station D may for example comprise means 68 for supporting the mold and the lower plate 40, and means for bearing on the upper plate 38, these means possibly being of the mechanical type, for example levers 70 mounted at rotation on a support 72, and / or of the hydraulic type, for example jacks 74 carried by the support 72.
Le moule 50 est maintenu au poste D pendant une durée suffisante pour que l'hydratation du plâtre se produise à 70-90% environ à l'intérieur du moule 50. Cette durée peut varier de 1,5 à 5 mn environ, en fonc¬ tion de la température, du type et de la quantité de plâtre utilisé, et du degré d'hydratation du plâtre que l'on veut obtenir sous pression. L'augmentation de pres¬ sion dans le moule 50, qui résulte de l'expansion contra¬ riée du plâtre, peut être très importante et atteindre des valeurs de l'ordre de 100 kg/cm2.The mold 50 is kept at station D for a period sufficient for hydration of the plaster to occur at around 70-90% inside the mold 50. This period can vary from 1.5 to 5 min approximately, depending ¬ tion of the temperature, the type and quantity of plaster used, and the degree of hydration of the plaster that one wants to obtain under pressure. The increase in pressure in the mold 50, which results from the contrared expansion of the plaster, can be very significant and reach values of the order of 100 kg / cm 2 .
Les moyens d'appui 70, 74 vont donc avoir une résistance suffisante pour s'opposer à la pression exer¬ cée sur le plateau supérieur 38 du moule.The support means 70, 74 will therefore have sufficient strength to oppose the pressure exer¬ ced on the upper plate 38 of the mold.
De préférence, la pression à l'intérieur du moule est détectée par des moyens appropriés, de façon à ce que les moyens d'appui 70, 74 libèrent le plateau su- périeur 38 du moule dès que cette pression a atteint une valeur prédéterminée. On peut, pour cela, mesurer par exemple la pression à 1'intérieur des vérins hydrauliques 74 et mettre ces vérins à l'échappement dès que la pres¬ sion atteint une valeur prédéterminée, ou bien mesurer l'effort exercé sur les leviers 70 et les faire pivoter pour libérer le plateau 38 quand cet effort atteint une valeur déterminée. On peut également mesurer la tension de biellettes reliant les supports 68 et 72 et commander la libération du plateau supérieur 38 dès que cette ten¬ sion atteint une valeur prédéterminée. On peut également équiper les vérins hydrau¬ liques 74 d'un limiteur de pression, de façon à ce que la pression à l'intérieur du moule 50 ne puisse dépasser une valeur prédéterminée.Preferably, the pressure inside the mold is detected by suitable means, so that the support means 70, 74 release the upper plate 38 from the mold as soon as this pressure has reached a predetermined value. We can, for this, measure by example the pressure inside the hydraulic cylinders 74 and exhaust these cylinders as soon as the pres¬ sion reaches a predetermined value, or measure the force exerted on the levers 70 and rotate them to release the plate 38 when this effort reaches a determined value. One can also measure the tension of links connecting the supports 68 and 72 and order the release of the upper plate 38 as soon as this tension reaches a predetermined value. It is also possible to equip the hydraulic jacks 74 with a pressure limiter, so that the pressure inside the mold 50 cannot exceed a predetermined value.
A titre d'exemple, on a représenté schémati- quement au poste D un moyen 76 de mesure de la pression dans un vérin 74, ce moyen 76 étant associé à un moyen 78 de commande du vérin.By way of example, there is shown diagrammatically at station D a means 76 for measuring the pressure in a jack 74, this means 76 being associated with a means 78 for controlling the jack.
A l'issue de cette phase d'expansion contra¬ riée du plâtre dans le moule 50, les moyens 70, 74 d'ap- pui sur le plateau supérieur 38 du moule sont écartés et le moule est transféré au poste suivant désigné par la référence E, où le plateau supérieur 38 du moule est re¬ tiré.At the end of this contra¬ laughed expansion phase of the plaster in the mold 50, the means 70, 74 of support on the upper plate 38 of the mold are discarded and the mold is transferred to the following station designated by the reference E, where the upper plate 38 of the mold is re¬ drawn.
Le moule est ensuite transféré au poste sui- vant, désigné par la référence F et qui est un poste de démoulage.The mold is then transferred to the following station, designated by the reference F and which is a demoulding station.
A ce poste, les parois verticales 30 du moule sont immobilisées entre des butées, et un ou plusieurs vérins hydrauliques 80 exercent un effort important sur le plateau inférieur 40, pour le pousser vers le haut et permettre l'extraction du bloc 82 par des moyens 84 de prise et de transfert, le bloc 82 étant manipulable et utilisable dès sa sortie du moule. Au début du démoulage, l'effort fourni par le ou les vérins 80 peut être très important (par exemple de l'ordre de 100 kg/cm2) sur une faible course, après quoi la dépouille verticale des faces 30 facilite le déplacement vers le haut du plateau inférieur 40.At this station, the vertical walls 30 of the mold are immobilized between stops, and one or more hydraulic cylinders 80 exert a significant force on the lower plate 40, to push it upwards and allow the extraction of the block 82 by means 84 for taking and transfer, the block 82 being manipulable and usable as soon as it leaves the mold. At the start of demolding, the force provided by the cylinder (s) 80 can be very large (for example of the order of 100 kg / cm 2 ) over a short stroke, after which the vertical clearance of the faces 30 facilitates the upward movement of the lower plate 40.
Il faut ensuite redescendre (par exemple au moyen des vérins 80) le plateau inférieur 40 en position dans le moule, qui est alors transféré au poste A, pour être à nouveau rempli d'un mélange de plâtre, de sable et d'eau.It is then necessary to descend (for example by means of the jacks 80) the lower plate 40 in position in the mold, which is then transferred to station A, to be again filled with a mixture of plaster, sand and water.
Le poste occupé le plus longtemps par les moules est le poste D où se produit l'expansion contra- riée du plâtre pendant une durée comprise entre 1,5 et 5 mn environ. Le dispositif selon l'invention peut donc comprendre plusieurs de ces postes, agencés pour être de¬ plaçables sur un trajet de longueur déterminée entre le poste C et le poste E, par exemple au moyen d'un carrou- sel comprenant une dizaine des postes D, tournant pas à pas entre le poste C et le poste E.The station occupied the longest by the molds is station D where the counterbalanced expansion of the plaster occurs for a period of between approximately 1.5 and 5 min. The device according to the invention can therefore include several of these stations, arranged to be de¬ placeable on a path of determined length between station C and station E, for example by means of a carrousel comprising ten stations D, turning step by step between station C and station E.
L'ensemble du dispositif peut également se présenter sous forme d'un carrousel tournant entre les postes A, C et F, et comportant un certain nombre de postes D, ainsi que des moyens de pose et de retrait des couvercles supérieurs 38 des moules.The entire device can also be in the form of a rotating carousel between stations A, C and F, and comprising a certain number of stations D, as well as means for fitting and removing the upper covers 38 from the molds.
La cadence de fabrication n'est alors limitée que par la durée des opérations au poste C, qui est de l'ordre d'une quinzaine de secondes, et peut donc at- teindre 200 blocs/heure environ.The production rate is then limited only by the duration of operations at station C, which is around fifteen seconds, and can therefore reach around 200 blocks / hour.
On peut augmenter largement cette cadence en réalisant le premier temps de compression du mélange dans le moule au poste B, et le deuxième temps au poste C.This rate can be greatly increased by performing the first compression time of the mixture in the mold at station B, and the second time at station C.
Si nécessaire, on peut, pour augmenter encore cette cadence, utiliser des moules à empreintes mul¬ tiples, ce qui permet de multiplier la cadence de fabri¬ cation par le nombre d'empreintes que comprend chaque moule.If necessary, it is possible, to further increase this rate, to use multiple imprint molds, which makes it possible to multiply the rate of fabrication by the number of imprints that each mold comprises.
Dans une forme simplifiée de réalisation, le dispositif selon l'invention ne comprend que les postesIn a simplified embodiment, the device according to the invention only includes the stations
A, C et F, le plateau supérieur 38 du moule étant alors fixé à demeure sous le plateau supérieur 58 de la presse. Dans ce cas, les opérations de tassement du mélange dans le moule, de compactage et de maintien en place des pla¬ teaux du moule pendant l'expansion contrariée du plâtre, sont réalisées au niveau de la presse. La cadence de fa¬ brication est alors d'une vingtaine de blocs par heure (si l'on n'utilise que des moules à empreinte unique), mais est obtenue au moyen d'une machine relativement simple ne comprenant que des postes de remplissage des moules et de démoulage des blocs et une presse hydrau¬ lique. Deux ouvriers suffisent pour assurer le fonction¬ nement de cette machine.A, C and F, the upper plate 38 of the mold then being permanently fixed under the upper plate 58 of the press. In this case, the operations of compacting the mixture in the mold, of compacting and holding in place the plates of the mold during the thwarted expansion of the plaster, are carried out at the press. The production rate is then around twenty blocks per hour (if only molds with a single imprint are used), but is obtained by means of a relatively simple machine comprising only filling stations. molds and mold release blocks and a hydraulic press. Two workers are sufficient to ensure the operation of this machine.
Inversement, lorsque le dispositif selon l'in¬ vention est conçu pour offrir une cadence de production élevée, il peut être prévu en sortie d'une installation de production de plâtre et utiliser alors le plâtre chaud sortant directement de cette installation, ce qui réduit d'ailleurs la durée de l'expansion contrariée et est favorable à l'augmentation de la cadence de production. On a représenté schématiquement dans les fi¬ gures 7 et 8 une variante de réalisation du moule selon 1'invention.Conversely, when the device according to the invention is designed to offer a high production rate, it can be provided at the outlet of a plaster production installation and then use the hot plaster leaving directly from this installation, which reduces moreover the duration of the expansion thwarted and is favorable to the increase in the rate of production. There is shown schematically in FIGS 7 and 8 an alternative embodiment of the mold according to the invention.
Dans cette variante, le moule constitué essen¬ tiellement des quatre parois verticales 30, du plateau supérieur 38 et du plateau inférieur 40, est ceinturé et supporté par au moins un cadre rigide 86 de forme rectan¬ gulaire sur les côtés duquel les parois verticales 30 du moule sont fixées de façon démontable. Deux côtés adja¬ cents du cadre 86 comportent des moyens 88 associés aux parois verticales 30 correspondantes du moule pour les déplacer transversalement vers l'intérieur et vers l'ex¬ térieur du moule, comme indiqué par les doubles flèches en figure 8, sur une faible distance, par exemple de l'ordre de 1 à 10 mm environ. Ces moyens 88 peuvent être mécaniques, par exemple à vis, à came ou à levier, ou hy¬ drauliques. La base du cadre 86 peut également comprendre des moyens 90 sur lesquels repose le plateau inférieur 40 du moule.In this variant, the mold essentially consisting of the four vertical walls 30, the upper plate 38 and the lower plate 40, is surrounded and supported by at least one rigid frame 86 of rectangular shape on the sides of which the vertical walls 30 of the mold are detachably fixed. Two adjacent sides of the frame 86 comprise means 88 associated with the corresponding vertical walls 30 of the mold to move them transversely inwards and outwards of the mold, as indicated by the double arrows in FIG. 8, on a short distance, for example of the order of 1 to 10 mm approximately. These means 88 can be mechanical, for example screw, cam or lever, or hydraulic. The base of the frame 86 may also include means 90 on which the lower plate 40 of the mold rests.
De plus, le plateau supérieur 38 du moule com- porte des moyens 92, par exemple mécaniques, de verrouil¬ lage en position entre les parois verticales 30 lorsque le plateau supérieur 38 se trouve à une distance prédé¬ terminée du plateau inférieur 40, cette distance étant égale à la hauteur du bloc à fabriquer. On va maintenant décrire, en référence à la figure 9, la façon dont le moule des figures 7 et 8 est utilisé pour la fabrication de blocs de construction se¬ lon 1'invention.In addition, the upper plate 38 of the mold comprises means 92, for example mechanical, for locking in position between the vertical walls 30 when the upper plate 38 is at a predefined distance from the lower plate 40, this distance being equal to the height of the block to be manufactured. We will now describe, with reference to FIG. 9, how the mold of FIGS. 7 and 8 is used for the manufacture of building blocks according to the invention.
L'installation représentée en figure 9 com- prend un certain nombre de postes A, B, C, D, E, F et G auxquels le moule des figures 7 et 8 est successivement amené par des moyens de transfert représentés schémati¬ quement par les flèches joignant les divers postes de la figure 9. Avantageusement, ces moyens de transfert vont agir sur le cadre 86 qui ceinture et supporte le moule proprement dit.The installation represented in FIG. 9 comprises a certain number of stations A, B, C, D, E, F and G to which the mold of FIGS. 7 and 8 is successively brought by transfer means represented schematically by the arrows joining the various stations of Figure 9. Advantageously, these transfer means will act on the frame 86 which surrounds and supports the mold itself.
Le premier poste A de 1'installation de la fi¬ gure 9 est un poste de remplissage du moule par un mé¬ lange de plâtre, de sable et d'eau. A ce poste, le pla- teau inférieur 40 du moule est en appui sur les moyens de support 90, et les deux parois verticales mobiles 30 du moule ont été rapprochées, pour délimiter entre elles et avec des deux autres parois verticales 30 un volume de moulage à la dimension du bloc à fabriquer. Le plateau supérieur 38 du moule a été écarté, pour permettre le remplissage du moule par le mélange de plâtre, de sable et d'eau.The first station A of the installation of FIG. 9 is a station for filling the mold with a mixture of plaster, sand and water. At this position, the lower plate 40 of the mold is supported on the support means 90, and the two movable vertical walls 30 of the mold have been brought together, to delimit between them and with two other vertical walls 30 a volume of molding to the size of the block to be manufactured. The upper plate 38 of the mold has been moved aside, to allow the mold to be filled with the mixture of plaster, sand and water.
Au poste suivant B, le plateau supérieur 38 est placé sur le moule et le mélange humide placé dans le moule peut être légèrement tassé et comprimé comme déjà décrit en référence à la figure 6. Le poste suivant C est le poste de compression lente du mélange dans le moule, et comprend une presse qui va agir sur le plateau supérieur 38 pour comprimer le mélange dans le moule jusqu'à la côte de hauteur désirée du bloc à fabriquer. A la fin de cette compression, les moyens 92 sont actionnés pour bloquer le plateau supé¬ rieur 38 en position sur les parois verticales 30 du moule, puis le moule et son cadre 86 sont transférés du poste C au poste E d'ouverture du moule, la durée du tra- jet entre ces deux postes correspondant à la durée de la phase d'expansion contrariée D du plâtre dans le moule. Cette durée peut être suffisante pour que l'hydratation du plâtre soit complète entre les postes C et E, ce qui garantit la stabilité dimensionnelle des blocs après leur démoulage.At the next station B, the upper plate 38 is placed on the mold and the wet mixture placed in the mold can be slightly packed and compressed as already described with reference to FIG. 6. The next station C is the station for slowly compressing the mixture in the mold, and includes a press which will act on the upper plate 38 to compress the mixture in the mold to the desired height of the block to be manufactured. At the end of this compression, the means 92 are actuated to block the upper plate 38 in position on the vertical walls 30 of the mold, then the mold and its frame 86 are transferred from station C to station E for opening the mold. , the duration of the path between these two positions corresponding to the duration of the thwarted expansion phase D of the plaster in the mold. This period may be sufficient for the hydration of the plaster to be complete between stations C and E, which guarantees the dimensional stability of the blocks after they are removed from the mold.
Au poste E, les moyens 92 sont actionnés pour libérer le plateau supérieur 38 et les moyens 88 sont également actionnés pour écarter vers l'extérieur les deux parois mobiles 30 du moule. Le moule et son cadre 86 sont ensuite transfé¬ rés au poste F où il suffit de soulever le plateau infé¬ rieur 40 pour démouler le bloc de construction. Du fait de l'écartement préalable des parois mobiles 30 du moule, ce démoulage s ' effectue sans problème et sans frottement du bloc sur les faces internes des parois 30 du moule, et donc sans usure sensible de ces faces .At station E, the means 92 are actuated to release the upper plate 38 and the means 88 are also actuated to spread the two movable walls 30 of the mold outwards. The mold and its frame 86 are then transferred to station F where it suffices to lift the lower plate 40 to release the building block. Due to the prior spacing of the movable walls 30 of the mold, this release takes place without problem and without friction of the block on the internal faces of the walls 30 of the mold, and therefore without significant wear of these faces.
Le moule et son cadre 86 sont ensuite transfé¬ rés au poste G, qui est un poste de nettoyage du moule, par exemple au moyen de jets d'air sous pression ou de jets d'eau sous pression, et qui peut être aussi éventuellement un poste de pose d'une plaque de parement sur la face interne d'une des parois 30 du moule.The mold and its frame 86 are then transferred to station G, which is a station for cleaning the mold, for example by means of pressurized air jets or pressurized water jets, which may also be optionally a station for laying a facing plate on the internal face of one of the walls 30 of the mold.
Le moule et le cadre 86 sont enfin ramenés au poste de remplissage A, où les moyens 88 peuvent être à nouveau actionnés pour replacer les parois mobiles 30 en position de moulage, avant le remplissage du moule par le mélange de plâtre, de sable et d'eau.The mold and the frame 86 are finally brought back to the filling station A, where the means 88 can be actuated again to replace the movable walls 30 in molding position, before filling the mold with the mixture of plaster, sand and water.
Le moule des figures 7 et 8 présente des avan¬ tages très importants, dans la mesure où il permet d'évi- ter tout problème au démoulage, et d'effectuer une" hydra¬ tation totale du plâtre sous pression dans le moule, tout en garantissant une précision dimensionnelle élevée de l'ordre du lOème de millimètre sur le bloc de construc¬ tion ainsi fabriqué. Le cadre 86 qui ceinture le moule est de construction robuste pour être rigide et indéformable. Les cadres 86 équipés chacun d'un moule peuvent être jux¬ taposés, par exemple par deux ou par quatre, pour être transférés ensemble d'un poste à l'autre dans l'installa¬ tion de la figure 9, qui est alors équipée d'une presse multiple, pour doubler ou quadrupler la cadence de fabri¬ cation.The mold of FIGS. 7 and 8 has very significant advantages, insofar as it makes it possible to avoid any problem with demolding, and to effect a " total hydra¬ tion of the plaster under pressure in the mold, all by guaranteeing a high dimensional precision of the order of lOth of a millimeter on the building block thus manufactured. The frame 86 which surrounds the mold is of robust construction to be rigid and undeformable. The frames 86 each equipped with a mold can be jux¬ tapped, for example by two or four, to be transferred together from one station to another in the installation of Figure 9, which is then equipped with a multiple press, to double or quadruple the rate of fabrication.
Le procédé et le dispositif selon 1'invention sont applicables à la fabrication d'éléments et de blocs de construction ayant des formes et des dimensions diffé¬ rentes de celles du bloc représenté dans les figures 1 à 3, et notamment des blocs pleins, des blocs à cavités multiples, des éléments plans, des chaîneaux, etc.. The method and the device according to the invention are applicable to the manufacture of elements and building blocks having shapes and dimensions different from those of the block shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, and in particular solid blocks, blocks with multiple cavities, planar elements, chains, etc.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé de fabrication de blocs de construction à partir d'un mélange d'un liant hydraulique tel que du plâtre, d'une charge inerte telle que du sable et d'eau, qui est moulé sous pression pendant une durée suffisante pour obtenir une hydratation sous pression du liant hydraulique et une densification de son réseau cristallin, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à placer une quantité dosée du mélange dans un moule à parois laté- raies indéformables (30) et à plateaux horizontaux supé¬ rieur et inférieur (38, 40) deplaçables en translation verticale dans le moule avec un jeu faible par rapport aux parois latérales, à déplacer lentement au moins l'un des plateaux vers 1'intérieur du moule sur des courses déterminées pour successivement tasser le mélange à 1 'in¬ térieur du moule, puis donner une hauteur prédéfinie au bloc à obtenir en comprimant progressivement le mélange dans le moule, à maintenir en place lesdits plateaux pen¬ dant la durée précitée durant laquelle se produit une ex- pansion contrariée du liant hydraulique, et à écarter l'un des plateaux pour démouler le bloc par déplacement de 1'autre plateau vers 1'intérieur du moule.1. Method for manufacturing building blocks from a mixture of a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand and water, which is pressure molded for a sufficient time to obtain hydration under pressure of the hydraulic binder and densification of its crystal lattice, characterized in that it consists in placing a metered quantity of the mixture in a mold with non-deformable side walls (30) and with upper and lower horizontal plates (38, 40) displaceable in vertical translation in the mold with a small clearance with respect to the side walls, to slowly move at least one of the plates towards the inside of the mold over predetermined strokes to successively compact the mixture to 1 ' inside of the mold, then give a predefined height to the block to be obtained by gradually compressing the mixture in the mold, to keep said plates in place for the specified duration t during which there is a thwarted expansion of the hydraulic binder, and to move aside one of the plates to demold the block by moving the other plate towards the interior of the mold.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caracté¬ risé en ce qu'il consiste à détecter l'augmentation de pression dans le moule résultant de l'expansion contra¬ riée du liant hydraulique, pour définir la fin de la du¬ rée précitée et démouler ensuite le bloc de construction lorsque cette pression atteint une valeur prédéterminée.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists in detecting the increase in pressure in the mold resulting from the contrared expansion of the hydraulic binder, in order to define the end of the aforementioned duration and then unmold the building block when this pressure reaches a predetermined value.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à déplacer certaines pa¬ rois latérales du moule sur une faible distance vers l'extérieur pour faciliter le démoulage.3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it consists in moving certain lateral pa¬ kings of the mold over a short distance towards the outside to facilitate demolding.
4. Dispositif pour l'exécution du procédé se¬ lon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend : - un moule à parois verticales (30) indéfor¬ mables et à plateaux horizontaux supérieur et inférieur4. Device for carrying out the method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that it comprises: - A mold with vertical walls (30) indéfor¬ mables and with upper and lower horizontal plates
(38, 40) , qui sont deplaçables en translation dans le moule avec un jeu faible par rapport aux parois verti- cales,(38, 40), which are displaceable in translation in the mold with a small clearance with respect to the vertical walls,
- des moyens (52,90) de positionnement du pla¬ teau inférieur dans le moule,- means (52.90) for positioning the lower plate in the mold,
- des moyens (54) de remplissage du moule par une quantité dosée du mélange précité, - des moyens de mise en place du plateau supé¬ rieur (38) dans le moule,- means (54) for filling the mold with a metered quantity of the above-mentioned mixture, - means for placing the upper plate (38) in the mold,
- au moins une presse hydraulique (62) comman¬ dée pour déplacer lentement au moins 1'un des plateaux (38,40) à l'intérieur du moule sur des courses dé- terminées pour successivement tasser le mélange dans le moule, puis le comprimer sous pression élevée jusqu'à la hauteur désirée du bloc à obtenir,- at least one hydraulic press (62) controlled to slowly move at least one of the plates (38.40) inside the mold on defined strokes to successively pack the mixture in the mold, then the compress under high pressure to the desired height of the block to be obtained,
- des moyens (70,74,90,92) de maintien en place des plateaux dans le moule pendant l'expansion du liant hydraulique résultant de son hydratation,means (70, 74, 90, 92) for holding the plates in place in the mold during the expansion of the hydraulic binder resulting from its hydration,
- des moyens de retrait d'au moins un des pla¬ teaux du moule,means for removing at least one of the plates from the mold,
- et des moyens de démoulage à vérin hydrau¬ lique (80) pour sortir le bloc du moule. - and demoulding means with hydraulic cylinder (80) for removing the block from the mold.
5. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, carac¬ térisé en ce qu'il comprend des moyens (76) de détection de l'augmentation de pression du mélange dans le moule, résultant de l'expansion contrariée du liant hydraulique. 5. Device according to claim 4, carac¬ terized in that it comprises means (76) for detecting the increase in pressure of the mixture in the mold, resulting from the thwarted expansion of the hydraulic binder.
6. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, carac- térisé en ce que les parois verticales du moule sont ceinturées par au moins un cadre rigide (86) de support qui comprend des moyens (88) de déplacement transversal sur une faible distance d'au moins deux parois verticales adjacentes du moule. 6. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that the vertical walls of the mold are surrounded by at least one rigid support frame (86) which comprises means (88) for transverse movement over a short distance of at least two adjacent vertical walls of the mold.
7. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 4 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un poste (A) de remplissage du moule, un poste (C) de compression du mélange dans le moule et un poste (F) de démoulage, ainsi que des moyens de transfert du moule entre ces trois postes. 7. Device according to one of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that it comprises at least one station (A) for filling the mold, a station (C) for compressing the mixture in the mold and a station (F) for demolding, as well as means for transferring the mold between these three stations.
8. Dispositif selon une des revendications 4 à8. Device according to one of claims 4 to
7, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend également des moyens (84) de prise et de transfert du bloc sorti du moule.7, characterized in that it also comprises means (84) for picking up and transferring the block removed from the mold.
9. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 4 à 8, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins le plateau supérieur (38) du moule comprend un rebord oblique (44) sur au moins une partie de la périphérie de sa face de contact avec le mélange dans le moule, pour former un chanfrein (28) sur au moins une partie du bord périphérique supé¬ rieur du bloc de construction. 9. Device according to one of claims 4 to 8, characterized in that at least the upper plate (38) of the mold comprises an oblique flange (44) on at least part of the periphery of its contact face with the mixing in the mold, to form a chamfer (28) on at least part of the upper peripheral edge of the building block.
10. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications10. Device according to one of claims
4 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le plateau inférieur du moule comprend, sur sa face de contact avec le mélange dans le moule, au moins un noyau (46) en saillie permet¬ tant de former au moins une cavité (18) dans le bloc de construction.4 to 9, characterized in that the lower plate of the mold comprises, on its face for contact with the mixture in the mold, at least one protruding core (46) allowing both to form at least one cavity (18) in the building block.
11. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 4 à 10, caractérisé en ce que ladite presse comprend des plateaux supérieur et inférieur (58, 60) entre lesquels est placé le moule et qui sont reliés par une transmis- sion mécanique propre à définir de façon positive une distance minimale entre les plateaux de la presse corres¬ pondant à la hauteur désirée du bloc de construction, et à assurer le parallélisme des plateaux.11. Device according to one of claims 4 to 10, characterized in that said press comprises upper and lower plates (58, 60) between which the mold is placed and which are connected by a mechanical transmission suitable for defining positively a minimum distance between the plates of the press corresponding to the desired height of the building block, and to ensure the parallelism of the plates.
12. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 4 à 11, caractérisé en ce que ladite presse comprend deux plateaux horizontaux (58, 60) entre lesquels est placé le moule, le plateau inférieur (40) du moule étant supporté par le plateau inférieur (60) de la presse, tandis que le plateau supérieur (38) du moule est placé sous le plateau supérieur (58) de la presse. 12. Device according to one of claims 4 to 11, characterized in that said press comprises two horizontal plates (58, 60) between which the mold is placed, the lower plate (40) of the mold being supported by the lower plate ( 60) of the press, while the upper plate (38) of the mold is placed under the upper plate (58) of the press.
13. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 4 à 12, caractérisé en ce que les moyens (70,74,90,92) de maintien en place des plateaux du moule sont du type mé¬ canique et/ou hydraulique. 513. Device according to one of claims 4 to 12, characterized in that the means (70,74,90,92) for holding the mold plates in place are of the mechanical and / or hydraulic type. 5
14. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications14. Device according to one of claims
4 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une des grandes pa¬ rois verticales (30) du moule est destinée à recevoir une plaque de parement du bloc de construction.4 to 13, characterized in that at least one of the large vertical walls (30) of the mold is intended to receive a facing plate for the building block.
15. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1.0 4 à 14, caractérisé en ce qu'il est agencé en sortie d'une installation de production de plâtre. 15. Device according to one of claims 1.0 4 to 14, characterized in that it is arranged at the outlet of a plaster production installation.
EP92911263A 1991-05-15 1992-05-14 Method and device for manufacturing construction blocks from a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand, and water Expired - Lifetime EP0619773B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9105870A FR2676386A1 (en) 1991-05-15 1991-05-15 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING BUILDING BLOCKS FROM A HYDRAULIC BINDER SUCH AS PLASTER, AN INERT LOAD SUCH AS SAND AND WATER.
FR9105870 1991-05-15
PCT/FR1992/000424 WO1992020502A1 (en) 1991-05-15 1992-05-14 Method and device for manufacturing construction blocks from a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand, and water

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0619773A1 true EP0619773A1 (en) 1994-10-19
EP0619773B1 EP0619773B1 (en) 2000-03-15

Family

ID=9412799

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92911263A Expired - Lifetime EP0619773B1 (en) 1991-05-15 1992-05-14 Method and device for manufacturing construction blocks from a hydraulic binder such as plaster, an inert filler such as sand, and water

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US5507996A (en)
EP (1) EP0619773B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH06509290A (en)
AT (1) ATE190549T1 (en)
AU (1) AU670748B2 (en)
DE (1) DE69230802D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2676386A1 (en)
OA (1) OA09844A (en)
WO (1) WO1992020502A1 (en)

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FR2786428B1 (en) * 1998-11-26 2001-02-02 Jean Brouard INSTALLATION AND MOLDS FOR MANUFACTURING CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS FROM A MIXTURE OF GYPSUM, A FILLER AND WATER
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0619773B1 (en) 2000-03-15
AU1908492A (en) 1992-12-30
OA09844A (en) 1994-08-15
WO1992020502A1 (en) 1992-11-26
FR2676386A1 (en) 1992-11-20
JPH06509290A (en) 1994-10-20
US5507996A (en) 1996-04-16
AU670748B2 (en) 1996-08-01
ATE190549T1 (en) 2000-04-15
DE69230802D1 (en) 2000-04-20

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