EP0550748B1 - Solid/gas reaction cooling plant having a reactor equipped with cooling means - Google Patents

Solid/gas reaction cooling plant having a reactor equipped with cooling means Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0550748B1
EP0550748B1 EP92917729A EP92917729A EP0550748B1 EP 0550748 B1 EP0550748 B1 EP 0550748B1 EP 92917729 A EP92917729 A EP 92917729A EP 92917729 A EP92917729 A EP 92917729A EP 0550748 B1 EP0550748 B1 EP 0550748B1
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Prior art keywords
condenser
heat
reactor
installation
solid
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EP92917729A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0550748A1 (en
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Jacques Bernier
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Societe National Elf Aquitaine
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Societe National Elf Aquitaine
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B35/00—Boiler-absorbers, i.e. boilers usable for absorption or adsorption
    • F25B35/04—Boiler-absorbers, i.e. boilers usable for absorption or adsorption using a solid as sorbent
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B17/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type
    • F25B17/08—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type the absorbent or adsorbent being a solid, e.g. salt
    • F25B17/083—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type the absorbent or adsorbent being a solid, e.g. salt with two or more boiler-sorbers operating alternately

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an installation for producing cold using a solid and a gas (or fluid).
  • the known installation implements for example a reaction between a salt such as Mncl 2 and a gas such as ammonia (NH 3 ), as described for example in French patent 2,615,601.
  • a salt such as Mncl 2
  • a gas such as ammonia (NH 3 )
  • This installation comprises one or more reactors containing the solid, which are connected to an evaporator and a condenser by pipes in which the gas circulates.
  • Solid / gas reaction installations of the aforementioned type comprise finned reactors cooperating with fans to cool them.
  • the invention can also be applied to cold production installations using adsorption between a solid such as a zeolite and a fluid such as water.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy the drawbacks of the refrigeration installations known above.
  • the invention thus relates to an installation for producing cold, implementing a reaction between a solid (s) and a gas (G), comprising at least two chambers (R1, R2) containing a solid (S1, S2) and comprising each of the cooling means, connected by tubing to a condenser whose role is to evacuate the heat of reaction or condensation outside, the heat transfers between the condenser and the chambers (Rl, R2) taking place by a fluid in phase change, the cooling means each comprising a heat exchanger having as cooling fluid the gas (G) used in the reaction with the solid (S).
  • the heat exchangers and the chambers are directly connected to the single condenser of the installation which forms the only element serving to condense the cooling fluid, as well as the reaction gas.
  • the thermal inertia of the reactor is much lower than in fan-cooled fin reactors.
  • a single condenser exchanger can cool several reactors, thereby reducing the size of the installation.
  • the heat dissipation can be located anywhere, which facilitates the installation of the installation, for example in a road vehicle.
  • the envelope defining an enclosure around the reactor provides thermal insulation which, in addition to reducing thermal losses, prevents the salt contained in the reactor from being at an insufficient temperature in relation to the temperature at very low outside temperatures. thermal equilibrium.
  • said condenser is connected to the enclosure by a first tube communicating with the lower part of the enclosure and provided with a valve, a second tube being connected to the upper part of the enclosure.
  • the refrigerant can be ammonia, when it is a reaction between a salt such as MnCL 2 and NH 3
  • a salt such as MnCL 2 and NH 3
  • the installation according to the invention is thus a very simple design. In addition, it contains only one fluid, namely ammonia, which facilitates filling.
  • ammonia has the advantage of having a high latent heat of vaporization and presents no risk of freezing or decomposition in a very wide range of temperatures.
  • the installation for producing cold implementing a reaction between a solid and a gas comprises a reactor R containing the solid S and connected to an evaporator E and a condenser C by pipes 100, 200 in which a fluid G circulates.
  • the means for cooling the reactor R comprise an envelope 300 surrounding the wall 400 of the reactor R and defining therewith a enclosure 500 filled with a refrigerant connected by pipes 600, 700 to a condenser 900 which is in heat exchange condition with a fan 110.
  • a fan 110 is also associated with the evaporator E and the condenser C.
  • the enclosure 500 thus constitutes an evaporator.
  • the condenser 900 is connected to the enclosure 500 by a first tubing 600 communicating with the lower part of the enclosure 500 and provided with a valve 111, a second tubing 700 being connected to the upper part of the enclosure 500.
  • the condenser 900 connected to the enclosure 500 is distinct from the condenser C which is connected to the reactor R and to the evaporator E.
  • the enclosure 500 and the condenser 900 thus replace the cooling fins known reactors.
  • the refrigerant G which circulates in the enclosure 500 is the same as that used for the implementation in the reactor R of the solid / gas reaction.
  • the enclosure 500 of the reactor R is connected by a tube 120 to the tank 130 of storage of said fluid G located between the evaporator E and the condenser C 1 .
  • This tubing 120 is provided with a valve 140 and communicates with the lower part of the enclosure 500.
  • the installation comprises only one condenser C 1 .
  • the enclosure 500 for cooling the reactor R is connected to a condenser C 1 by a pipe 150 which communicates with the upper part of this enclosure.
  • the single condenser C 1 has a heat exchange power greater than that (condenser C of FIG. 1) used when the cooling of the reactor R is ensured by means of a separate condenser.
  • the refrigerant used to cool the reactor R is ammonia.
  • the installation comprises an external source of energy 160 for heating the reactor R.
  • the reactor R comprises cooling fins 170 with which a fan 18 is associated.
  • heat exchange means 19 are provided which communicate by pipes 200, 210 with a tank 220 filled with a heat transfer fluid 230 which is heated by the external energy source 160.
  • the heat exchange means 190 are constituted by a tube 190a forming a coil inside the reactor R.
  • the heat transfer fluid 230 is heated so as to form an equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases, the circulation of the fluid in the heat exchange means 190 being by thermosyphon.
  • the fluid is water brought to about 200 ° C under a pressure equal to about 15.10 5 Pascals.
  • the energy source 160 can be supplied by heat recovery from the exhaust of the internal combustion engine.
  • This energy source can however be constituted by a gas or oil burner, by an electrical resistance or by a solar collector.
  • the refrigeration installation according to the invention comprises three solid / gas reactors R1, R2, R3 each containing a salt S1, S2, S3, such as manganese chloride.
  • Each reactor has an ammonia gas inlet / outlet 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 .
  • the reactor R1 receives thermal energy through the exchanger 3 1 which surrounds the reactor. This thermal energy comes from the heating source 31.
  • the latter brings a liquid (water for example) contained in a pressurized tank 29 to boiling.
  • the water vapor formed passes through the piping 28 and is directed to the manifold 12.
  • This vapor at a temperature of the order of 180 ° C enters via the pipe 27 in the exchanger 3 1 of the reactor R1, where it condenses by heating the reactor.
  • the condensed water then passes at the outlet of the exchanger by the magnetic valve 6 1 which is in the open position and goes by gravity to the manifold 14 which returns the water to the tank 29 through the piping 30 to form a new cycle.
  • the magnetic valve 7 1 is open allowing the desorption of the reactor R1 into ammonia.
  • the ammonia gas goes to the condenser 16 via the manifold 11 and the pipe 15. There, the gas condenses under the effect of the cooling of the outside air, using the fan 17.
  • the liquid formed is sent to the reserve 19 by the piping 18.
  • the reactor R2 in the absorption phase the magnetic valve 8 2 is open, which creates a suction of ammonia at the low temperature from the evaporator 22 to the inlet 2 2 of the reactor R2.
  • the evaporator 22 is supplied with liquid ammonia via an expansion device 21.
  • the valve 25 is a regulating valve making it possible to control the evaporation temperature in the evaporator 22 and consequently the production of cold .
  • the phase of absorption of ammonia by the salt in the reactor R2 is exothermic, which requires removing the heat produced by via the exchanger 4 2 of the reactor, the magnetic valve 52 then being in the open position.
  • the exchanger 4 2 is supplied at the bottom with ammonia liquid coming from the bottle 19 by gravity through the piping 26 and the manifold 13.
  • the condenser 16 the gaseous ammonia condenses thanks to the cooling of the outside air which circulates therein using the fan 17.
  • the liquid formed returns to the tank 19 to form a new cycle.
  • the R3 reactor is in the cooling phase.
  • the valve 5 3 is open and the exchanger 4 3 receives liquid ammonia coming from the reservoir 19.
  • the liquid vaporizes therein thus cooling the reactor from 180 ° C. to the condensing temperature of the condenser 16.
  • the vapor passes through the piping 93 and therefore goes into the condenser 16 via the manifold 11 and the piping 15.
  • the reactor R1 is in the cooling phase.
  • the reactor R2 is in the heating phase.
  • the R3 reactor is in the absorption phase.
  • the R1 reactor is in the absorption phase.
  • the reactor R2 is in the heating phase.
  • the R3 reactor is in the cooling phase.
  • the thermal energy received by the exchanger 31 can be provided either by a gas or oil burner or by any other source of heat at a sufficient temperature.
  • the cooling circuit of the reactors R1, R2, R3 is independent of the refrigeration circuit.
  • the installation includes a second condenser 42.
  • the pipes 9 1 , 9 2 , 9 3 leaving the exchangers 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 are connected to a collector 40 which is connected to the upper part of the condenser 42 by the pipe 41.
  • the liquid formed in the condenser 42 is poured into another tank 44 by the pipe 43.
  • the pipe 26 is in this case, connected to this tank 44 and allows the supply of liquid to the evaporator exchangers 41, 42 , 43 by the manifold 13 and the magnetic valves 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 3 .
  • the source of thermal energy comes from a heat recovery exchanger 46 supplied with 49 by a hot fluid, such as exhaust gases from a heat engine. After cooling in the exchanger 48, this fluid leaves the exchanger through the discharge 50.
  • the exchange surface is represented by 47. The heat has the effect of vaporizing the liquid coming from the reservoir 29 by gravity in the exchanger 46 by through the magnetic inlet valve 55 and the piping 45.
  • the steam formed in the exchanger 46 returns to the upper part of the tank 29 via the piping 48.
  • the pipes 45 and 48 connecting the tank 29 to the exchanger 46 can be fitted with automatic fittings 51, 52, 53, 54 to facilitate the installation of the system.
  • the exchanger 46 can also be a solar collector.
  • valves 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 3 , ..., 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 3 and 55 can be replaced by thermal emulsifiers preventing during their operation the return of the liquid to the corresponding evaporator.
  • the invention is applicable in particular to the cooling of refrigerated trucks, to the air conditioning of all types of motor vehicles, to heating, to the production of hot water.
  • the condensers instead of being cooled by air, can be cooled by a water cooling circuit.
  • the invention also applies to the production of cold by adsorption between a solid and a fluid.

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/FR92/00736 Sec. 371 Date May 24, 1993 Sec. 102(e) Date May 24, 1993 PCT Filed Jul. 24, 1992 PCT Pub. No. WO93/03314 PCT Pub. Date Feb. 18, 1993.A cooling plant bringing into play a reaction between a solid and a gas, comprises at least two solid-containing reactors connected to an evaporator and a condensor by means of tubes in which the gas flows. Means are provided for cooling the reactor. Said means comprise a heat exchanger filled with a refrigerating agent and connected by tubes to a condensor in heat exchange arrangement with a fan.

Description

La présente invention concerne une installation pour produire du froid mettant en oeuvre un solide et un gaz (ou fluide).The present invention relates to an installation for producing cold using a solid and a gas (or fluid).

L'installation connue met en oeuvre par exemple une réaction entre un sel tel que du Mncl2 et un gaz tel que de l'ammoniac (NH3), comme décrit par exemple dans le brevet français 2 615 601.The known installation implements for example a reaction between a salt such as Mncl 2 and a gas such as ammonia (NH 3 ), as described for example in French patent 2,615,601.

Cette installation comprend un ou plusieurs réacteurs renfermant le solide, qui sont reliés à un évaporateur et un condenseur par des tubulures dans lesquelles circule le gaz.This installation comprises one or more reactors containing the solid, which are connected to an evaporator and a condenser by pipes in which the gas circulates.

L'intérêt de ce type d'installation réside dans le fait que la source de chaleur nécessaire à son fonctionnement peut etre fournie par de l'énergie thermique, contrairement aux installations frigorifiques classiques à compresseur.The advantage of this type of installation lies in the fact that the heat source necessary for its operation can be supplied by thermal energy, unlike conventional refrigeration installations with compressors.

Les installations à réaction solide/gaz du type précité comportent des réacteurs à ailettes coopérant avec des ventilateurs pour les refroidir.Solid / gas reaction installations of the aforementioned type comprise finned reactors cooperating with fans to cool them.

Ce mode de refroidissement présente notamment les inconvénients suivants :

  • il augmente l'inertie thermique du réacteur ainsi que les pertes thermiques lors de la phase de chauffage des réacteurs,
  • il augmente l'encombrement de l'installation, notamment du fait que chaque réacteur doit être associé à un ventilateur,
  • il ne permet pas d'obtenir une installation compacte pouvant être disposée n'importe où, du fait de la présence des ventilateurs.
This cooling method has the following disadvantages in particular:
  • it increases the thermal inertia of the reactor as well as the thermal losses during the heating phase of the reactors,
  • it increases the size of the installation, in particular because each reactor must be associated with a fan,
  • it does not make it possible to obtain a compact installation which can be placed anywhere, because of the presence of the fans.

L'invention peut s'appliquer également aux installations de production de froid mettant en oeuvre une adsorption entre un solide tel qu'un zéolithe et un fluide tel que de l'eau.The invention can also be applied to cold production installations using adsorption between a solid such as a zeolite and a fluid such as water.

Le document US 2 587 996 décrit une installation pour produire du froid par absorption comprenant deux absorbeurs, un condenseur et un évaporateur pour le gaz de réaction, ainsi qu'un condenseur secondaire destiné à traiter le fluide de refroidissement des absorbeurs.Document US 2,587,996 describes an installation for producing cold by absorption comprising two absorbers, a condenser and an evaporator for the reaction gas, as well as a secondary condenser intended to treat the coolant of the absorbers.

Le but de la présente invention est de remédier aux inconvénients des installations frigorifiques connues ci-dessus.The object of the present invention is to remedy the drawbacks of the refrigeration installations known above.

L'invention vise ainsi une installation pour produire du froid, mettant en oeuvre une réaction entre un solide (s) et un gaz (G), comprenant au moins deux enceintes (R1, R2) renfermant un solide (S1, S2) et comprenant chacune des moyens de refroidissement, reliés par des tubulures à un condenseur dont le rôle est d'évacuer à l'extérieur les chaleurs de réaction ou de condensation, les transferts de chaleur entre le condenseur et les enceintes(Rl, R2) s'effectuant par un fluide en changement de phase, les moyens de refroidissement comprenant chacun un échangeur de chaleur ayant comme fluide de refroidisement le gaz (G) utilisé dans la réaction avec le solide (S).The invention thus relates to an installation for producing cold, implementing a reaction between a solid (s) and a gas (G), comprising at least two chambers (R1, R2) containing a solid (S1, S2) and comprising each of the cooling means, connected by tubing to a condenser whose role is to evacuate the heat of reaction or condensation outside, the heat transfers between the condenser and the chambers (Rl, R2) taking place by a fluid in phase change, the cooling means each comprising a heat exchanger having as cooling fluid the gas (G) used in the reaction with the solid (S).

Suivant l'invention les échangeurs de chaleur et les enceintes (R1, R2) sont reliés directement au condenseur unique de l'installation qui forme le seul élément servant à condenser le fluide de refroidissement, ainsi que le gaz de la réaction.According to the invention the heat exchangers and the chambers (R1, R2) are directly connected to the single condenser of the installation which forms the only element serving to condense the cooling fluid, as well as the reaction gas.

L'installation selon l'invention présente ainsi les avantages suivants :The installation according to the invention thus has the following advantages:

L'inertie thermique du réacteur est beaucoup plus faible que dans les réacteurs à ailettes refroidis par un ventilateur.The thermal inertia of the reactor is much lower than in fan-cooled fin reactors.

Lors de la phase de chauffage du réacteur, les pertes thermiques sont diminuées.During the heating phase of the reactor, the heat losses are reduced.

Un échangeur condenseur unique peut refroidir plusieurs réacteurs, ce qui permet de réduire l'encombrement de l'installation.A single condenser exchanger can cool several reactors, thereby reducing the size of the installation.

De plus, l'évacuation de la chaleur peut être localisée n'importe où, ce qui facilite l'implantation de l'installation, par exemple dans un véhicule routier.In addition, the heat dissipation can be located anywhere, which facilitates the installation of the installation, for example in a road vehicle.

L'enveloppe définissant une enceinte autour du réacteur assure une isolation thermique qui, outre la réduction des pertes thermiques, évite qu'en cas de très basse température extérieure, le sel contenu dans le réacteur ne se trouve à une température insuffisante par rapport à l'équilibre thermique.The envelope defining an enclosure around the reactor provides thermal insulation which, in addition to reducing thermal losses, prevents the salt contained in the reactor from being at an insufficient temperature in relation to the temperature at very low outside temperatures. thermal equilibrium.

Par ailleurs, la suppression des ventilateurs associés à chaque réacteur, réduit les dépenses d'énergie ainsi que le bruit de fonctionnement.In addition, the removal of the fans associated with each reactor reduces energy costs as well as operating noise.

Selon une version avantageuse de l'invention, ledit condenseur est relié à l'enceinte par une première tubulure communiquant avec la partie inférieure de l'enceinte et munie d'une vanne, une seconde tubulure étant reliée à la partie supérieure de l'enceinte.According to an advantageous version of the invention, said condenser is connected to the enclosure by a first tube communicating with the lower part of the enclosure and provided with a valve, a second tube being connected to the upper part of the enclosure. .

Le fluide frigorigène peut être l'ammoniac, lorsqu'il s'agit d'une réaction entre un sel tel que le MnCL2 et NH3 L'installation selon l'invention est ainsi une conception très simple. De plus, elle ne comporte qu'un seul fluide à savoir l'ammoniac, ce qui facilite les remplissages.
De plus, l'ammoniac présente l'avantage de présenter une forte chaleur latente de vaporisation et ne présente aucun risque de gel ou de décomposition dans une très large gamme de températures.The refrigerant can be ammonia, when it is a reaction between a salt such as MnCL 2 and NH 3 The installation according to the invention is thus a very simple design. In addition, it contains only one fluid, namely ammonia, which facilitates filling.
In addition, ammonia has the advantage of having a high latent heat of vaporization and presents no risk of freezing or decomposition in a very wide range of temperatures.

D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront encore dans la description ci après.Other features and advantages of the invention will appear in the description below.

Aux dessins annexés donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs :

  • La figure 1 est le schéma d'une version d'une installation frigorifique, qui ne fait pas partie de l'invention.
  • La figure 2 est le schéma d'une version d'une installation frigorifique selon l'invention.
  • La figure 3 est le schéma d'une autre version d'une installation frigorifique, ces différentes versions étant décrites pour la bonne compréhension de l'invention,
  • La figure 4 est le schéma d'une installation frigorifique à trois réacteurs selon l'invention, et
  • La figure 5 est le schéma d'une autre installation frigorifique à trois réacteurs, également décrite pour la bonne compréhension de l'invention, mais ne faisant pas partie de l'invention.
In the appended drawings given by way of nonlimiting examples:
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of a version of a refrigeration installation, which is not part of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a diagram of a version of a refrigeration installation according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is the diagram of another version of a refrigeration installation, these different versions being described for a good understanding of the invention,
  • FIG. 4 is the diagram of a refrigeration installation with three reactors according to the invention, and
  • FIG. 5 is the diagram of another refrigeration installation with three reactors, also described for a good understanding of the invention, but not forming part of the invention.

Dans la réalisation de la figure 1, l'installation pour produire du froid mettant en oeuvre une réaction entre un solide et un gaz, comprend un réacteur R renfermant le solide S et relié à un évaporateur E et un condenseur C par des tubulures 100, 200 dans lesquelles circule un fluide G.In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the installation for producing cold implementing a reaction between a solid and a gas, comprises a reactor R containing the solid S and connected to an evaporator E and a condenser C by pipes 100, 200 in which a fluid G circulates.

Les moyens pour assurer le refroidissement du réacteur R comprennent une enveloppe 300 entourant la paroi 400 du réacteur R et définissant avec celle-ci une enceinte 500 remplie d'un fluide frigorigène reliée par des tubulures 600, 700 à un condenseur 900 qui est en condition d'échange thermique avec un ventilateur 110. Un ventilateur 110 est également associé à l'évaporateur E et au condenseur C.The means for cooling the reactor R comprise an envelope 300 surrounding the wall 400 of the reactor R and defining therewith a enclosure 500 filled with a refrigerant connected by pipes 600, 700 to a condenser 900 which is in heat exchange condition with a fan 110. A fan 110 is also associated with the evaporator E and the condenser C.

L'enceinte 500 constitue ainsi un évaporateur. Le condenseur 900 est relié à l'enceinte 500 par une première tubulure 600 communiquant avec la partie inférieure de l'enceinte 500 et munie d'une vanne 111, une seconde tubulure 700 étant reliée à la partie supérieure de l'enceinte 500.The enclosure 500 thus constitutes an evaporator. The condenser 900 is connected to the enclosure 500 by a first tubing 600 communicating with the lower part of the enclosure 500 and provided with a valve 111, a second tubing 700 being connected to the upper part of the enclosure 500.

Dans l'exemple de la figure 1, le condenseur 900 relié à l'enceinte 500 est distinct du condenseur C qui est relié au réacteur R et à l'évaporateur E. L'enceinte 500 et le condenseur 900 remplacent ainsi les ailettes de refroidissement des réacteurs connus.In the example of FIG. 1, the condenser 900 connected to the enclosure 500 is distinct from the condenser C which is connected to the reactor R and to the evaporator E. The enclosure 500 and the condenser 900 thus replace the cooling fins known reactors.

Dans la version représentée sur la figure 2, le fluide frigorigène G qui circule dans l'enceinte 500 est le même que celui utilisé pour la mise en oeuvre dans le réacteur R de la réaction solide/gaz.In the version shown in Figure 2, the refrigerant G which circulates in the enclosure 500 is the same as that used for the implementation in the reactor R of the solid / gas reaction.

Dans cet exemple, l'enceinte 500 du réacteur R est reliée par une tubulure 120 au réservoir 130 de stockage dudit fluide G situé entre l'évaporateur E et le condenseur C1. Cette tubulure 120 est munie d'une vanne 140 et communique avec la partie inférieure de l'enceinte 500.In this example, the enclosure 500 of the reactor R is connected by a tube 120 to the tank 130 of storage of said fluid G located between the evaporator E and the condenser C 1 . This tubing 120 is provided with a valve 140 and communicates with the lower part of the enclosure 500.

Dans l'exemple de la figure 2, l'installation ne comporte qu'un seul condenseur C1. L'enceinte 500 de refroidissement du réacteur R est reliée à un condenseur C1 par une tubulure 150 qui communique avec la partie supérieure de cette enceinte.In the example in FIG. 2, the installation comprises only one condenser C 1 . The enclosure 500 for cooling the reactor R is connected to a condenser C 1 by a pipe 150 which communicates with the upper part of this enclosure.

Le condenseur unique C1 a un pouvoir d'échange thermique supérieur à celui (condenseur C de la figure 1) utilisé lorsque le refroidissement du réacteur R est assuré au moyen d'un condenseur distinct.The single condenser C 1 has a heat exchange power greater than that (condenser C of FIG. 1) used when the cooling of the reactor R is ensured by means of a separate condenser.

Dans l'exemple de la figure 2, le fluide frigorigène utilisé pour refroidir le réacteur R est de l'ammoniac.In the example of Figure 2, the refrigerant used to cool the reactor R is ammonia.

Dans la réalisation représentée à la figure 3, l'installation comprend une source d'énergie extérieure 160 pour chauffer le réacteur R. Dans cet exemple, le réacteur R comporte des ailettes 170 de refroidissement auxquelles est associé un ventilateur 18.In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the installation comprises an external source of energy 160 for heating the reactor R. In this example, the reactor R comprises cooling fins 170 with which a fan 18 is associated.

A l'intérieur du réacteur R sont prévus des moyens d'échange thermique 19 qui communiquent par des tubulures 200, 210 avec un réservoir 220 rempli d'un fluide caloporteur 230 qui est chauffé par la source d'énergie extérieure 160.Inside the reactor R, heat exchange means 19 are provided which communicate by pipes 200, 210 with a tank 220 filled with a heat transfer fluid 230 which is heated by the external energy source 160.

Dans cet exemple, les moyens d'échange thermique 190 sont constitués par une tubulure 190a formant un serpentin à l'intérieur du réacteur R.In this example, the heat exchange means 190 are constituted by a tube 190a forming a coil inside the reactor R.

Le fluide caloporteur 230 est chauffé de façon à former un équilibre entre les phases liquide et vapeur, la circulation du fluide dans les moyens d'échange thermique 190 se faisant par thermosiphon.The heat transfer fluid 230 is heated so as to form an equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases, the circulation of the fluid in the heat exchange means 190 being by thermosyphon.

De préférence, le fluide est de l'eau portée à environ 200°C sous une pression égale à environ 15.105 Pascals.Preferably, the fluid is water brought to about 200 ° C under a pressure equal to about 15.10 5 Pascals.

Lorsque l'installation est prévue sur un véhicule à moteur thermique, la source d'énergie 160 peut être fournie par récupération de chaleur sur l'échappement du moteur thermique. Cette source d'énergie peut cependant être constituée par un brûleur à gaz ou fioul, par une résistance électrique ou par un capteur solaire.When the installation is provided on a vehicle with an internal combustion engine, the energy source 160 can be supplied by heat recovery from the exhaust of the internal combustion engine. This energy source can however be constituted by a gas or oil burner, by an electrical resistance or by a solar collector.

Dans la réalisation de la figure 4, l'installation frigorifique selon l'invention comporte trois réacteurs solide/gaz R1, R2, R3 renfermant chacun un sel S1, S2, S3, tel que du chlorure de manganèse. Chaque réacteur comporte une entrée/sortie de gaz ammoniac 21, 22, 23.In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the refrigeration installation according to the invention comprises three solid / gas reactors R1, R2, R3 each containing a salt S1, S2, S3, such as manganese chloride. Each reactor has an ammonia gas inlet / outlet 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 .

Le fonctionnement de l'installation comporte les trois phases suivantes :The operation of the installation consists of the following three phases:

- Phase 1 :- Phase 1 :

Le réacteur R1 reçoit de l'énergie thermique par l'échangeur 31 qui entoure le réacteur. Cette énergie thermique provient de la source de chauffage 31. Celle-ci fait entrer en ébullition un liquide (de l'eau par exemple) contenu dans un réservoir sous pression 29. La vapeur d'eau formée passe par la tuyauterie 28 et se dirige vers le collecteur 12. Cette vapeur à une température de l'ordre de 180°C pénètre par la tuyauterie 27 dans l'échangeur 31 du réacteur R1, où elle se condense en chauffant le réacteur. L'eau condensée passe ensuite à la sortie de l'échangeur par la vanne magnétique 61 qui se trouve en position ouverte et se dirige gravitairement vers le collecteur 14 qui renvoie l'eau dans le réservoir 29 par la tuyauterie 30 pour former un nouveau cycle. Pendant cette phase de chauffage du réacteur R1, la vanne magnétique 71 est ouverte permettant la désorption du réacteur R1 en ammoniac. Le gaz ammoniac se dirige vers le condenseur 16 par l'intermédiaire du collecteur 11 et de la tuyauterie 15. Là, le gaz se condense sous l'effet du refroidissement de l'air extérieur, à l'aide du ventilateur 17. Le liquide formé est envoyé dans la réserve 19 par la tuyauterie 18.The reactor R1 receives thermal energy through the exchanger 3 1 which surrounds the reactor. This thermal energy comes from the heating source 31. The latter brings a liquid (water for example) contained in a pressurized tank 29 to boiling. The water vapor formed passes through the piping 28 and is directed to the manifold 12. This vapor at a temperature of the order of 180 ° C enters via the pipe 27 in the exchanger 3 1 of the reactor R1, where it condenses by heating the reactor. The condensed water then passes at the outlet of the exchanger by the magnetic valve 6 1 which is in the open position and goes by gravity to the manifold 14 which returns the water to the tank 29 through the piping 30 to form a new cycle. During this heating phase of the reactor R1, the magnetic valve 7 1 is open allowing the desorption of the reactor R1 into ammonia. The ammonia gas goes to the condenser 16 via the manifold 11 and the pipe 15. There, the gas condenses under the effect of the cooling of the outside air, using the fan 17. The liquid formed is sent to the reserve 19 by the piping 18.

Le réacteur R2 en phase d'absorption, la vanne magnétique 82 est ouverte, ce qui crée une aspiration d'ammoniac à la basse température de l'évaporateur 22 vers l'entrée 22 du réacteur R2. L'évaporateur 22 est alimenté en ammoniac liquide par l'intermédiaire d'un dispositif d'expansion 21. La vanne 25 est une vanne de régulation permettant de contrôler la température d'évaporation dans l'évaporateur 22 et par suite la production du froid. La phase d'absorption de l'ammoniac par le sel dans le réacteur R2 est exothermique, ce qui nécessite d'évacuer la chaleur produite par l'intermédiaire de l'échangeur 42 du réacteur, la vanne magnétique 52 étant alors en position ouverte. L'échangeur 42 est alimenté en partie basse par du liquide ammoniac provenant gravitairement de la bouteille 19 grâce à la tuyauterie 26 et le collecteur 13. Le liquide se vaporise dans l'échangeur 42 et la vapeur formée est récupérée à la sortie de l'échangeur par la tuyauterie 92 qui la dirige vers le condenseur 16 par l'intermédiaire du collecteur 11 et de la tuyauterie 15. Dans le condenseur 16, l'ammoniac gazeux se condense grâce au refroidissement de l'air extérieur qui y circule à l'aide du ventilateur 17. Le liquide formé retourne dans le réservoir 19 pour former un nouveau cycle.The reactor R2 in the absorption phase, the magnetic valve 8 2 is open, which creates a suction of ammonia at the low temperature from the evaporator 22 to the inlet 2 2 of the reactor R2. The evaporator 22 is supplied with liquid ammonia via an expansion device 21. The valve 25 is a regulating valve making it possible to control the evaporation temperature in the evaporator 22 and consequently the production of cold . The phase of absorption of ammonia by the salt in the reactor R2 is exothermic, which requires removing the heat produced by via the exchanger 4 2 of the reactor, the magnetic valve 52 then being in the open position. The exchanger 4 2 is supplied at the bottom with ammonia liquid coming from the bottle 19 by gravity through the piping 26 and the manifold 13. The liquid vaporizes in the exchanger 4 2 and the vapor formed is recovered at the outlet of the exchanger by the pipe 9 2 which directs it to the condenser 16 via the manifold 11 and the pipe 15. In the condenser 16, the gaseous ammonia condenses thanks to the cooling of the outside air which circulates therein using the fan 17. The liquid formed returns to the tank 19 to form a new cycle.

Le réacteur R3 est en phase de refroidissement.The R3 reactor is in the cooling phase.

La vanne 53 est ouverte et l'échangeur 43 reçoit de l'ammoniac liquide provenant du réservoir 19. Le liquide s'y vaporise refroidissant ainsi le réacteur de 180°C jusqu'à la température de condensation du condenseur 16. La vapeur passe par la tuyauterie 93 et se dirige donc dans le condenseur 16 par l'intermédiaire du collecteur 11 et de la tuyauterie 15.The valve 5 3 is open and the exchanger 4 3 receives liquid ammonia coming from the reservoir 19. The liquid vaporizes therein thus cooling the reactor from 180 ° C. to the condensing temperature of the condenser 16. The vapor passes through the piping 93 and therefore goes into the condenser 16 via the manifold 11 and the piping 15.

- Phase 2 :- Phase 2 :

Le réacteur R1 est en phase de refroidissement.The reactor R1 is in the cooling phase.

Le réacteur R2 est en phase de chauffage.The reactor R2 is in the heating phase.

Le réacteur R3 est en phase d'absorption.The R3 reactor is in the absorption phase.

- Phase 3 :- Phase 3 :

Le réacteur R1 est en phase d'absorption.The R1 reactor is in the absorption phase.

Le réacteur R2 est en phase de chauffage.The reactor R2 is in the heating phase.

Le réacteur R3 est en phase de refroidissement.The R3 reactor is in the cooling phase.

Au cours des phases 2 et 3, les vannes respectives des réacteurs sont ouvertes comme déjà indiqué dans la phase 1.During phases 2 and 3, the respective valves of the reactors are opened as already indicated in phase 1.

L'énergie thermique reçue par l'échangeur 31 peut être apportée soit par un brûleur à gaz ou à fioul ou par toute autre source de chaleur à température suffisante.The thermal energy received by the exchanger 31 can be provided either by a gas or oil burner or by any other source of heat at a sufficient temperature.

Dans la variante représentée sur la figure 5, le circuit de refroidissement des réacteurs R1, R2, R3 est indépendant du circuit frigorifique. L'installation comporte dans ce cas un second condenseur 42. Les tuyauteries 91, 92, 93 de sortie des échangeurs 41, 42, 43 sont reliées à un collecteur 40 qui est relié à la partie haute du condenseur 42 par la tuyauterie 41. Le liquide formé dans le condenseur 42 se déverse dans un autre réservoir 44 par la tuyauterie 43. La tuyauterie 26 est dans ce cas, raccordée à ce réservoir 44 et permet l'alimentation en liquide des échangeurs évaporateurs 41, 42, 43 par le collecteur 13 et les vannes magnétiques 51, 52, 53.In the variant shown in FIG. 5, the cooling circuit of the reactors R1, R2, R3 is independent of the refrigeration circuit. In this case, the installation includes a second condenser 42. The pipes 9 1 , 9 2 , 9 3 leaving the exchangers 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 are connected to a collector 40 which is connected to the upper part of the condenser 42 by the pipe 41. The liquid formed in the condenser 42 is poured into another tank 44 by the pipe 43. The pipe 26 is in this case, connected to this tank 44 and allows the supply of liquid to the evaporator exchangers 41, 42 , 43 by the manifold 13 and the magnetic valves 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 3 .

Dans une variante également représentée sur la figure 5, la source d'énergie thermique provient d'un échangeur de récupération de chaleur 46 alimenté en 49 par un fluide chaud, tel que des gaz d'échappement d'un moteur thermique. Après refroidissement dans l'échangeur 48, ce fluide ressort de l'échangeur par le rejet 50. La surface d'échange est représentée par 47. La chaleur a pour effet de vaporiser le liquide provenant gravitairement du réservoir 29 dans l'échangeur 46 par l'intermédiaire de la vanne magnétique d'admission 55 et la tuyauterie 45.In a variant also shown in FIG. 5, the source of thermal energy comes from a heat recovery exchanger 46 supplied with 49 by a hot fluid, such as exhaust gases from a heat engine. After cooling in the exchanger 48, this fluid leaves the exchanger through the discharge 50. The exchange surface is represented by 47. The heat has the effect of vaporizing the liquid coming from the reservoir 29 by gravity in the exchanger 46 by through the magnetic inlet valve 55 and the piping 45.

La vapeur formée dans l'échangeur 46 retourne en partie haute du réservoir 29 par l'intermédiaire de la tuyauterie 48. Les tuyauteries 45 et 48 reliant le réservoir 29 à l'échangeur 46 peuvent être équipées de raccords automatiques 51, 52, 53, 54 afin de faciliter l'installation du système. L'échangeur 46 peut également être un capteur solaire.The steam formed in the exchanger 46 returns to the upper part of the tank 29 via the piping 48. The pipes 45 and 48 connecting the tank 29 to the exchanger 46 can be fitted with automatic fittings 51, 52, 53, 54 to facilitate the installation of the system. The exchanger 46 can also be a solar collector.

Selon une autre variante de l'invention, les vannes 51, 52, 53, ..., 61, 62, 63 et 55 peuvent être remplacées par des thermo-émulseurs interdisant lors de leur fonctionnement le retour du liquide vers l'évaporateur correspondant.According to another variant of the invention, the valves 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 3 , ..., 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 3 and 55 can be replaced by thermal emulsifiers preventing during their operation the return of the liquid to the corresponding evaporator.

L'invention est applicable notamment au refroidissement des camions frigorifiques, à la climatisation de tous types de véhicules automobiles, au chauffage, à la production d'eau chaude.The invention is applicable in particular to the cooling of refrigerated trucks, to the air conditioning of all types of motor vehicles, to heating, to the production of hot water.

Par ailleurs, les condenseurs, au lieu d'être refroidis par de l'air peuvent l'être par un circuit de refroidissement à eau.Furthermore, the condensers, instead of being cooled by air, can be cooled by a water cooling circuit.

D'autre part, l'invention s'applique également à la production de froid par adsorption entre un solide et un fluide.On the other hand, the invention also applies to the production of cold by adsorption between a solid and a fluid.

Claims (7)

  1. Installation for producing cold, performing a reaction between a solid (s) and a gas (G), comprising at least two vessels (R1, R2) containing a solid (S1,S2) and each comprising cooling means connected by connection pieces (15, 26) to a condenser (16), the function of which is to draw off heat of reaction or heat of condensation, the transfers of heat between the condenser and the vessels (R1, R2) being performed by a phase-transition fluid, the cooling means each comprising a heat exchanger having, as a cooling fluid, gas (G) used in the reaction with the solid (S) characterised in that the heat exchangers and the vessels (R1, R2) are connected directly to the only condenser of the installation which forms the only element acting as a condenser of cooling fluid, and the gas of the reaction.
  2. Installation according to Claim 1, characterised in that the condenser (16) is in a condition of heat exchange with a ventilator (17).
  3. Installation according to Claim 1, characterised in that it is provided with a reservoir (19) connected by a conduit (26) at the base part of one of said exchangers (41, 42) of the reactors.
  4. Installation according to Claim 1, comprising an outer source of power (31) to heat the reactors (R1, R2) characterised in that it comprises heat-exchanging means (31, 32) arranged inside the reactors which communicate with said source (31) via connection pieces (28, 30).
  5. Installation according to Claim 4, characterised in that the heating means (31) of reactors is the only one and is connected to the reactors (R1, R2, R3) by valves (61, 62, 63) permitting the reactor to be heated to be selected.
  6. Installation according to Claim 1, characterised in that the valves (51, 52, 53) are placed on said liquid duct of the exchangers (41, 42, 43) permitting one or more of the reactors to be cooled to be selected.
  7. Installation according to one of the preceding Claims, characterised in that the exchange fluid is ammonia.
EP92917729A 1991-07-26 1992-07-24 Solid/gas reaction cooling plant having a reactor equipped with cooling means Expired - Lifetime EP0550748B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9109498A FR2679633B1 (en) 1991-07-26 1991-07-26 INSTALLATION FOR PRODUCING COLD BY SOLID / GAS REACTION, THE REACTOR INCLUDING MEANS OF COOLING.
FR9109498 1991-07-26
PCT/FR1992/000736 WO1993003314A1 (en) 1991-07-26 1992-07-24 Solid/gas reaction cooling plant having a reactor equipped with cooling means

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EP0550748A1 EP0550748A1 (en) 1993-07-14
EP0550748B1 true EP0550748B1 (en) 1996-09-11

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EP (1) EP0550748B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE142770T1 (en)
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EP0550748A1 (en) 1993-07-14
ATE142770T1 (en) 1996-09-15
ES2094366T3 (en) 1997-01-16
FR2679633A1 (en) 1993-01-29
WO1993003314A1 (en) 1993-02-18
DE69213699D1 (en) 1996-10-17
FR2679633B1 (en) 1997-12-12
DE69213699T2 (en) 1997-04-10
AU2444292A (en) 1993-03-02
US5335519A (en) 1994-08-09

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