EP0591775A1 - Verfahren zur Korrosionsverhinderung einer armierten Betonstruktur - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Korrosionsverhinderung einer armierten Betonstruktur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0591775A1
EP0591775A1 EP93115369A EP93115369A EP0591775A1 EP 0591775 A1 EP0591775 A1 EP 0591775A1 EP 93115369 A EP93115369 A EP 93115369A EP 93115369 A EP93115369 A EP 93115369A EP 0591775 A1 EP0591775 A1 EP 0591775A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
concrete structure
metal
reinforced concrete
aluminum
corrosion
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Granted
Application number
EP93115369A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0591775B1 (de
Inventor
Akio Furuya
Toshimoto Tsuji
Takayuki Sato
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dai Nippon Toryo KK
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Dai Nippon Toryo KK
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Publication of EP0591775A1 publication Critical patent/EP0591775A1/de
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto
    • C23F13/16—Electrodes characterised by the combination of the structure and the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F2201/00—Type of materials to be protected by cathodic protection
    • C23F2201/02—Concrete, e.g. reinforced

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for preventing corrosion of a reinforced concrete structure. Particularly, it relates to a method for preventing corrosion of a reinforced concrete structure, by means of an impressed current method whereby the reinforcing steel of the reinforced concrete structure can be protected effectively from corrosion for a long period of time.
  • Concrete structures usually have reinforcing steels embedded therein.
  • Such reinforcing steels are likely to be corroded as a result of carbonation of concrete or by an influence of a salt content contained in the material for concrete or by an influence of chlorine ions or sulfuric acid ions contained in water penetrated into the concrete.
  • the reinforcing steels of concrete structures had a drawback that the function as a reinforcing material was lost in a relatively short period of time.
  • the method for electrolytic protection by means of a galvanic anode method is a method whereby the maintenance is easy, and when applied to e.g. a marine concrete structure immersed in the sea water, the electrical resistance of the concrete itself is low, so that the corrosion preventive current is easy to flow to provide excellent corrosion prevention.
  • the electrical resistance of the concrete itself is high, so that the corrosion preventive current is difficult to flow, whereby there is a drawback that no adequate corrosion prevention can be accomplished.
  • a conductive paint system e.g. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 52090/1989
  • a reticular anode system e.g. WO 86/06759 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 25975/1981
  • both systems have a drawback such that the practical application is difficult, or the workability is poor.
  • the conductive paint system is a method wherein a kerf is formed on the surface of a concrete structure, then a platinum-plated titanium wire is laid in the kerf and an electrical conductive resin for its protection is filled in the kerf, to obtain a primary anode, and as a secondary anode, a carbon type or nickel type conductive paint is coated on the surface of the concrete structure.
  • the application of this method is difficult particularly to a concrete structure having a complicated shape, and a number of steps are required to form the kerf on the concrete surface, whereby the workability is poor. Further, blistering or peeling of the coating film is likely to result as time passes, and the platinum-plated titanium wire has a drawback that it is expensive.
  • the reticular anode system is an anode system wherein the secondary anode in the above system (i) is omitted by arranging the primary anode connected directly to the power source, in a net form on the concrete surface to make the distribution of a current to the reinforcing steel uniform.
  • this is a method wherein a titanium expanded mesh provided with a coating film of a platinum group metal oxide or a carbon type expanded mesh having the surface treated, is disposed on the concrete surface, and a mortar is coated thereon.
  • the application of this method is difficult particularly to a concrete structure having a complicated shape, and the workability is poor.
  • the overlaid mortar has a problem in its durability, and blistering is likely to result as time passes, and the anode material has a drawback that it is expensive.
  • a corrosion-preventing method wherein an aggregate-containing primer is coated on the surface of a steel plate to form a primer layer having a rough surface, and a metal is metal-sprayed onto the primer layer to form a spray coating layer, for example, in U.S. Patent 4,971,838 or EP 0275083.
  • This corrosion preventing method is capable of effectively protecting the steel plate from corrosion, since a corrosion-preventing film is formed directly on the surface of the steel plate.
  • the present inventors have studied the above-mentioned problems inherent to the impressed current method and conducted a research to develop a method for preventing corrosion of a reinforced concrete structure for a long period of time, which is excellent in the workability and can be applied at low costs, while effectively utilizing the feature of the electrolytic protection by the impressed current method. As a result, the present invention has been accomplished.
  • the present invention provides a method for preventing corrosion of a reinforced concrete structure having a reinforcing steel embedded therein, which comprises coating an aggregate-containing primer on the surface of the reinforced concrete structure, to form a primer layer having a rough surface, metal-spraying aluminum, an aluminum alloy or a zinc-aluminum pseudo alloy on the primer layer to form a metal spray coating layer, and applying a direct current voltage across the metal spray coating layer as an anode and the reinforcing steel as a cathode to conduct a corrosion preventive current.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a part of a reinforced concrete structure to which corrosion-preventing treatment was applied by the method according to the present invention.
  • the primer to be used in the present invention is a primer comprising an aggregate and a binder as essential components and having a solvent (or a dispersion medium), a pigment or various additives incorporated as the case requires.
  • the aggregate to be used in the present invention has an average particle size of from about 10 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably from 30 to 100 ⁇ m and is the one capable of forming sharp irregularities on the surface of the primer layer.
  • the aggregate may, for example, be a metal or alloy having the same ionization tendency as the metal-spray coating material, or various metals or alloys having insulation treatment applied at least to their surface, or their oxides (such as aluminum oxide or iron oxide), nitrides or carbides. Further, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, boron nitride or a plastic powder insoluble to a solvent in the primer, may, for example, be mentioned.
  • the amount of such an aggregate to be incorporated is usually from about 30 to 300 volume %, preferably from 65 to 150 volume %, to the binder, and usually from about 25 to 75%, preferably from 40 to 60% as the pigment volume concentration (PVC).
  • the surface of the primer layer formed on the concrete structure can be made to have a suitable surface roughness, preferably at a level of a surface roughness (Rz) of from about 40 to 150 ⁇ m as prescribed in JIS B 0601.
  • Rz surface roughness
  • the binder to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited so long as it is excellent in the drying property, water resistance and adhesion.
  • Conventional binders for coating materials may be used without any particular restriction.
  • one-pack air drying type resin such as chlorinated rubber, an alkyd resin or a vinyl resin, or a two-pack type resin (to be used in combination with a curing agent) such as an epoxy resin, an unsaturated polyester resin, an acryl-urethane resin or a polyester-urethane resin, may be mentioned.
  • a two-pack type epoxy resin excellent in water resistance and adhesion is particularly preferred.
  • the solvent (or the dispersion medium) to be used as the case requires may, for example, be a usual organic solvent for a coating material, such as xylene, toluene, butanol, methyl ethyl ketone or butyl acetate, or water.
  • the pigment may, for example, be a filler such as barium sulfate, calcium carbonate or talc, or a coloring pigment such as titanium oxide or carbon black.
  • the additives include a foam-preventing agent, an anti-sagging agent and a dispersant. It is preferred to incorporate from 0 to 50 wt% of the solvent (or the dispersion medium) and from 0 to 30 wt% of the pigment, based on the weight of the primer.
  • the primer to be used for coating may be of any type such as an organic solvent type, an aqueous type or a liquid non-solvent type.
  • metal spray coating material to form a metal spray coating layer to be used as an anode in the present invention aluminum, an aluminum alloy or a zinc-aluminum pseudo alloy may be employed.
  • a metal spray coating material zinc is known as a typical material, but zinc is likely to wear by e.g. white rust, and even when a protective coating is applied thereon, blistering or the like is likely to form. Therefore, zinc is not suitable for the present invention intended to provide corrosion prevention for a long period of time.
  • the aluminum alloy is an alloy containing at least 50% by weight of aluminum and having at least one other metal such as Cr, Si, Fe, Ni, Sn, Mg or Zn incorporated.
  • a metal spray coating formed with aluminum or an aluminum alloy has a merit that wear is little, since the surface of the aluminum itself is oxidized to form a stable and dense coating film.
  • the metal spray coating formed with such a zinc-aluminum pseudo alloy has a merit that it has a large cohesive force and is highly dense, whereby blistering or the like scarcely occurs.
  • This zinc-aluminum pseudo alloy means a state wherein zinc and aluminum do not form an alloy tissue, and fine zinc particles and fine aluminum particles are overlaid on one another in a non-uniform fashion to present an apparent appearance of a zinc-aluminum alloy.
  • the spray coating film of this zinc-aluminum pseudo alloy can be formed by conducting arc metal-spraying by a low temperature metal-spraying method such as an arc metal-spraying method under reduced pressure, using metal spray wire materials of zinc and aluminum.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a characteristic part of a typical reinforced concrete structure to which corrosion preventing treatment was applied by the method according to the present invention. Referring to this Figure, the method for preventing corrosion of a reinforced concrete structure of the present invention will be described.
  • the surface of a concrete structure 1 having a reinforcing steel 2 embedded as a reinforcing material is cleaned to remove deposits such as dusts or oils, as the case requires.
  • the above-mentioned primer is coated thereon and dried to form a primer layer 3.
  • Coating of the primer is conducted by a conventional coating method such as spraying, brush coating or roller coating.
  • the coating amount is adjusted to be usually from about 20 to 400 g/m2, preferably from 40 to 200 g/m2.
  • a gas flame-spraying method, an electrical arc spraying method or a low temperature metal-spraying method by means of a reduced pressure arc spraying machine may be mentioned. In the present invention, any one of these methods may be employed.
  • a low temperature metal-spraying method by a reduced pressure arc spraying machine as disclosed in e.g. Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 24859/1972 or Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 167472/1986.
  • This low temperature metal-spraying method by means of a reduced pressure arc spraying machine is a method wherein a metal wire material is continuously electrically arc-melted under an environment where the central portion is depressurized than the peripheral portion by means of a low temperature air stream jetted in a cylindrical shape, and at the same time, the melted metal is suctioned into a forward jet stream, pulverized and quenched, whereupon the metal particles in a super cooled liquid state are sprayed on the primer layer.
  • metal spraying is conducted by this low temperature metal spraying method.
  • the thickness of the metal spray coating layer 4 formed on the primer layer 3 is preferably from about 20 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably from 30 to 150 ⁇ m. However, the thickness may be as thick as e.g. 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the metal spray coating layer 4 thus formed and the reinforcing steel 2 will then be connected by an electrically conductive material 5 having the surface coated with an insulating material, via a power source 6.
  • a metal spray coating layer constituting an anode is thus formed on the reinforced concrete surface with the primer layer interposed, and using the reinforcing steel as a cathode, a direct current voltage is applied by a power source across the reinforcing steel and the metal spray coating layer to conduct a corrosion preventive current, thereby to prevent corrosion of the reinforcing steel embedded in the concrete structure.
  • the direct current voltage is applied so that the potential of the reinforcing steel will be from -1,000 mV to -550 mV (based on a saturated Ag/AgCl electrode), preferably from -900 mV to -600 mV.
  • reference numeral 7 is an electrode such as a saturated calomel electrode or a Ag/AgCl electrode
  • numeral 8 indicates a voltmeter, and they were provided to measure the potential of the reinforcing steel.
  • the method for preventing corrosion of a reinforced concrete structure of the present invention is as described in the foregoing.
  • the method of the present invention is applicable not only to newly built or existing marine reinforced concrete structures but also to various reinforced concrete structures such as bridges or tunnels on land.
  • the operation will be easy even to a reinforced concrete structure having a complicated shape, and electrolytic corrosion prevention by an impressed current method can be efficiently conducted at low costs, whereby it is possible to obtain a reinforced concrete structure excellent in the corrosion prevention for a long period of time of at least equal to that attainable by electrolytic corrosion prevention by the conventional impressed current methods.
  • a rough surface is formed by the primer coating on the surface of the reinforced concrete structure, whereby the adhesion of the metal spray coating layer is excellent, and it is unnecessary to roughen the surface of the reinforced concrete structure by blast treatment which used to be conducted prior to metal-spraying, whereby environmental pollution by a dust generated by such blast treatment can be avoided and the operational time required for such treatment can be saved.
  • the four side surfaces other than the surface on which a metal spray coating film was to be applied were sealed by coating a solventless epoxy resin coating material thereon.
  • the rear side surface opposite to the surface on which the metal spray coating was applied was non-treated.
  • the surface of the reinforced concrete test specimen was cleaned by high pressure water washing. Then, the primer was coated thereon by an air spray in an amount of 50 g/m2 and dried in air for 2 hours to form a primer layer having a surface roughness (Rz) of 60 ⁇ m.
  • an aluminum wire material was metal-sprayed onto the primer layer by a reduced pressure arc spraying machine (PA-100, manufactured by Pan Art Craft Co.) to form a metal spray coating layer having a thickness of 80 ⁇ m.
  • PA-100 reduced pressure arc spraying machine
  • the metal spray coating layer as an anode was connected to the lead wires attached to the ends of steel bars as a cathode via a power source as shown in Figure 1.
  • the metal-spraying was conducted by low temperature metal-spraying by using an aluminum wire having a diameter of 1.1 mm at a wire conveying speed of 5 m/min at a voltage of 17 V at a current of 120 A under an air pressure of 6 kg/cm2 at an air flow rate of 1 m3/min at a spray distance of 20 cm.
  • PA-100 reduced pressure arc spraying machine
  • the metal-spraying was conducted by low temperature metal-spraying using a zinc wire and an aluminum wire each having a diameter of 1.1 mm at a wire conveying speed of 6 m/min at a voltage of 15 V at a current of 120 A under an air pressure of 6 kg/cm2 at an air flow rate of 1 m3/min at a spray distance of 20 cm.
  • Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, an aluminum spray coating layer was formed, and the spray coating layer as an anode was connected to the lead wires attached to the ends of steel bars as a cathode via a power source, except that the surface was roughened by sand blast treatment instead of forming a primer layer on the surface of the reinforced concrete test specimen.
  • a titanium mesh (aperture : 35 ⁇ 70 mm) having a platinum-type metal oxide coating applied thereto, was put on the surface of a reinforced concrete test specimen, and an acryl resin type polymer cement mortar was coated thereon to form a protective layer of 20 mm.
  • the mesh as an anode was connected to lead wires attached to the ends of steel bars as a cathode via a power source.
  • a specimen was left to stand in a constant temperature chamber at a temperature of 20°C under a relative humidity of 60% for 24 hours and then immersed in a 3% sodium chloride aqueous solution at 50°C for 24 hours. This process was regarded as one cycle and repeated 100 cycles.
  • non-treated test specimen showed cracking in the concrete, and rust formed substantially over the entire surface of the steel bars.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
EP19930115369 1992-10-07 1993-09-23 Verfahren zur Korrosionsverhinderung einer armierten Betonstruktur Expired - Lifetime EP0591775B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP4268818A JP3040613B2 (ja) 1992-10-07 1992-10-07 鉄筋コンクリート構造物の防食方法
JP268818/92 1992-10-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0591775A1 true EP0591775A1 (de) 1994-04-13
EP0591775B1 EP0591775B1 (de) 1995-12-20

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EP19930115369 Expired - Lifetime EP0591775B1 (de) 1992-10-07 1993-09-23 Verfahren zur Korrosionsverhinderung einer armierten Betonstruktur

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EP (1) EP0591775B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3040613B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2106012A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69301080T2 (de)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996000805A1 (en) * 1994-06-28 1996-01-11 A.S.W. Limited Corrosion protection of steel reinforcement in concrete
WO1999023282A1 (de) * 1997-10-31 1999-05-14 Grillo-Werke Ag Verfahren zur verbesserung der korrosionsbeständigkeit von stahlbeton
WO1999050478A2 (en) * 1998-03-30 1999-10-07 Corrpro Companies, Inc. Cathodic protection anode and method for steel reinforced concrete
WO2000000659A1 (de) * 1998-06-27 2000-01-06 Grillo-Werke Ag Thermisch gespritzte korrosionsschicht für stahlbeton und verfahren zur herstellung derselben
US6673309B1 (en) 1994-02-16 2004-01-06 Corrpro Companies, Inc. Sacrificial anode for cathodic protection and alloy therefor
GB2485887A (en) * 2010-11-23 2012-05-30 Michael Henry Bingham An anode for the protection of reinforcing steel in concrete
WO2014067267A1 (zh) * 2012-10-29 2014-05-08 厦门新钢金属制品有限公司 复合涂层无砟轨道板绝缘钢筋

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2002340782A (ja) * 2001-05-14 2002-11-27 Okumura Corp コンクリート構造物の劣化予測方法
JP4641025B2 (ja) * 2006-12-07 2011-03-02 電気化学工業株式会社 コンクリートの防食工法およびそれを実施してなるコンクリート構造物
JP5052881B2 (ja) * 2006-12-20 2012-10-17 電気化学工業株式会社 コンクリートの防食工法およびそれを実施してなるコンクリート構造物

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3826926A1 (de) * 1988-08-09 1990-02-15 Heraeus Elektroden Anode fuer kathodischen korrosionsschutz
US4931156A (en) * 1984-04-19 1990-06-05 Duochem, Inc. Distributive anode coating
US5225058A (en) * 1990-02-26 1993-07-06 Nuova Polmet Cathodic Protection S.R.L. Control and automatic regulation device for cathodic protection systems in reinforced concrete structures

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4931156A (en) * 1984-04-19 1990-06-05 Duochem, Inc. Distributive anode coating
DE3826926A1 (de) * 1988-08-09 1990-02-15 Heraeus Elektroden Anode fuer kathodischen korrosionsschutz
US5225058A (en) * 1990-02-26 1993-07-06 Nuova Polmet Cathodic Protection S.R.L. Control and automatic regulation device for cathodic protection systems in reinforced concrete structures

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6673309B1 (en) 1994-02-16 2004-01-06 Corrpro Companies, Inc. Sacrificial anode for cathodic protection and alloy therefor
WO1996000805A1 (en) * 1994-06-28 1996-01-11 A.S.W. Limited Corrosion protection of steel reinforcement in concrete
WO1999023282A1 (de) * 1997-10-31 1999-05-14 Grillo-Werke Ag Verfahren zur verbesserung der korrosionsbeständigkeit von stahlbeton
US6224943B1 (en) 1997-10-31 2001-05-01 Grillo-Werke Ag Method for improving the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete
WO1999050478A2 (en) * 1998-03-30 1999-10-07 Corrpro Companies, Inc. Cathodic protection anode and method for steel reinforced concrete
WO1999050478A3 (en) * 1998-03-30 2000-01-06 Corrpro Co Inc Cathodic protection anode and method for steel reinforced concrete
WO2000000659A1 (de) * 1998-06-27 2000-01-06 Grillo-Werke Ag Thermisch gespritzte korrosionsschicht für stahlbeton und verfahren zur herstellung derselben
DE19828827C1 (de) * 1998-06-27 2000-07-20 Grillo Werke Ag Thermisch gespritzte Korrosionsschicht für Stahlbeton und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben
US6376102B1 (en) 1998-06-27 2002-04-23 Grillo-Werke Ag Thermally sprayed anticorrosion layer for reinforced concrete and method for making the preparation thereof
GB2485887A (en) * 2010-11-23 2012-05-30 Michael Henry Bingham An anode for the protection of reinforcing steel in concrete
GB2485887B (en) * 2010-11-23 2017-11-15 Henry Bingham Michael Improved anode for concrete
WO2014067267A1 (zh) * 2012-10-29 2014-05-08 厦门新钢金属制品有限公司 复合涂层无砟轨道板绝缘钢筋

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0591775B1 (de) 1995-12-20
CA2106012A1 (en) 1994-04-08
JP3040613B2 (ja) 2000-05-15
JPH06116766A (ja) 1994-04-26
DE69301080T2 (de) 1996-08-01
DE69301080D1 (de) 1996-02-01

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