Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/1635—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates

Definitions

• This invention relates to drug-containing polymer matrix systems, in particular to such systems offering controlled, sustained and preferably pH-independent drug release, their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their use in therapy.
• Microencapsulation is a coating technology well known for use with orally administrable drug materials.
• the incorporation of drug materials into a drug-polymer matrix by the general process known as solvent evaporation is also known.
• Matrices formed by solvent evaporation processes have the active substance dispersed throughout the matrix structure. They are thus distinguished from drug microcapsules which have a distinct polymer outer wall.
• Matrix structures formed by a solvent evaporation process which gives rise to discrete drug-polymer particles may be either homogeneous, microporous systems or heterogeneous, macroporous systems. Matrix particles are termed homogeneous when the drug is distributed uniformly throughout the polymer structure such that the particles have a transluscent appearance. Macroporous matrix particles have a two-phase heterogeneous construction consisting of a dispersion of separate drug and polymer phases. The different refractive indices of the two phases result in turbidity of the polymer matrix and confer an opaque appearance on the matrix particles.
• GB 2 166 651 A (Elan Corporation) relates to a controlled release drug powder containing discrete microparticles (termed pharmasomes) for use in sustained release compositions and made by solvent evaporation processes.
• the microparticles contain an active ingredient, at least one non-toxic polymer and an optional excipient uniformly distributed throughout the microparticle matrix.
• Pharmasomes prepared from a wide range of drugs and polymer or copolymer materials are disclosed.
• the working examples describe microparticles prepared from polymer and copolymer materials including inter alia cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RS-100.
• Eudragit RS-100 is a copolymer of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups with chloride ion counter-ions. (Eudragit is a trade name of Rohm Pharma) .
• European Patent Application, Publication Number 0 212 641 (Searle) relates to a porous drug-polymer matrix, prepared by a solvent evaporation process, and comprising an active ingredient having basic properties and a pharmaceutically acceptable copolymer having a plurality of carboxylic acid and ester groups (an anionic copolymer) which matrix releases the active ingredient in a medium having a pH value less than 4.
• the porous drug-polymer matrices of the invention are described as having utility in masking the taste of the active ingredient and effecting its release in the acid environment of the stomach.
• Porous matrices as described in EPA-0 212 641 are distinguished from microcapsules prepared by complete coating of an active ingredient with a film of anionic polymer material in that microcapsules give rise to significant release of active ingredient only at alkaline pH, the polymeric film being insoluble at acid pH values.
• the porous nature of the drug-polymer matrix is described as enhancing the release of active ingredient in acidic media.
• Taste-masking compositions prepared from anionic polymers and copolymers including Eudragit L-100 and Eudragit S-100 are described.
• Eudragit L-100 and S-100 are copolymers of methacr ⁇ 'lic acid and methyl methacrylate.
• JP 63174925 (Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co.) relates to pharmaceutical microcapsules prepared by a solvent evaporation process and comprising an active drug material and an acrylic macromolecular copolymer. Microparticles are prepared from a range of copolymer materials with active ingredients having acidic properties and are described as having either sustained release properties or a dissolution profile dependent on pH.
• drug release from drug-polymer microparticle matrices is dependent not only on the properties of the polymer material and the drug but also on the physical properties of the matrix, which are in turn dependent on the solvent evaporation conditions under which the matrix is prepared.
• a homogeneous microparticle matrix prepared from drug materials having basic properties and anionic polymer materials, such as Eudragit L-100 or S-100 has been found to release drug under both acid and alkaline conditions, the release being more rapid at alkaline pH than at acid pH.
• release of drug from homogeneous microparticles prepared from drug materials having basic properties and neutral polymeric materials such as Eudragit RS-100 is dependent on the pH of the dissolution medium, in this instance the release rate being more rapid at acid pH values.
• a drug-polymer matrix can be prepared conferring both taste-masking and sustained release properties but wherein the drug release profile is independent of the pH of the dissolution medium.
• Drug-polymer matrices of this type have particular utility in sustained release compositions for oral administration.
• the present invention provides a sustained release drug-polymer microparticle ' matrix comprising an active drug having basic properties, a pharmaceutically acceptable anionic polymer or copolymer, and a pharmaceutically acceptable neutral polymer or copolymer.
• the invention provides a drug-polymer matrix, as defined, which is homogeneous. More preferably, the invention provides a drug-polymer matrix, as defined, which is homogeneous and confers a drug release profile that is substantially independent of the pH of the dissolution medium.
• Drug release which is independent of the pH of the dissolution medium is particularly advantageous for orally administrable compositions. It will be appreciated that when administered by this route, the in. vivo rate of drug release will be independent of the pH variation encountered on passage through the gastro-intestinal tract. This ranges from alkalinity in the mouth conferred by the saliva, through the acid environment of the stomach, to the alkaline conditions of the intestine. Furthermore, it has surprisingly been found that drug-polymer microparticle matrices of the invention conferring pH-independent drug release have enhanced sustained-release properties.
• a drug-polymer matrix of the invention has a dissolution profile wherein the rate of drug release is directly proportional to the square root of time. This is characteristic of a matrix containing dispersed or dissolved drug and indicative of a diffusion-controlled mechanism for drug-release.
• Drug-polymer matrices of the invention are prepared by a solvent evaporation process which confers a microparticle construction.
• the microparticles are homogeneous and have a compact, substantially spherical and non-porous structure which enhances the sustained release properties of the matrix.
• the size of the microparticles of the invention is preferably below 150 ⁇ m, more suitably below 60 ⁇ m and preferably below 20 ⁇ m.
• a small particle size has the advantage in formulations for oral administration, more especially in liquid formulations, of a non-gritty texture conferring an acceptable mouth-feel.
• Particle size is suitably determined by sieve analysis.
• Active drug materials having basic properties for use in drug-polymer matrices of the invention include drugs having basic functional groups, for example amino groups, which are capable of ionic interaction with polymer material. An ionic interaction contributes to the taste masking and sustained release properties of the matrix and is of particular utility in liquid formulations.
• a wide range of active drug materials may be used.
• Representative of active drug materials for incorporation into matrices of the invention are drugs such as dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine, phenylpropanolamine, and also pseudoephedrine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• a preferred active drug is the cough supressant, dextromethorphan.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable polymer materials for use in drug-polymer matrices of the invention comprise a neutral component and an anionic component.
• Either component may itself comprise a polymer or copolymer material.
• the term neutral polymer or copolymer denotes a polymer or copolymer which has no functional groups capable of ionic interaction with a basic drug.
• a preferred neutral component is the copolymer synthesised from acrylic and methacrylic acid esters which is sold under the trade name Eudragit RS-100.
• Other suitable neutral components include cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose .
• anionic polymer or copolymer denotes a polymer or copolymer which has acidic properties which render it capable of interaction with a basic drug, for example a polymer or copolymer which has appended thereto acidic functional groups capable of ionic interaction with a basic drug material.
• Suitable anionic components include acrylic acid and methacrylic acid polymers and copolymers thereof, and copolymers based on combinations of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid with acrylic acid esters and/or methacrylic acid esters such as methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate.
• Preferred anionic components are copolymers based on combinations of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate sold under the trade names Eudragit L and Eudragit S.
• Other suitable anionic components include cellulose acetate phthalate and cellulose acetate butyrate.
• the combination of neutral and anionic polymer components is a key feature for pH-independent drug release microparticle matrices of the invention.
• the neutral component also contributes to the compactness and mechanical strength of the matrix.
• the anionic component contributes, through interaction with the basic drug, to the sustained release properties of the matrix and additionally confers stability to liquid formulations.
• the ratio of neutral component to anionic component may be varied to suit the desired sustained release properties of the matrix.
• the chosen ratio will of course be dependent on the acidic properties of the anionic component, for example on the number of acidic functional groups in the polymer or copolymer of the anionic component which are available for ionic interaction. It will be appreciated that a predominance of one component may upset the balance which maintains pH-independent drug release.
• the neutral and anionic components are present in a weight ratio of 1:1.
• the ratio of active drug to pharmaceutically acceptable polymer materials is similarly dependent on the desired sustained release profile of the active drug ingredient.
• Drug release is dependent on both the physical and chemical properties of the matrix.
• the sustained release of drug will be enhanced by optimising the extent of the interaction between the drug and the anionic component of the pharmaceutically acceptable polymer materials. Excess drug which is not bound to the anionic component will be released from the matrix more rapidly than drug material which is subject to binding, in particular ionic binding. Drug release will also be influenced by the level of compactness of the microparticles making up the matrix.
• the binding capacity of a polymer or copolymer may be readily ascertained by one of ordinary skill in the art by routine experimentation. For example the equilibrium adsorption isotherm technique may be used to determine drug loading so as to optimise both the drug release profile and taste masking effects.
• the invention also provides for the preparation of a drug-polymer microparticle matrix of the invention by a solvent evaporation process.
• Matrices of the invention are prepared by a solvent evaporation process which comprises:
• a solvent evaporation process of the invention preferably provides a drug-polymer microparticle matrix having a homogeneous construction and more preferably a compact, non-porous construction.
• Suitable solvents for solubilising the pharmaceutically acceptable polymer materials include organic solvents such as ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbon solvents, and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
• Preferred solvents, particularly suitable for use with copolymers sold under the trade name Eudragit include acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol and isopronanol.
• the active drug is soluble in the polymer solution so formed.
• the basic drug is added directly to the polymer solution.
• Removal of the solvent to give microparticles having the desired physical characteristics is achieved by adding the drug/polymer/solvent mixture to an external liquid phase with which it is immiscible or partially immiscible in the presence of a dispersing agent; emulsifying the two-phase mixture thus obtained; evaporating the solvent; and isolating the microparticles, suitably by filtration or centrifugation.
• Suitable liquids for the external liquid phase include inter alia aqueous solutions, organic solvents, mineral oils and vegetable oils.
• the liquid chosen for the external liquid phase will be determined according to the selected drug, the pharmaceutically acceptable polymer material and the organic solvent in which it is dissolved.
• Suitable dispersing agents include substances such as stearic acid derivatives, for example magnesium stearate and aluminium stearate.
• a dispersing agent is utilised in order to optimise the microparticle structure. Its concentration may be varied to influence particle size and to confer a compact, and preferably a substantially non-porous structure.
• Efficient emulsification of the external liquid phase with the drug/polymer/solvent phase is suitably obtained using a high shear mixer. It has been found that efficient emulsification is a primary requirement for a microparticle matrix having an average particle size below 150 ⁇ m.
• Solvent evaporation may be effected at room temperature for volatile solvents or by heating. It is desirable to maintain efficient mixing throughout the evaporation procedure.
• Isolation of the microparticle matrix is suitably followed by repeated washing with a suitable solvent to remove traces of the external liquid phase, followed by drying.
• the properties of the microparticles of the drug-polymer matrix formed by the process hereinbefore described are influenced by a number of factors.
• factors influencing particle size include the rate of emulsification, the amount of dispersing agent, the viscosity and relative quantities of the drug/polymer/solvent and external liquid phases, the configuration of the mixing vessel and stirrer, and the processing temperature.
• Factors influencing the configuration and density of the microparticles include the choice of solvent and its rate of evaporation, the molecular weight and crystallinity of the polymer materials and the concentration of dispersing agent.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug-polymer microparticle matrix as hereinbefore defined and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may include conventional additives and excipients such as preservatives, binding agents, fillers, tabletting agents, lubricants, disintegrants, suspending agents, buffering agents, flavouring agents and colouring agents.
• compositions are preferably formulated for oral administration.
• Compositions may be in the form of tablets including effervescent and chewable tablets, capsules, lozenges, powders and granules.
• the matrices of the invention are particularly suitable for use in liquid f -mulation compositions, more especially in liquid for ⁇ vu_ation compositions for oral administration.
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of syrups or elixirs or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable liquid vehicle before use.
• the amount of drug-polymer matrix in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will be dependent on the chosen active drug and the dosage level required.
• the quantity of drug-polymer matrix in a composition may be adjusted to deliver an effective dose of a selected drug to a patient in need of treatment.
• Pharmaceutical compositions may be in unit dose presentation form.
• the invention provides a drug-polymer microparticle matrix, as hereinbefore defined, for use as an active therapeutic substance.
• the invention is illustrated but not limited by the following examples in which drug-polymer microparticle matrices are prepared incorporating the cough suppresant dextromethorphan.
• -12- The following Examples 1 and 2 and accompanying Figure 1 relate to drug-polymer microparticle matrices of the invention conferring pH-independent drug release.
• Examples 3 and 4 and accompanying Figures 2 and 3 relate to drug-polymer microparticle matrices conferring pH-dependent drug release falling outside the scope of the invention and which are included for comparative purposes.
• Drug dissolution was measured according to the basket method of US Pharmacopoiea at 37°C and lOOrpm.
• Eudragit S-100 3.75g
• Eudragit RS-100 3.75g
• Propan-2-ol/Acetone 100ml (50/50 v/v)
• Dextromethorphan hydrobromide 2.5g
• Polymer materials were added to the mixed solvent in a stoppered conical flask and dissolved over a magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes. Drug was added to the polymer solution and dissolved over a magnetic stirrer for 45 minutes. This constituted the disperse phase.
• Mineral oil was added to a 800ml narrow beaker. Magnesium stearate was added to mineral oil and dissolved over a magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes. This formed the continuous phase.
• the disperse phase was added to the continuous phase.
• the mixture was emulsified with a high shear mixer for 15 seconds. The emulsion was transferred to a 700ml reaction vessel equipped with a glass anchor stirrer, in a water bath.
• Solvent evaporation was effected by gradual heating, first up to 35°C for 3 hours followed by 60°C for 3 hours. Microparticles were separated from the continuous phase by centrifugation and then washed several times with n-hexane to remove mineral oil completely. Finally, the matrix microparticles were dried at 45°C for 6 hours. Analysis of the matrix microparticles indicated a drug-loading of 16.2% by weight.
• Microparticles were graded into different size ranges by sieving (using British Standard test sieves) and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Both test sieving and SEM indicated a particle size range of 0-150 ⁇ m with 0-50 ⁇ m being the major size fraction.
• the accompanying Figure 1 is a graphical representation of drug release from dextromethorphan/Eudragit S-lOO/RS-100 matrix particles made according to the above-described procedure.
• the graph illustrates that drug release is independent of the pH of the dissolution medium and that a substantially uniform release of drug is sustained over a 12 hour period.
• a liquid formulation was prepared by suspending microparticles obtained from example 1 in a liquid vehicle (247mg/10ml of vehicle) .
• the vehicle composition was as follows:
• a particle size fraction of 0-50 ⁇ m was used.
• the weight of microparticles required for the manufacture of the suspension was such as to yield a 40mg/10ml dosage of the drug when in suspension.
• Example 1 The general procedure of Example 1 was repeated using Eudragit S-100 as the only polymer material.
• the composition of the disperse and the continuous phases was as follows.
• FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of drug release from microparticles of Example 3.
• the graph illustrates that release of drug from anionic copolymer microparticles is dependent on the pH of the dissolution medium and that drug release is more rapid and more complete at alkaline pH.
• Example 2 The general procedure of Example 1 was repeated using Eudragit RS-100 as the only polymer material.
• the composition of the disperse and the continuous phases was as follows.
• the accompanying Figure 3 is a graphical representation of drug release from microparticles of Example 4.
• the graph illustrates that release of drug from the neutral copolymer microparticles is dependent on the pH of the dissolution medium and that drug release is more rapid and more complete at acid pH.

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• 1990
  • 1990-07-18 GB GB909015822A patent/GB9015822D0/en active Pending
• 1991
  • 1991-07-10 WO PCT/GB1991/001140 patent/WO1992001443A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1991-07-10 JP JP3512223A patent/JPH05509088A/ja active Pending
  • 1991-07-10 CA CA002087447A patent/CA2087447A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1991-07-10 EP EP91912902A patent/EP0539428A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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