EP0540859B1 - Anthracycline prodrugs - Google Patents

Anthracycline prodrugs Download PDF

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EP0540859B1
EP0540859B1 EP92115600A EP92115600A EP0540859B1 EP 0540859 B1 EP0540859 B1 EP 0540859B1 EP 92115600 A EP92115600 A EP 92115600A EP 92115600 A EP92115600 A EP 92115600A EP 0540859 B1 EP0540859 B1 EP 0540859B1
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Prior art keywords
antibody
prodrug
enzyme
conjugate
adriamycin
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0540859A1 (en
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Peter D. Senter
Mark G. Saulnier
Joseph P. Brown
David E. Kerr
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Bristol Myers Squibb Co
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Bristol Myers Squibb Co
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/44—Antibodies bound to carriers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/01—Hydrolysed proteins; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6891—Pre-targeting systems involving an antibody for targeting specific cells
    • A61K47/6899—Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy [ADEPT]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H15/20—Carbocyclic rings
    • C07H15/24—Condensed ring systems having three or more rings
    • C07H15/252—Naphthacene radicals, e.g. daunomycins, adriamycins

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel anthracycline prodrugs, to a method for preparing these prodrugs and to the use of these prodrugs for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer. More particularly, this invention allows the delivery of cyctotoxic drugs to the site of a tumor by the administration of a tumor-specific antibody-enzyme conjugate that binds to the tumor cells, and the additional administration of a novel prodrug that is converted at the tumor site, in the presence of the antibody-bound enzyme, to an active cytotoxic drug.
  • cytotoxic agents for the selective delivery of cytotoxic agents to tumor cells in the treatment of cancer.
  • the delivery of cytotoxic agents to the site of tumor cells is much desired because systemic administration of these agents often results in the killing of normal cells within the body as well as the tumor cells sought to be eliminated.
  • a cytotoxic agent is conjugated to a tumor-specific antibody to form an immunoconjugate that binds to the tumor cells and thereby "delivers" the cytotoxic agent to the site of the tumor.
  • the immunoconjugates utilized in these targeting systems include antibody-drug conjugates [see, e.g., R. W.
  • Drugs used in these immunoconjugates include daunomycin [see, e.g., J. Gallego et al., "Preparation Of Four Daunomycin-Monoclonal Antibody 791T/36 Conjugates With Anti-Tumour Activity,” Int. J. Cancer, 33, pp. 737-44 (1984) and R. Arnon et al., "In Vitro And In Vivo Efficacy Of Conjugates Of Daunomycin With Anti-Tumor Antibodies," Immunological Rev., 62, pp. 5-27 (1982)], methotrexate [N.
  • Toxins used in the antibody-toxin conjugates include bacterial toxins such as diptheria toxin and plant toxins such as ricin [see, e.g., F. L. Moolten et al., "Antibodies Conjugated To Potent Cytotoxins As Specific Antitumor Agents,” Immunol. Rev. , 62, pp. 47-73 (1982)].
  • conjugates that are internalized are often transported to the lysosome of the cell where the drug or toxin is degraded [see, E.S. Vitetta et al., Science, 238, pp. 1098-1104 (1987)]. Accordingly, although an antibody-drug or antibody-toxin conjugate may have excellent tumor-binding characteristics, the conjugate may nonetheless have a limited cytotoxic utility due to an inability to reach its site of action within the cell.
  • tumor cell populations are often heterogeneous with respect to antigen expression [see, e.g., A. P. Albino et al., "Heterogeneity In Surface Antigen And Glycoprotein Expression Of Cell Lines Derived From Different Melanoma Metastases Of The Same Patient," J. Exp. Med., 154, pp. 1764-78 (1981)].
  • antigen-positive tumor cells may give rise to antigen-negative progeny [see, e.g., M. Yeh et al., "Clonal Variation For Expression Of A Human Melanoma Antigen Defined By A Monoclonal Antibody," J. Immunol. , 126 (No.
  • antibody-enzyme conjugates have been studied in vitro in combination with a second untargeted enzyme for the conversion of iodide or arsphenamine to their toxic forms in order to amplify antibody-mediated cytotoxicity [see, e.g., C. W. Parker et al., "Enzymatic Activation And Trapping Of Luminol-Substituted Peptides And Proteins. A Possible Means Of Amplifying The Cytotoxicity Of Anti-Tumor Antibodies," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 72 (No. 1), pp. 338-42 (1975) and G. W.
  • glucose oxidase is attached to an antibody and used in combination with an untargeted peroxidase enzyme to convert iodide or arsphenamine to cytotoxic iodine or arsenical, respectively.
  • This approach therefore, requires not only the targeting of glucose oxidase to tumor cells with antibody, but also the presence at the tumor site of two other untargeted agents. The likelihood that all three of these agents will be present in vivo at the tumor site at the same time is small and therefore this approach is unlikely to be of therapeutic importance.
  • Canadian patent 1,216,791 issued to F. Jansen et al., on January 20, 1987, discloses the conjugation to an antibody of an enzyme capable of liberating ammonium ions from substrates. The ammonium ions are then said to potentiate the cytotoxic action of certain immunotoxins targeted to the tumor site.
  • European patent application 84302218.7 discloses a method for treating a diseased cell population such as a tumor wherein an antibody is used to target a non-metabolizable antigen to the tumor cells.
  • the antigen accumulates within at least a percentage of the tumor cells, which are then lysed to release the antigen into a ubiquitous fibronectin capturing matrix formed at the tumor site.
  • an iodine-containing ligand which is specific for and will bind to the antigen affixed to the matrix is administered.
  • the cytotoxic iodine then acts to kill the tumor cells at that site.
  • the present invention addresses the problems referred to above by providing novel prodrugs for delivering cytotoxic agents to tumor cells by the combined use with antibody-enzyme conjugates.
  • an enzyme that is capable of converting a poorly or non-cytotoxic prodrug into an active cytotoxic drug is conjugated to a tumor-specific antibody.
  • This antibody-enzyme conjugate is administered to a tumor-bearing mammalian host and binds, due to the antibody specificity, to the surface of those tumor cells which possess the tumor antigen for which the antibody is specific.
  • the prodrug is then administered to the host and is converted at the tumor site by the action of the antibody-bound enzyme into a more active cytotoxic drug.
  • the present invention also encompasses delivering cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells wherein a series of prodrugs is activated by a single antibody-bound enzyme.
  • a series of different immunoconjugates i.e., tumor-specific antibodies bearing different enzymes, can be utilized according to this invention to convert a number of different prodrugs into their more cytotoxic forms for the treatment of tumors.
  • a series of different immunoconjugates wherein the specificity of the antibody component of the conjugate varies, i.e., each immunoconjugate contains an antibody against a different antigenic site on the tumor cell, can be utilized according to this invention to convert a prodrug or a number of prodrugs into a more active cytotoxic form.
  • an antibody-enzyme conjugate containing the enzyme, penicillin V amidase (“PVA”) has been used in conjunction with a novel prodrug, N-( p -hydroxy-phenoxyacetyl)adriamycin/to effect killing of tumor cells.
  • PVA penicillin V amidase
  • the immunoconjugates and prodrugs of this invention may be used in antitumor compositions, such as those comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one immunoconjugate or prodrug of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the immunoconjugates and prodrugs may be used in combinations and methods for treating tumors in mammals comprising the step of treating a mammal with a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compositions of this invention.
  • the use, immunoconjugates, prodrugs, pharmaceutical compositions and combinations of this invention provide a relatively simple and direct procedure for delivering cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells, allowing enhanced selective cytotoxicity while avoiding the problems of heterogeneous antigen expression, antigen/antibody internalization and insufficient drug potency inherent in conventional antibody-directed immunotherapy techniques.
  • Figure 1 depicts the strategy used for the activation of prodrugs at tumor cells that bind antibody-enzyme conjugates.
  • Figure 2 depicts an SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis (5-12.5% gradient gel, non-reducing) of: (A) the 96.5-AP immunoconjugate; (B) the L6-AP immunoconjugate; (C) AP; (D) monoclonal antibody 96.5; and (E) monoclonal antibody L6.
  • Figure 3 depicts the preparation and hydrolysis of etoposide phosphate and etoposide thiophosphate prodrugs of this invention.
  • Figure 4 depicts the high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (as monitored at 254 nm) of: (A) etoposide-4'-phosphate alone, i.e., in the absence of AP or the AP-L6 conjugate; (B) etoposide alone; (C) the product produced 5 minutes after the reaction of the etoposide-4'-phosphate prodrug with AP; and (D) the product produced 5 minutes after the reaction of the etoposide-4'-phosphate prodrug with the L6-AP conjugate of the invention.
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • Figure 5 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percentage of etoposide release over time upon exposure of etoposide-4'-phosphate or etoposide-4'-thiophosphate to alkaline phosphatase.
  • Figure 6 depicts the comparative binding to H3347 tumor cells of the L6 and 96.5 monoclonal antibodies and the L6-AP and 96.5-AP conjugates
  • Figure 7 depicts the comparative binding to H3347 tumor cells of the L6 and 1F5 monoclonal antibodies and the L6-AP and lFS-AP conjugates.
  • Figure 8 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percentage of tumor cells killed vs. molar concentration of etoposide or the etoposide phosphate prodrug.
  • the graph depicts the increased percentage killing that results from the reaction of the relatively non-cytotoxic prodrug with either the L6-AP conjugate or the 96.5-AP conjugate,
  • Figure 9 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percent inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of H3347 tumor cells treated with •: etoposide, ⁇ : EP, ⁇ : L6-AP+EP or ⁇ : 1F5-AP+EP.
  • the graph depicts the increase in cytotoxic activity observed when the tumor cells were treated with L6-AP and EP as compared to the activity seen upon treatment with EP alone.
  • Figure 10 depicts analyses of the phosphatase activity in tumors that were untreated or treated with conjugates.
  • Figure 10A depicts the total phosphatase activity of H3347 tumors over time in untreated mice vs. mice treated 24 hours earlier with the L6-AP conjugate.
  • Figure 10B shows tumor cross-sections from untreated or L6-AP or 1F5-AP-pretreated mice stained either with hematoxylin and eosin or with an AP substrate. Dark areas indicate high phosphatase activity.
  • Figure 11 is a comparative graphical presentation of tumor volume over time in mice •: untreated or treated with ⁇ : etoposide, ⁇ : EP, ⁇ : 1F5-AP+EP or ⁇ : L6-AP+EP. Arrows indicate the start of drug treatment and where applicable, the conjugates were administered 18-24 hours earlier. The graph depicts the pronounced antitumor effect observed upon treatment with L6-AP and EP.
  • Figure 12 depicts the chemical structures of the mitomycin derivatives including the prodrug, 7-(2'-aminoethyl phosphate)mitomycin ("MOP").
  • Figure 13 depicts the reaction of MOP with the alkaline phosphatase enzyme over time. The course of the reaction was monitored by HPLC for the release of MOH, the mitomycin alcohol derivative of MOP.
  • Figure 14 depicts the comparative binding to H2981 tumor cells of the L6 and 1F5 monoclonal antibodies and the L6-AP and 1F5-AP conjugates.
  • Figure 15 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percent inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of H2981 tumor cells treated with ⁇ : etoposide, ⁇ : EP, ⁇ : AP+EP, •: L6-AP+EP or ⁇ : 1F5-AP+EP.
  • the graph depicts the increase in cytotoxic activity over EP alone observed when the tumor cells were pretreated with the L6-AP conjugate,
  • Figure 16 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percent inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of H2981 tumor cells treated with ⁇ : mitomycin C (MMC), ⁇ : MOH, ⁇ : MOP, ⁇ : MOP+AP, •: L6-AP+MOP or ⁇ : 1F5-AP+MOP.
  • MMC mitomycin C
  • ⁇ MOH
  • ⁇ MOP
  • MOP+AP •: L6-AP+MOP
  • ⁇ : 1F5-AP+MOP ⁇ : 1F5-AP+MOP.
  • the graph depicts the increase in cytotoxic activity observed when the tumor cells were pretreated with the L6-AP conjugate followed by MOP treatment as compared to the activity seen upon treatment with MOP alone.
  • Figure 17 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percent inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of CEM cells treated with ⁇ : MMC, ⁇ : MOH, ⁇ : MOP, •: L6-AP+MOP or ⁇ : 1F5-AP+MOP.
  • This graph demonstrates the specificity of the enhanced cytotoxicity seen in Figure 16 above because a significant enhancement is not seen on CEM cells that lack the L6 antigen.
  • Figure 18 is a comparative graphical presentation of tumor volume over time in mice •: untreated (control) or treated with ⁇ : MOH, ⁇ : MOP, ⁇ : 1F5-AP+MOP or ⁇ : L6-AP+MOP. Arrows indicate the spaced drug treatments and where applicable, the conjugates were administered 18-24 hours earlier than each drug treatment. The graph depicts the pronounced antitumor effect observed upon treatment of the tumors with L6-AP+MOP.
  • Figure 19 is a comparative graphical presentation of tumor volume over time in mice ⁇ : untreated (control) or treated with ⁇ : MOP/EP, ⁇ : 1F5-AP+MOP/EP or •: L6-AP+MOP/EP. Arrows indicate the spaced drug treatments and where applicable, the conjugates were administered 18-24 hours earlier than each drug treatment. The graph demonstrates the pronounced antitumor effect observed upon treatment of the tumors with the L6-AP conjugate and a combination of the prodrugs, MOP and EP.
  • Figure 20 depicts the chemical structure of an adriamycin prodrug of the invention ("APO”) and its preparation from adriamycin.
  • APO adriamycin prodrug of the invention
  • Figure 21 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percentage of adriamycin released over time upon reaction of APO with ⁇ : free penicillin V amidase enzyme or ⁇ and ⁇ : the L6-PVA conjugate of the invention at 10 and 100 ⁇ g total protein/ml, respectively. The course of the reaction was monitored by HPLC.
  • Figure 22 depicts the comparative binding to H2981 tumor cells of the L6 monoclonal antibody and the L6-PVA and 1F5-PVA conjugates of the invention.
  • Figure 23 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percent inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of H2981 tumor cells treated with ⁇ : adriamycin (ADM), •: APO, ⁇ : L6-PVA+APO or ⁇ : 1F5-PVA+APO.
  • ADM adriamycin
  • the graph depicts the increase in cytotoxic activity observed when the tumor cells were pretreated with the L6-PVA conjugate followed by APO treatment as compared to the activity seen upon treatment with APO alone.
  • Figure 24 depicts the comparative binding to Daudi lymphoma cells of the L6 and 1F5 monoclonal antibodies and the L6-PVA and 1F5-PVA conjugates of the invention.
  • Figure 25 is a comparative graphical presentation of the percent inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of Daudi lymphoma cells treated with •: ADM, ⁇ : APO, ⁇ : L6-PVA+APO or ⁇ : 1F5-PVA+APO.
  • the graph depicts the increase in cytotoxic activity observed when the tumor cells were pretreated with the 1F5-PVA conjugate followed by APO treatment as compared to the cytotoxic effect seen upon treatment of the cells with APO alone.
  • the present invention relates to novel prodrugs applicable in a method for the delivery of cytotoxic agents to tumor cells and provides for enhanced selective killing of tumor cells in the treatment of cancers, such as carcinomas and melanomas, as well as other tumors.
  • an antibody-enzyme conjugate is administered to a tumor-bearing mammalian host.
  • This antibody-enzyme conjugate consists of a tumor-specific antibody linked to an enzyme that is capable of converting & prodrug, that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells than the parent drug, into the more active parent drug.
  • the antibody component of the conjugate which is reactive with an antigen found on the tumor cells, directs the conjugate to the site of the tumor and binds to the tumor cells.
  • the antibody can therefore be viewed as delivering the enzyme to the site of the tumor.
  • a prodrug that is a substrate for the enzyme is then introduced into the host and is converted, at the tumor site, by the enzyme into an active cytotoxic drug.
  • the drug is thus activated extracellularly and can diffuse into all of the tumor cells at that site, i.e., those cells bearing the particular tumor antigen to which the antibody of the conjugate is specific and to which the antibody has bound as well as those cells that are negative for that antigen but are nonetheless present at the site of the tumor (see Figure 1).
  • the method of this invention therefore overcomes the current problems of tumor antigen heterogeneity and the requirement of antigen/conjugate internalization associated with conventional immunoconjugate drug delivery techniques.
  • the present method does not require the drug to be bound directly to the antibody and thereby limit the amount of drug that can be delivered, the commonplace problem of drug potency at the tumor site does not arise.
  • the present method amplifies the number of active drug molecules present at the tumor site because the antibody-bound enzyme of the conjugate can undergo numerous substrate turnovers, repeatedly converting prodrug into active drug.
  • the present method is capable of releasing the active drug specifically at the tumor site as opposed to release at other tissues. This is so because the concentration of the enzyme at the tumor site is higher than its concentration at other tissues due to the coating of the tumor cells with the antibody-enzyme conjugate.
  • the antibody component of the immunoconjugate of the invention includes any antibody which binds specifically to a tumor-associated antigen.
  • examples of such antibodies include, but are not limited to, those which bind specifically to antigens found on carcinomas, melanomas, lymphomas and bone and soft tissue sarcomas as well as other tumors.
  • Antibodies that remain bound to the cell surface for extended periods or that are internalized very slowly are preferred.
  • These antibodies may be polyclonal or preferably, monoclonal, may be intact antibody molecules or fragments containing the active binding region of the antibody, e.g., Fab or F(ab') 2 , and can be produced using techniques well established in the art [see, e.g., R. A.
  • the antibodies may be of mouse or human origin cr chimeric antibodies [see, e.g., V.T. Oi, "Chimeric Antibodies,” BioTechniques , 4 (No. 3), pp. 214-221 (1986)].
  • the enzyme component of the immunoconjugate of the invention includes an enzyme capable of acting on a prodrug in such a way so as to convert it into its more active, cytotoxic form.
  • prodrug refers to a precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells compared to the parent drug and is capable of being enzymatically activated or converted into the more active parent form [see, e.g., D.E.V. Wilman, "Prodrugs In Cancer Chemotherapy,” Biochemical Society Transactions , 14, pp. 375-382 (615th Meeting, Harbor 1986) and V. J. Stella et al.,”Prodrugs: A Chemical Approach To Targeted Drug Delivery,” Directed Drug Delivery , R. Borchardt et al. (ed.), pp.247-267 (Humana Press 1985)].
  • Enzymes that are useful in the method of this invention include pencillin amidases, such as pencillin V amidase or penicillin G amidase, useful for converting drugs derivatized at their amine nitrogens with phenoxyacetyl or phenylacetyl groups, respectively, into free drugs.
  • pencillin amidases such as pencillin V amidase or penicillin G amidase
  • the prodrugs of this invention include optionally substituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, which can be converted by the enzyme of the conjugate into the more active, cytotoxic free drug.
  • cytotoxic drugs that can be derivatized into a prodrug form for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, adriamycin, daunomycin and carminomycin.
  • the enzymes of this invention can be covalently bound to the antibodies of this invention by techniques well known in the art such as the use of the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents SPDP (N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate) or SMCC (succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate [see, e.g., P. E. Thorpe et al., "The Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates," Immunological Rev. , 62, pp. 119-58 (1982); J.M. Lambert et al., supra , at p. 12038; G.
  • SPDP N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate
  • SMCC succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carbox
  • fusion proteins comprising at least the antigen binding region of an antibody of the invention linked to at least a functionally active portion of an enzyme of the invention can be constructed using recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art [see, e.g., M.S. Neuberger et al., Nature, 312, pp. 604-608 (1984)]. These fusion proteins act in essentially the same manner as the antibody-enzyme conjugates described herein.
  • the enzyme was covalently linked to the monoclonal antibody, L6, an IgG2a antibody that binds to a glycoprotein antigen on human lung carcinoma cells [I. Hellstrom et al., "Antitumor Effects Of L6, An IgG2a Antibody That Reacts With Most Human Carcinomas," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, pp. 7059-63 (1986)].
  • the immunoconjugate that resulted showed no loss of enzymatic activity when compared to that of the unconjugated enzyme. In addition, most of the binding activity of the L6 antibody was preserved in the immunoconjugate.
  • a penicillin amidase enzyme was covalently linked to the L6 monoclonal antibody and the resulting immunoconjugate was used to convert a novel adriamycin prodrug into the active antitumor drug, adriamycin.
  • the particular amidase utilized was a penicillin V amidase ("PVA") isolated from Fusarium oxysporum that hydrolyzes phenoxyacetyl amide bonds.
  • PVA penicillin V amidase
  • APO N-( p -hydroxyphenoxyacetyl)adriamycin
  • the L6-PVA immunoconjugate showed no loss of enzymatic activity when compared to that of the unconjugated enzyme and most of the binding activity of the L6 antibody was preserved in the conjugate.
  • the present invention includes the synthesis and use of other related adriamycin prodrugs that can be derivatized in substantially the same manner.
  • the prodrug, N-(phenoxyacetyl) adriamycin is also within the scope of the invention in that the prodrug can be synthesized using the protocol described herein but substituting phenoxyacetic acid for the reactant, p -hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid (see Example 4, infra ).
  • the adriamycin prodrugs of this invention include other N-hydroxyphenoxyacetyl derivatives of adriamycin, e.g., substituted at different positions of the phenyl ring, as well as N-phenoxyacetyl derivatives containing substituents on the phenyl ring other than the hydroxyl group described herein.
  • the present embodiment encompasses the use of other amidases, such as penicillin G amidase, 'as the enzyme component of the immunoconjugate as well as other prodrugs correspondingly derivatized such that the particular amidase can hydrolyze that prodrug to an active antitumor form.
  • the prodrug should contain a phenylacetylamide group (as opposed to the phenoxyacetylamide group of APO) because penicillin G amidases hydrolyze this type of amide bond [see, e.g., A.L. Margolin et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 616, pp.
  • prodrugs of the invention include N-( p -hydroxyphenylacetyl)adriamycin, N-(phenylacetyl) adriamycin and other optionally substituted N-phenylacetyl derivatives of adriamycin.
  • the present invention includes any prodrug derived by reacting the amine group of the parent drug with the carboxyl group of phenoxyacetic acid, phenylacetic acid or other related acids.
  • prodrugs of anthracyclines other than adriamycin that are capable of being derivatized and acting in substantially the same manner as the adriamycin prodrugs described herein falls within the scope of this invention.
  • prodrugs that can be produced and used in accordance with this invention include hydroxyphenoxyacetylamide derivatives, hydroxyphenylacetylamide derivatives, phenoxyacetylamide derivatives and phenylacetylamide derivatives of anthracyclines such as daunomycin and carminomycin.
  • the immunoconjugate/prodrug combination of this invention provides a selective mechanism for killing tumor cells wherein a prodrug is administered that has diminished cytotoxic activity, the prodrug being converted to a highly cytotoxic state at the site of tumor cells, due to the presence there of the antibody-targeted enzyme. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity achieved by this method is enhanced over conventional antibody-targeting techniques because the active drug released at the tumor site is not encumbered by the physical limitations that accompany antibody-drug conjugate delivery systems, as discussed above. It is clear, therefore, that the present invention provides a way to enhance selective cytotoxicity with respect to tumor cells in the treatment of cancers and other tumors.
  • Another embodiment of the method of this invention provides a combination chemotherapy using several prodrugs and only a single antibody-enzyme conjugate.
  • a number of prodrugs are used that are all substrates for the same enzyme in an immunoconjugate.
  • a particular antibody-enzyme conjugate converts a number of prodrugs into cytotoxic form, resulting in increased antitumor activity at the tumor site.
  • a number of different immunoconjugates are used, wherein the enzyme component of the conjugate varies.
  • Each immunoconjugate can be used to convert its respective prodrug or prodrugs into cytotoxic form at the tumor site.
  • an antitumor antibody can be linked to a first enzyme to form one conjugate and can be linked to a second enzyme to form another conjugate.
  • Both immunoconjugates are then administered to a tumor-bearing host and will bind to the tumor antigen at the tumor site via the antibody specificity. Administration of the corresponding two prodrugs will result in the formation of the potent antitumor agents, at the tumor site.
  • Still another embodiment of this invention involves the use of a number of immunoconjugates wherein the specificity of the antibody component of the conjugate varies, i.e., a number of immunoconjugates are used, each one having an antibody that binds specifically to a different antigen on the tumor of interest.
  • the enzyme component of these immunoconjugates may be the same or may vary.
  • This embodiment may be especially useful in situations where the amounts of the various antigens on the surface of a tumor is unknown and one wants to be certain that sufficient enzyme is targeted to the tumor site.
  • the use of a number of conjugates bearing different antigenic specificities for the tumor increases the likelihood of obtaining sufficient enzyme at the tumor site for conversion of a prodrug or series of prodrugs.
  • this embodiment is important for achieving a high degree of specificity for the tumor because the likelihood that normal tissue will possess all of the same tumor-associated antigens is small [cf., I. Hellstrom et al., "Monoclonal Antibodies To Two Determinants Of Melanoma-Antigen p97 Act Synergistically In Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity", J. Immunol. , 127 (No. 1), pp. 157-160 (1981)].
  • the present invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions, combinations and methods for treating cancers and other tumors. More particularly, the invention includes combinations comprising the antibody-enzyme conjugates of the invention and the corresponding prodrug or prodrugs for use in a method for treating tumors wherein a mammalian host is treated in a pharmaceutically acceptable manner with a pharmaceutically effective amount of an antibody-enzyme conjugate or conjugates and a pharmaceutically effective amount of a prodrug or prodrugs.
  • the combination and methods of this invention are useful in treating any mammal, including humans, dogs, cats, and horses.
  • the antibody-enzyme conjugate is administered prior to the introduction of the prodrug into the host.
  • Sufficient time should be allowed between administration of the conjugate and the prodrug to allow the antibody of the conjugate to target and localize the enzyme to the tumor site. Such sufficient time may range from 12 hours to one week depending upon the conjugate used.
  • the conjugates and prodrugs of the invention can be administered using conventional modes of administration including, but not limited to, intravenous, intraperitoneal, oral, intralymphatic, or administration directly into the tumor. Intravenous administration is preferred.
  • compositions of the invention comprising the immunoconjugates or prodrugs -- may be in a variety of dosage forms which include, but are not limited to, liquid solutions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, suppositories, polymeric microcapsules or microvesicles, liposomes, and injectable or infusible solutions.
  • dosage forms include, but are not limited to, liquid solutions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, suppositories, polymeric microcapsules or microvesicles, liposomes, and injectable or infusible solutions.
  • the preferred form depends upon the mode of administration and the therapeutic application. For example, oral administration of the antibody-enzyme conjugate may be disfavored because the conjugate proteins tend to be degraded in the stomach if taken orally, e.g., in tablet form.
  • the conjugate or prodrug compositions also preferably include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and adjuvants known in the art such as human serum albumin, ion exchangers, alumina, lecithin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, and salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate.
  • conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and adjuvants known in the art such as human serum albumin, ion exchangers, alumina, lecithin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, and salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate.
  • compositions of this invention depends upon the severity and course of the disease, the patient's health and response to treatment and the judgment of the treating physician. Accordingly, the dosages of the immunoconjugates and prodrugs should be titrated to the individual patient.
  • an effective dose of the antibody-enzyme conjugate of this invention may be in the range of from about 1.0 to about 100 mg/m 2 .
  • An effective dose of the prodrug of the invention will depend upon the particular prodrug used and the parent drug from which it is derived. Since the prodrug is less cytotoxic than the parent drug, dosages in excess of those recognized in the art for the parent drug may be used.
  • an effective dose of the etoposide prodrugs may be in the range of from about 75-500 mg/m 2 .
  • An effective dose of the mitomycin phosphate prodrugs may be in the range of from about 50-1000 mg/m 2 .
  • An effective dose of the adriamycin prodrugs may be in the range of from about 15-150 mg/m 2 .
  • an effective dose of 5-fluorocytosine and other 5-fluorouridine prodrugs may be in the range of from about 600-2000 mg/m 2 .
  • the following example demonstrates the use of the immunoconjugates and methods for the conversion of an etoposide phosphate prodrug into etoposide by antibody-bound alkaline phosphatase and the resulting in vitro cytotoxicity towards tumor cells and in vivo antitumor effects demonstrated by the use of the methods of this invention.
  • L6 is a monoclonal antibody of the IgG2a subclass that is specific for and binds to a glycoprotein antigen on human lung carcinoma cells [see I. Hellstrom et al., (1986), supra ].
  • 96.5 is a monoclonal IgG2a antibody that is specific for p97, a melanoma-associated antigen [see J. P. Brown et al., "Structural Characterization Of Human Melanoma-Associated Antigen p97 With Monoclonal Antibodies," J. Immunol.
  • 1F5 is a monoclonal IgG2a antibody that is specific for the CD-20 antigen on normal and neoplastic B cells [see, E.A. Clark et al., "Role Of The Bp35 Cell Surface Polypeptide In Human B-Cell Activation," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 82, pp. 1766-70 (1985)].
  • the L6 hybridoma that produces the L6 monoclonal antibody was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) under accession number HB8677 in connection with the filing of European patent application 207963, published on January 14, 1987.
  • the 1F5 hybridoma that produces the 1F5 monoclonal antibody was deposited with the ATCC on February 12, 1988 under ATCC No. HB9645.
  • the 96.5 monoclonal antibody is commercially available.
  • the antibody-enzyme conjugates were prepared by covalently linking AP to the monoclonal antibodies L6, 96.5, or 1F5 through a thioether linkage using a method similar to that described in J. M. Lambert et al., "Purified Immunotoxins That Are Reactive With Human Lymphoid Cells," J. Biol. Chem. , 260 (No. 22), pp. 12035-12041 (1985).
  • the conjugates were prepared as follows: We added 2-iminothiolane (SO mM in 0.5M triethanolamine hydrochloride with 10 mM EDTA at pH 8.0) to a 8.0 mg/ml solution of L6 or 96.5 antibody (in 50 mM triethanolamine hydrochloride and 1 mM EDTA at pH 8.0) so that the final concentration of the 2-iminothiolane was 1.3 mM. After 90 min at 0°C, the reaction was stopped by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 using phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.2 as eluant.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the modified AP was then added to the thiolated antibody in a 2:1 molar ratio. Reaction of AP with sulfo-SMCC introduced maleimido groups into the enzyme that when reacted with the sulfhydryl groups on each modified antibody resulted in the formation of a thioether linkage between the antibody and AP. Iodoacetamide (final concentration 1 mM) was added to the protein solution after 1 hour of reaction time in order to block any remaining unreacted thiols, and the conjugates were purified on a Sephacryl 5-300 column using PBS as eluant.
  • the protein concentrations of the preparations were determined by absorbance at 280 nm where 1 mg/ml solutions of the antibody (molecular weight: 160 kd) and AP (molecular weight: 140 kd) absorb 1.4 and 0.76 OD units, respectively.
  • each antibody-enzyme conjugate was reacted with a etoposide phosphate or etoposide thiophosphate prodrug.
  • the prodrugs utilized were the 4'-disodium phosphate ester of etoposide and the 4'-disodium thiophosphate ester of etoposide, respectively, having the formulae depicted in Figure 3.
  • Etoposide phosphate and etoposide thiophosphate were synthesized by reacting etoposide with phosphorous oxychloride or thiophosphoryl chloride, respectively, to produce either a dichlorophosphate or dichlorothiophosphate intermediate.
  • the phosphorylation reaction is performed in a suitable anhydrous organic solvent, e.g., acetonitrile, and preferably in the presence of a tertiary amine base, e.g., N,N-diisopropylethylamine.
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • the reaction may take from about 4 hours to about 72 hours, depending on the quality of the phosphorous reagents used.
  • a magnetically stirred suspension of etoposide (Bristol-Myers Co., 2.30 g, 3.91 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (210 ml) was warmed to give a nearly complete solution, cooled to room temperature, and treated with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.36 ml, 13.5 mmol).
  • the mixture was then cooled to 0°C and treated via syringe over 30 sec with phosphoryl chloride, POCl 3 (666 mg, 4.34 mmol). The mixture was allowed to slowly come to room temperature over 2-3 hours and stirred at room temperature for 63 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was treated with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (6.0 g, 71.4 mmol) in deionized H 2 O (110 ml), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 80 min, and then partitioned with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 ml), deionized H 2 O (125 ml), and ethyl acetate (350 ml). The organic layer was further extracted with deionized H 2 O (1 x SO ml) and the combined aqueous layers were washed with ethyl acetate (250 ml) and then subjected to a vacuum of 0.5 mm at room temperature for 1 hour to remove dissolved solvents.
  • sodium bicarbonate 6.0 g, 71.4 mmol
  • the aqueous portion was then applied to a 4 cm diameter column containing 15 cm of octadecylsilane (C-18) bonded to silica gel that had been packed in methanol and then equilibrated with H 2 O. After all of the aqueous portion was applied, the column was eluted with H 2 O (175 ml) to remove inorganic salts and then the product was eluted with 20% methanol in water. Concentration of the solvent at 0.5 torr provided 744 mg (36%) of the pure etoposide phosphate compound as a colorless solid. Alternatively, lyophilization provides the pure compound as a very fluffy low density solid.
  • the etoposide phosphate prodrug was prepared as follows:
  • a magnetically stirred suspension of etoposide (10.50 g, 17.84 mmol, dried over P 2 O 5 at 80°C/0.5 torr) in dry acetonitrile (450 ml) was treated with diisopropylethylamine (4.20 ml, 24.1 mmol).
  • Diphenyl chlorophosphate (2.00 ml, 9.65 mmol) was then added via syringe. The mixture was stirred under N 2 for 2 h at 50°C at which point all of the etoposide had dissolved. Additional diphenyl chlorophosphate (1.80 ml, 8.68 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was held at 45°C for 72 h.
  • the etoposide-4'-phosphate was then converted to its disodium salt by adding deionized H 2 O (SO ml) and solid sodium bicarbonate (3.00 g, 35.7 mmol) to 2.90 g (4.34 mmol) of the etoposide-4'-phosphate product. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h during which time the evolution of CO 2 ceased. This mixture was then applied directly to a C-18 column as described in the previous embodiment.
  • the column was first eluted with 300 ml of deionized H 2 O to remove the excess salts and was then eluted with 4:1 H 2 O/CH 3 OH to yield 1.90 g (61%) of pure etoposide 4'-phosphate disodium salt as a fluffy white solid following lyophilization.
  • the 4'-disodium phosphate or thiophosphate derivatives of etoposide represent highly water soluble prodrugs of etoposide with reduced cytotoxic activity. However, reaction of these compounds with alkaline phosphatase removes the phosphate or thiophosphate moiety, respectively, releasing the potent anti-cancer drug, etoposide (see Figure 3).
  • conjugates of this example did not exhibit any apparent loss in enzymatic activity due to the attachment of the enzyme to the antibody as evidenced by the fact that the conjugates and free enzyme displayed equal activities on the substrates, p-nitrophenyl phosphate [see P. Tijssen, supra ] or etoposide phosphate.
  • AP alone or the antibody-enzyme conjugate, L6-AP, produced as described above were added to a solution of etoposide-4'-phosphate (0.1 mM) in Tris buffer (100 mM) containing MgCl 2 (1 mM) and ZnCl 2 (0.1 mM) at pH 7.0.
  • the reaction was monitored by HPLC using an IBM C-18 column (3 ⁇ , 4.5 x 100 mm) and 50% aqueous methanol as eluant (0.5 ml/min, monitored at 254 nm).
  • Figure 6 depicts the results of a conjugate binding assay performed to test the ability of the L6-AP and 96.5-AP conjugates as well as the free L6 and 96.5 antibodies to bind to tumor cells from the metastatic human colon carcinoma cell line, H3347 (provided by Judy Anderson, Oncogen).
  • the binding assay was performed as follows: the immunoconjugates or free antibodies were serially diluted in incomplete modified Delbecco's medium (IMDM, Gibco) and 100 ⁇ l aliquots were incubated at 4°C with 10 6 cells for 30 min. The cells were washed and incubated with 50 ⁇ l of FITC-goat anti-mouse antibody (Tago, diluted 1:12.5) for an additional 30 min at 4°C. Cells were washed and analyzed on a Coulter Epics-C fluorescence cell analyzer. Dead cells were gated out and the mean log green fluorescent intensity of each sample was obtained. This number was converted to a linear scale and ratios between the negative control (cells + FITC-goat anti-mouse antibody) and all test samples were calculated.
  • IMDM incomplete modified Delbecco's medium
  • Figure 6 demonstrates that most of the binding ability of the antibodies was preserved in the conjugates, i.e., conjugation did not affect the antibodies' binding ability. Furthermore, the figure shows the specificity of binding of the antibodies, i.e., that both the 96.5 free antibody and the 96.5-AP conjugate bound much more weakly to the tumor cells than the L6 antibody and L6-AP conjugate. This result may be expected when it is considered that the H3347 tumor cells are from a human carcinoma and the L6 antibody is specific for a carcinoma antigen while the 96.5 antibody is specific for a melanoma antigen.
  • the clonogenic cytotoxicity assay we used was the colony inhibition assay described by I. Hellstrom et al., "Colony Inhibition And Cytotoxicity Assays," in In Vitro Methods In Cell-Mediated Immunity , Bloom and Glade (ed.s), pp.- 409-14 (1971).
  • the cells used to detect cytotoxicity were the H3347 tumor cells described above. Both the L6-AP and 96.5-AP conjugates were tested for their ability to convert prodrug into the free drug.
  • the H3347 cells (10 6 /ml) were suspended in IMDM growth media (containing 10 ⁇ g/ml of each immunoconjugate based on antibody concentration) and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. The cells were washed twice, resuspended in IMDM, and the drug or prodrug in medium was added. Incubation at 37°C was continued for 15 hours. After washing twice, the cells were plated out and the number of colonies (>8 cells/colony) were counted 7-10 days later.
  • IMDM growth media containing 10 ⁇ g/ml of each immunoconjugate based on antibody concentration
  • the cytotoxic effect of the conjugates was also studied using a 3 H-thymidine uptake assay.
  • a suspension of 10 6 H3347 tumor cells in 0.1 ml of IMDM with 10% fetal calf serum was incubated for 1 h at 4°C in the presence of 5 ⁇ g/ml of conjugate.
  • the cells were washed twice with the medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, resuspended (in 1 ml) and plated into 96-well microtiter plates (10,000 cells/well-).
  • the drug or prodrug in IMDM was then added and incubation at 37°C was commenced for 6 h.
  • the cells were washed twice and the incubation was continued an additional 12 h, followed by a 6 h pulse with 3 H-thymidine (1.0 ⁇ Ci/well).
  • the plates were frozen at -20°C to detach the cells and the cells were harvested onto glass fiber discs.
  • the filters were counted on a Beckman 3801 scintillation counter.
  • the cytotoxic effect of the conjugate/prodrug combination was comparable to that of etoposide alone, and this effect was antigen-specific, as indicated by the fact that EP cytotoxicity was not similarly enhanced by treatment of the H3347 cells with the control conjugates, 96.5-AP and 1F5-AP, respectively.
  • mice (4-6 wk old) (obtained from Life Sciences, St. Russia) were injected with 10 7 H3347 tumor cells subcutaneously (s.c.) in the left and right hind flanks.
  • the tumor cells were obtained from in vitro cultures that had been suspended by treatment for 2 min with trypsin (0.5 g/l) and EDTA (0.2 g/l).
  • the cells were washed twice with IMDM and incubated for 1 h at 37°C in IMDM with 10% fetal calf serum.
  • the cells were washed, suspended in PBS, and kept at 4°C prior to injection. Both the localization and therapy studies described herein were initiated when the tumors reached an average size of 225 mm 3 .
  • L6 and L6-AP were labeled with 125 I and 1F5 and 1F5-AP were labeled with 131 I, using the iodogen method [see P.J. Fraker et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 80, pp. 849-857 (1978)].
  • Two days prior to the localization experiments the animals were put on 0.5% (v/v) Lugol's iodine solution. Each mouse was injected i.p.
  • mice were anesthetized, bled through the orbital plexis and sacrificed. Tissues were weighed and then counted on a gamma counter.
  • Tumors were excised from mice that had been treated for 24 h with 100 ⁇ g (based on L6) of L6-AP and the total phosphatase activity was measured, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate as follows: The excised tumor was washed and then gently rotated at 23°C with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (1 mg/ml) in pH 9.5 Tris (100 mM) containing NaCl (100 mM) and MgCl 2 (5 mM).
  • phosphatase activity was estimated by immunohistology, using a phosphatase substrate that deposited a dark precipitate at the site of enzyme activity as follows: Excised tumors were quickly frozen to -28°C and 8 ⁇ m sequential cross-sections were made using a Reichert-Jung microtome.
  • the phosphatase activity was measured with an AP substrate kit from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA) and the results were compared to sections that were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H. and E., see Figure 10B).
  • a group of 8 nude mice with bilateral H3347 tumors was treated with either etoposide (0.2 ml containing 1.2 mg etoposide in 2:3 DMSO:H 2 O) or EP (0.2 ml containing 2 mg EP in H 2 O) alone or with L6-AP (0.1 ml containing 300 ⁇ g antibody in PBS) or 1F5-AP (0.1 ml containing 300 ⁇ g antibody in PBS) followed by EP treatment
  • L6-AP 0.1 ml containing 300 ⁇ g antibody in PBS
  • 1F5-AP 0.1 ml containing 300 ⁇ g antibody in PBS
  • the present example clearly demonstrates the applicability of the conjugates for the delivery of a cytotoxic antitumor drug to tumor cells using a tumor-specific antibody-enzyme conjugate and a prodrug capable of being converted by the enzyme from a relatively non-cytotoxic to a potent, cytotoxic form.
  • This example demonstrates the use of the immunoconjugates and methods to convert a relatively non-cytotoxic mitomycin . phosphate prodrug into an active mitomycin drug, leading to in vitro cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Furthermore, as was demonstrated in Example 1 above, the following example demonstrates the applicability of the immunoconjugates, prodrugs and methods for the delivery of a cytotoxic antitumor drug to tumor cells in vivo .
  • This example utilizes the L6-AP and 1F5-AP immunoconjugates prepared as described in Example 1 above. Each of these antibody-enzyme conjugates was reacted with a novel mitomycin phosphate prodrug. More particularly, the prodrug utilized was a disodium salt of an N 7 -C 1-8 alkyl phosphate of mitomycin C. The antitumor. agent released as a result of this reaction was a mitomycin alcohol derivative.
  • the L6-AP/mitomycin phosphate prodrug combination of this invention resulted in cytotoxicity toward tumor cells in vitro and a pronounced in vivo antitumor effect in mice.
  • MOP The mitomycin phosphate prodrug, 7-(2'-aminoethyl phosphate)mitomycin
  • MMC 2-aminoethyl phosphate derivative of mitomycin C
  • MOP was prepared by displacement of the 7-methoxy group of MMA with 2-aminoethyl phosphoric acid (see Figure 12). The product was converted to the water soluble disodium salt upon treatment with sodium bicarbonate.
  • MOH The corresponding known mitomycin alcohol derivative, 7-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-9a-methoxymitosane (referred to hereinafter as "MOH") was prepared by reacting MMA (100 mg, 0.286 mmol) with ethanolamine (26 mg, 0.429 mmol) according to the method of B.S. Iyengar et al., "Mitomycin C and Forfiromycin Analogues With Substituted Ethylamines At Position 7", J. Med. Chem., 26, pp. 16-20 (1983). The product was obtained as a fine blue powder (58 mg, 54%).
  • MOP prodrug was then tested for its reactivity with AP.
  • MOP MOP
  • 100 mM Tris, pH 7.2 buffer at room temperature was added either calf intestinal or human placental AP (final conc. 1 ⁇ g/ml).
  • the course of the reaction was monitored by HPLC using a C-18 column (4.6 x 150 mm) and the following conditions: detection at 280 nm; 30-95% methanol in acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.2) over 8 min, re-equilibration after 15 min; 0.8 ml/min flow rate. Under these conditions, MMC eluted at 7.0 min, MOH eluted at 8.5 min, and MOP eluted 4.0 min.
  • the stability of MOP and EP in human serum was determined using HPLC by measuring both the rate of disappearance of the prodrugs and the rate of formation of MOH and etoposide.
  • a solution of MOP (1 mM in 100 mM Tris, pH 7.2) was added to fresh human serum so that the final drug concentration was 0.1 mM.
  • Aliquots (0.25 ml) were diluted with methanol (0.25 ml) and EDTA (SO ⁇ l at 100 mM) to precipitate the serum proteins and stop the reaction.
  • the samples were centrifuged and analyzed by HPLC as described immediately above. It was found that 50% hydrolysis of EP took place after 1 h, but that only 25% of the MOP hydrolyzed after 4 h. Complete hydrolysis could be rapidly achieved by adding AP to the serum.
  • the ability of the L6-AP and 1F5-AP antibody-enzyme conjugates to bind to H2981 tumor cells was then measured.
  • the H2981 cell line was established from a primary human adenocarcinoma of the lung [see, I. Hellstrom et al., "Monoclonal Mouse Antibodies Raised against Human Lung Carcinomas", Cancer Res., 46 (No. 8), pp. 3917-23 (1986)].
  • the L6 antibody is known to bind strongly to H2981 cells (saturation at 10 ⁇ g/ml) while 1F5 shows very little binding to these cells.
  • the binding assay was performed as described in Example 1. FACS analysis indicated that L6 and L6-AP bound strongly to the cells, while much weaker binding was displayed for 1F5 and 1F5-AP (see Figure 14).
  • the cytotoxic effect of the conjugate/prodrug combinations was demonstrated in vitro via the 3 H-thymidine uptake assay described in Example 1; in this case using H2981 tumor cells to test for in vitro cytotoxicity and using CEM cells as a control.
  • the T cell ALL cell line, CEM was obtained from the ATCC and does not bind the L6 or 1F5 monoclonal antibodies.
  • the cytotoxic effects of the prodrugs, EP and MOP, on the tumor cells in the absence or presence of the L6-AP or 1F5-AP immunoconjugates were analyzed. The cytotoxic effects of these combinations were also compared to the cytotoxic effect of each parent drug alone.
  • a suspension of 10 6 H2981 or CEM cells in 0.1 ml of IMDM containing 10% fetal calf serum was incubated for 1 h at 4°C in the presence of 10 ⁇ g/ml of conjugate.
  • the cells were washed twice with the medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, resuspended in 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2 (PBS) and plated into 96-well microtiter plates (10,000 cells/well).
  • the prodrug in PBS was then added and incubation at 37°C was commenced for 1 h (for MOP) or 5 h (for EP).
  • the cells were then washed twice and incubation was continued for a total of 24 h (including a 6 h pulse with 3 H-thymidine, 1.0 ⁇ Ci/well).
  • the plates were frozen at -70°C to detach the cells and after thawing, the cells were harvested onto glass fiber discs.
  • the filters were counted on a Beckman 3801 scintillation counter and the cytotoxic effects of the conjugate/prodrug combinations were compared to the cytotoxicity seen upon treatment of the cells with the prodrug or parent drug alone. The results are shown in Figures 15-17.
  • etoposide (IC 50 of 2 ⁇ M) was significantly more toxic to the H2981 cells than EP (20% kill at 30 ⁇ M).
  • Pretreatment of the cells with 1F5-AP prior to prodrug exposure resulted in a very slight enhancement of cytotoxicity.
  • cytotoxic activity was observed when the cells were first exposed to L6-AP and then to EP. The cytotoxic effect was comparable to that of etoposide alone.
  • MMC and MOH were equally cytotoxic towards H2981 cells and had IC 50 values of about 1 ⁇ M.
  • the phosphate prodrug, MOP was much less cytotoxic (5% cell kill at 10 ⁇ M), probably owing to its inability to penetrate the cell.
  • the activity of MOP was comparable to MOH and MMC when the tumor cells were pre-exposed to the L6-AP conjugate of the invention.
  • This enhancement was antigen specific, since the non-binding conjugate, 1F5-AP, did not significantly affect the cytotoxic activity of the prodrug.
  • MOH Prior to investigating the in vivo antitumor activity of MOP in combination with the L6-AP conjugate the relative toxicities of the prodrug and its released active derivative, MOH, were determined in Balb C nu/nu mice. When the drugs were administered (i.p.) in two equal doses spaced 4 days apart, LD 50 values of 45 and 90 mg drug/kg body weight were obtained for MOH and MOP, respectively. It was also found that considerably more drug could be administered using smaller doses over a longer period of time. Total amounts of up to 40 mg/kg of MOH and 100 mg/kg of MOP were well tolerated if given in 4 equal doses over a 25 day period. These studies indicated that significantly more of the mitomycin prodrug was tolerated because of its reduced toxicity.
  • mice per treatment group 6 mice per treatment group (4-6 wk old) obtained from Life Sciences (St. Russia, Fla.) that had been implanted (s.c., right hind flank) with a H2981 tumor obtained from in vivo sourcing.
  • the experiments were run when the tumors reached approximately 100 mm 3 in volume.
  • the L6-AP and 1F5-AP conjugates (0.1 ml containing 250 ⁇ g antibody in PBS) were each administered (i.p.) 18-24 h prior to treatment with MOP (0.2 ml containing 0.6 mg MOP in H 2 O).
  • Tumor growth was compared to that observed in untreated mice and in mice treated with maximum tolerated doses of MOP (0.2 ml containing 0.6 mg MOP in H 2 O) or MOH (0.2 ml containing 0.2 mg MOH in H 2 O) alone.
  • both MOH and MOP had significant antitumor activities in vivo .
  • the time required to reach an average tumor volume of 750 mm 3 was 45 days in mice treated with MOR, 63 days in mice treated with the MOP prodrug and 27 days in the control group.
  • the MOP prodrug was less toxic to the animals and therefore the higher dosage that could be administered resulted in a greater antitumor effect than that seen with the MOH derivative.
  • the non-binding conjugate, 1F5-AP enhanced the activity of MOP somewhat, a much more pronounced effect was observed in the group that received L6-AP prior to MOP treatment.
  • tumors that had been pretreated with the L6-AP conjugate were approximately one third the size of tumors pretreated with the 1F5-AP conjugate.
  • Table 3 indicates, by day 63 post-implant, 3 out of 6 tumors in the L6-AP+ MOP-treated mice underwent complete regression and the remaining 3 tumors had not increased in size from the onset of treatment. In contrast, 3 out of 5 tumors in the 1F5-AP + MOP-treated group actually progressed in size, 2 out of 5 of the tumors were stable, and there were no partial or complete regressions.
  • This example demonstrates the applicability of the immunoconjugates, prodrugs and methods for the delivery of a number of different drugs to tumor cells.
  • the present invention provides the use of a single antibody-targeted enzyme with a panel of prodrugs for combination chemotherapy against tumors.
  • the prodrugs, EP and MOP were prepared as described in Examples 1 and 2, respectively.
  • Preparation of the L6-AP and 1F5-AP immunoconjugates is described in Example 1.
  • the in vivo studies on nude mice were carried out as described in Examples 1 and 2 above.
  • nude mice that had been implanted with a H2981 tumor were pre-exposed to the L6-AP or 1F5-AP conjugate 18-24 h prior to treatment with a combination of MOP/EP (0.2 ml containing 1 mg EP and 0.3 mg MOP in H 2 O). Tumor growth was compared to that observed in untreated mice and in mice treated with the MOP/EP combination alone.
  • Table 4 shows that by day 63 post-implant, one out of six tumors in the L6-AP-pretreated group of mice had completely regressed, 3 out of six tumors had stopped growing and only two out of six tumors progressed in size.
  • conjugates such as L6-AP can be used with other'combinations of prodrugs, such as EP, adriamycin-14-phosphate and 5-fluorouridine monophosphate to deliver a number of different cytotoxic agents to tumor cells.
  • prodrugs such as EP, adriamycin-14-phosphate and 5-fluorouridine monophosphate to deliver a number of different cytotoxic agents to tumor cells.
  • L6-AP with the three above-mentioned prodrugs is carried out as follows: either AP alone or the L6-AP conjugate (final AP concentration 5 ⁇ g/ml) is added to solutions of etoposide-4'-phosphate or adriamycin-14-phosphate (0.1 mM) in Tris buffer (100 mM) containing MgCl 2 (1 mM) and ZnCl 2 (0.1 mM) at pH 7.0.
  • etoposide-4'-phosphate or adriamycin-14-phosphate 0.1 mM
  • Tris buffer 100 mM
  • MgCl 2 1 mM
  • ZnCl 2 0.1 mM
  • reaction conditions require a solution of 5-fluorouridine (3 ⁇ M) in phosphate buffer (100 mM) at pH 8.0.
  • the reaction of L6-AP with either the etoposide phosphate or 5-fluorouridine prodrug is monitored as described in Example 1.
  • the reaction of L6-AP with adriamycin-14-phosphate is monitored by HPLC using an IBM C-18 column (3 ⁇ , 4.5 x 100 mm) and 65% methanol in water containing 3% ammonium acetate as eluant (0.5 ml/min, monitored at 495 nm).
  • cytotoxicity for tumor cells of each of the three prodrugs in the presence of the L6-AP conjugate can be demonstrated using the colony inhibition assay as described in Example 1 above.
  • etoposide, adriamycin and 5-fluorouridine are released.
  • Each of these drugs has been shown to be potent antitumor agents [see, e.g., P.J. O'Dwyer et al., "Etoposide: Current Status Of An Active Anticancer Drug", New England Journal Of Medicine, 312, pp. 692-700 (1985); M.J.
  • the prodrugs of etoposide, adriamycin and 5-fluorouridine can therefore by used together or sequentially for the release of the corresponding known antitumor agents at the site of the tumor by the antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugates. It has been demonstrated, for example, that antitumor agents administered in combination with each other can act synergistically [see, e.g., S. Monfardini et al., Manual of Cancer Chemotherapy , UICC Technical Report Series, 56 (1981)]. This embodiment of the invention therefore provides a method for combined chemotherapy against tumors.
  • an L6-penicillin V amidase (referred to hereinafter as "PVA") immunoconjugate is used to convert a N-phenoxyacetyl derivative of adriamycin into the known antitumor agent, adriamycin.
  • an L6-PVA immunoconjugate and an 1F5-PVA conjugate were prepared.
  • the antibodies L6 and 1F5 and their sources have been described earlier.
  • the amidase enzyme utilized was a penicillin V amidase isolated from a fungal culture of Fusarium oxysporum according to the methods disclosed by D.A. Lowe et al., "Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Penicillin V to 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid By Fusarium Oxysporum , Biotechnology Letters , 8 (3), pp. 151-56 (1986). Fusarium oxysporum strains from which this enzyme can be isolated are deposited with the ATCC.
  • PVA is a readily-available enzyme that converts penicillin-V to penicillanic acid. More specifically, PVA hydrolyzes the phenoxyacetyl amide bond of penicillin-V to yield penicillanic acid.
  • the enzyme which reacts with phenoxyacetamides, may therefore be used to cleave prodrugs of known cytotoxic agents that have been derivatized with phenoxyacetic acid or p-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid.
  • the antibody-PVA conjugates of this embodiment of the invention were prepared in essentially the same manner as described for the AP conjugates of Example 1.
  • the PVA enzyme was then dissolved at 9 mg/ml in PBS and treated with SMCC (Pierce Chemical Co., 100 mM in DMF) so that the final concentration was 5 mM. Treatment with SMCC introduced maleimido groups onto the enzyme. After 30 min at 30°C, the modified enzyme was purified by gel filtration on G-25 PD-10 Sephadex (Pharmacia, Upsalla, Sweden) and eluted with PBS. The modified PVA was then added to a solution of each thiolated antibody in a 3:1 molar ratio. Each reaction mixture was saturated with nitrogen and left at room temperature for 3 h and then incubated at 4°C for an additional 18 h. At that point, 2-aminoethanethiol (1 mM final concentration) was added to each solution to block any additional unreacted maleimides.
  • SMCC ierce Chemical Co., 100 mM in DMF
  • reaction mixture was then passed through a gel filtration column (G-25), using 20 mM Tris, pH 7.2, with 50 mM NaCl as the eluant.
  • the resulting mixtures were purified on DEAE Sephadex columns (2.5 x 10 cm). Fractions were monitored at 280 nm. The unreacted antibody of each mixture did not bind to the column and the conjugate and unreacted PVA were eluted with 20 mM Tris, pH 7.2, with 0.5 M NaCl.
  • the fractions containing PVA and conjugate were then concentrated using an Amicon YM-30 ultrafiltration filter and purified on a Sephacryl S-300 column (2.5 x 95 cm) using PBS as eluant. Fractions were monitored at 280 nm and those that contained pure conjugate, as determined by SDS-PAGE (4-12% gradient gel), were pooled.
  • APO N-( p -hydroxyphenoxy acetyl)adriamycin
  • This adriamycin prodrug was synthesized as follows:
  • the resulting mixture was purified on a silica gel 60 column (2.5 x 20 cm) eluted with 95:5 dichloromethane:methanol.
  • the pooled fractions were purified again on the same kind of column to yield 70 mg (0.1 mmole, 30% yield) of pure N-( p -hydroxyphenoxyacetyl) adriamycin.
  • phenoxyacetyl amide derivatives of adriamycin can be synthesized using substantially the same procedure as described above.
  • N-(phenoxyacetyl)adriamycin can be synthesized as described in this section wherein the p -hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid is replaced by 0.5 mmole (76 mg) of phenoxyacetic acid.
  • N-( p -hydroxyphenoxyacetyl)melphalan or daunomycin prodrugs or N-(phenoxyacetyl)melphalan or daunomycin prodrugs can be synthesized by this synthetic protocol, wherein 100 mg of mephalan or 200 mg of daunomycin (0.35 mmole) are used.
  • the ability of the antibody-PVA conjugate, L6-PVA, to convert the novel prodrug, APO, to adriamycin was measured as follows: either a) PVA alone (final concentration:50 ⁇ g/ml), b) 100 ⁇ g/ml of the L6-PVA conjugate (final PVA concentration: 25 ⁇ g/ml) or c) 10 ⁇ g/ml of L6-PVA (final PVA concentration: 2.5 ⁇ g/ml) were added to a solution of APO (0.1 mM) in PBS.
  • the amide group of APO was in fact hydrolyzed by PVA as indicated by the generation of adriamycin.
  • the half life for the hydrolysis of APO by PVA was approximately 20 min.
  • either the enzyme alone or the antibody-PVA conjugate was able to effect the hydrolysis of at least 80% of APO to adriamycin.
  • the conjugate at 10 ⁇ g/ml (2.5 ⁇ g/ml of PVA) was able to effect this level of hydrolysis in 120 minutes.
  • APO APO in human serum was determined using HPLC and measuring the rate of disappearance of APO and the rate of formation of adriamycin.
  • a solution of APO (10 mM in dimethylformamide) was added to fresh human serum such that the final concentration was 0.1 mM.
  • Aliquots (50 ⁇ l) were diluted with methanol (50 ⁇ l) to precipitate serum proteins. These samples were then centrifuged and analyzed by HPLC as described immediatley above. No hydrolysis of APO to adriamycin occurred in two hours.
  • the in vitro cytotoxic effect of the antibody-PVA/ adriamycin prodrug combination of the invention toward H2981 tumor cells was measured using the 3 H-thymidine uptake assay described in Examples 1 and 2 above. Briefly, the H2981 tumor cells were plated into 96-well microtiter plates in IMDM (10,000 cells/well) and were allowed to attached for 18 h at 37°C. The antibody-PVA conjugates, L6-PVA or 1F5-PVA, were then added at a concentration of 10 ⁇ g/ml of antibody and the plates were incubated for 30 min at 4°C. The wells were then washed four times with IMDM and APO was added at varying concentrations in IMDM.
  • 3 H-thymidine was added (1 ⁇ Ci per well) and after 6 h, the plates were frozen at -70°C to detach the cells. After thawing, the cells were harvested onto glass fiber filters. The incorporation of 3 H-thymidine was measured in a Beckman 3801 scintillation counter and compared to cells treated with APO or adriamycin (ADM) alone.
  • the L6-PVA conjugate is capable of hydrolyzing the relatively non-cytotoxic prodrug, APO, to kill the tumor cells to an extent comparable to the use of adriamycin alone and that this cytotoxicity is antigen specific as indicated by the fact that the 1F5-PVA conjugate, which does not bind significantly to this particular tumor cell line, showed no such cytotoxicity.
  • the ability of the L6-PVA and 1F5-PVA conjugates of the invention to bind to the known Daudi cell line was also measured.
  • This cell line is a Burkitt lymphoma cell line, deposited with the ATCC (ATCC # CCL 213), that expresses the CD-20 antigen to which the 1F5 antibody binds.
  • the binding assay was carried out as described in Example 1, except that the cells used were Daudi cells, and the results are depicted in Figure 24.
  • the 1F5 monoclonal antibody and the 1F5-PVA conjugate both bound strongly to the lymphoma cells.
  • this study again indicates that the binding ability of the conjugates was not significantly affected by the conjugation procedure.
  • the L6 antibody and the L6-PVA conjugate showed no appreciable binding to the Daudi cells. This was to be expected because Daudi tumor cells do not possess the antigen with which the L6 antibody reacts.
  • this study taken in combination with the previous binding studies described herein clearly demonstrates the specificity of binding of the conjugates of this invention, i.e., the L6-containing conjugates bind specifically to L6-positive tumor cells and the 1F5-containing conjugates bind specifically to CD-20-positive tumor cells.
  • the 3 H-thymidine assay was performed essentially as described in the examples above with slight modifications due to the fact that the Daudi cells are non-adherent.
  • approximately 250,000 Daudi cells in IMDM were plated into each well of a 96-well microtiter plate and the antibody-enzyme conjugate added.
  • the reaction mixture was incubated at 4°C for 30 min. Unbound antibody-enzyme conjugate was removed by centrifuging at 500 x g for 5 min and removing the supernatant.
  • the cells were resuspended in IMDM and the washing procedure was repeated three times to remove all unbound conjugate.
  • APO in IMDM was then added for 2 h and washed once as described above. The remainder of the assay was performed as described in the examples above.
  • Pretreatment of the cells with the 1F5-PVA conjugate significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of the APO prodrug to a level comparable to that seen with adriamycin alone, whereas pretreatment with the L6-PVA conjugate resulted in no such enhancement.

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