EP0528136B1 - Procédé et installation de teintures de matières textiles - Google Patents

Procédé et installation de teintures de matières textiles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0528136B1
EP0528136B1 EP92110459A EP92110459A EP0528136B1 EP 0528136 B1 EP0528136 B1 EP 0528136B1 EP 92110459 A EP92110459 A EP 92110459A EP 92110459 A EP92110459 A EP 92110459A EP 0528136 B1 EP0528136 B1 EP 0528136B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
dye
textiles
dyeing
color
magazine
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP92110459A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0528136A1 (fr
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Hamann Hans-Jorg
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B1/00—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating
    • D06B1/02—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by spraying or projecting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for Dyeing of textiles, in which the textiles to be dyed with a dye liquor from bottom to bottom be applied above, with several separate Color magazines (paint containers) and at least one to be treated Textile-receiving dyeing chamber are provided and several pieces of textile at the same time in the dyeing chamber are treated in the bottom area with upwards Inlet-provided supply line for steam and for the Color liquor are provided.
  • a disadvantage of these known methods is that the textiles placed in the dyeing chamber differ from those of passed through the textiles from bottom to top Color liquor are colored, but this coloring becomes uneven because the dye liquor intensity from below upwards due to the consumption of the color pigment parts decreases.
  • the invention is based, a method and a task To create device with which it is in contrast to the known arrangements is possible in a wide range pictorially designed and possibly strong from each other different color applications on different textiles to bring up, despite this pictorial design a uniform color impregnation of the textiles to be treated should be achieved.
  • This object is achieved in that ready-made Textiles in tightly packed layers on one predetermined color level or a predetermined color image can be colored, which is a fleet of colors that the color in contains highly diluted form, is used and the liquor using a pressurized transport medium with increased pressure from the to be colored Textiles is led.
  • the implementation of the dye liquor through the textiles causing media can in particular be steam or air, which are also from bottom to top through the textiles be pressed. It is particularly useful here if the textiles in tightly packed layers essentially without any spacing in the staining chamber Pressurized media be subjected.
  • Such coloring is very economical, because at A staining chamber content of approximately 200 l can be placed in the chamber about 300 pieces in the form of jackets or pants of denim suits be packed.
  • the different loading can take the form of stages go, the textiles to be dyed in one Dyeing chamber one after the other (in stages) by the color several color magazines.
  • the Intensity of the color applied to the textiles in particular be changed in that several rounds between the dyeing chamber and the color magazine take place, such a circulation about one minute in the order of magnitude described above can. If only a single color magazine is used, then with the same color applied to each cycle, i.e. the coloring intensity increases.
  • the changes Color if they contain different colors. Indeed it must be taken into account here that the coloring by several Circulations always only to darker colors or darker color images can lead.
  • the initial state of the textiles, that is, in crumpled or strongly bent form in the dyeing chamber in dense packing can be such that first the outer parts of the textiles are colored, whereby this coloring then in the course of the various rounds same color increases from the outside in.
  • the method according to the invention now offers further possibilities to change these color images within wide limits.
  • the color scheme depends on how the goods is packed inside the dyeing chamber whether they are compressed is wrinkled or whether it is laid flat and folded is whether it's rolled or otherwise packed tightly Type is fed to the container. Change in all of these cases the color pictures and color samples.
  • Another way to influence these color images is that the supply of liquor, air and / or Steam in its volume and in its intensity, that is with respect to the supply pressure is changed so that different pulling speeds through the textile arise, which also lead to different color images.
  • a device for performing the invention Process with several separate color magazines (Paint containers) and with at least one to be treated Dyeing chamber containing textiles, in the bottom area with upward feed holes provided for Steam and for the liquor are provided, the Bottom area of the dyeing chamber with at least one color magazine is connected via a line, it is provided that Color magazine Color liquor material in a highly diluted form contains and that the device comprises at least one pump, by means of a carrier medium for the dye liquor under pressure into the dyeing chamber (initially) separately from the Color liquor is pumpable.
  • the dye liquor and a can be particularly advantageous Carrier medium is first introduced separately into the dyeing chamber be, the carrier medium being pressurized is subject to and in the dyeing chamber the dye liquor by Textiles from bottom to top.
  • the device according to the invention it is advantageous if between the respective color magazine and the associated one Dyeing chamber line connections exist, which the steam, the condensate of the steam, and the unused Color liquor from the dyeing chamber and the color magazine in one feed multiple circulation of the above media and the resulting mixture in the paint container condensed steam and unused paint liquor Supplementary color using a dosing device in the form of Color pigments is added.
  • the lines arranged in the bottom area of the dyeing chamber can additionally by heating, preferably by a steam heater, so that the temperature the upward leaking paint as well as the temperature the transport media, such as steam and / or air within wide limits is changeable. This also leads to a major change the pattern.
  • the treatment time can be changed within wide limits be, with the number of rounds corresponding can be increased. This also makes the patterns strong influenced.
  • the patterns can also be further influenced by that between the exposure to the individual color magazines there are significant time differences.
  • the textiles contained in the inking chamber can also simultaneously from above and below with the dye liquor or with an additional fleet of colors, namely in in a manner known per se on the firmly packed textiles Ring line is placed in the manner described Color magazine can be connected. If this is the case, it suffices to circulate via the ring line with the one below Textiles arranged to cause leads, being above the inking chamber in the manner described that the post-mixing containing color magazine is arranged.
  • the remaining color components of the paint fleet are like this low that it may be appropriate to use the water from the dye liquor to evaporate so that the residual color as a dry substance remains that can be stored and / or reused.
  • the inventive method and the inventive So device have the significant advantages of saving of material, water and energy.
  • raw chair fabric is fed to an equipment company, to desize the fabric and print and color pre-treatment perform. Then the fabric is made according to customer order treated in a dyeing.
  • the goods are reversed only dyed up to the desired blurring effects. This means that only as much dye is used as for the blurring effects is required.
  • the washout percentage the up to 95% of the dye can be omitted.
  • the fabric or the finished one floats Garment in a larger container in the paint fleet.
  • the goods (the dyed goods) also swim with the Wash in the washing machine.
  • the invention Process does not float the material to be dyed, but lies dense or loosely packed in the dyeing chamber, any size and Can have shape.
  • the paint fleet is gradually removed from the paint magazine pumped back and forth to the staining chamber through the dyed material and can be regulated both in terms of temperature and flow being controlled.
  • the complete color fleet is always the color magazine fed and thermally and mechanically technical after use kept fresh until next use.
  • any color mixing is also possible.
  • one or more mixed color containers are then the same Way as with the staining chamber and the color magazine Color fleet pumped back and forth. Should the whole Color group or color approaches can no longer be used the remaining liquor evaporated via an evaporation system will. The resulting condensate, distilled pure water, can be used again for other purposes resulting dry solids content (remaining color pigments) can be used again later.
  • the emerging Steam output is also the total system in the closed circuit added.
  • the dyed and squeezed wet material is in a drying and De-crease system already in the form of a collar or shoulder holder hooked in and using a wind tunnel kept in motion throughout the drying time. This ensures that the goods are already wrinkled and can be removed smoothly. This allows the otherwise required considerable ironing power considerably be reduced.
  • the device of the invention does not have to Sewage or sewerage can be connected, because their water consumption is minimal.
  • the device for performing the inventive method from a magazine row 1 the from individual arranged side by side and the ones to be processed
  • Color magazines containing color liquor 2 and the above dyeing chambers 3, indicated in part by dashed lines is arranged, each color magazine 2 a dyeing chamber 3rd assigned.
  • the color magazines 2 are at a distance A above the dyeing chambers 3 arranged so that the space for easier Filling and for easier removal of the in the dyeing chambers 3 can be used for processing textiles.
  • the dyeing chambers 3 can be closed with a lid 4, which can be provided with a return line 5 to the paint liquor act on the textiles lying in the chambers 3 from above allow.
  • the color is from the top to the top Kind of a "color shower” applied.
  • the color impregnation of the textiles located in the chambers 3 takes place from below via a line 6 which is provided with feed holes 7 pointing upwards and which allows the dye liquor to enter the bottom region 8 of the dyeing chambers 3.
  • a line 6 which is provided with feed holes 7 pointing upwards and which allows the dye liquor to enter the bottom region 8 of the dyeing chambers 3.
  • ring lines 9, 10 and 11 are provided, the line 9 being a steam heater, while the Lines 10 and 11 serve the supply of wet steam or air.
  • the media become air and wet steam by increasing the pump performance with increased pressure fed to the dyeing chambers 3, so that in the described Way the textiles are soaked.
  • the supply lines are to be taken care of 6 arranged for the liquor so that a Circulation of the paint fleet through the color magazines 2 is possible.
  • the return line 6 for the paint liquor via a Supply line 13, which is a return / circulation line, with a vertical, pressurized overflow line 14 connected, which, as shown, via a manifold 16 in one of the color magazines 2 opens.
  • a Supply line 13 which is a return / circulation line
  • a vertical, pressurized overflow line 14 connected which, as shown, via a manifold 16 in one of the color magazines 2 opens.
  • inlet line 14 for each ink magazine 2 assigned is such an inlet line 14 for each ink magazine 2 assigned.
  • the color magazine 2 on top is also in its bottom area with supply lines 17 in the form of a ring line for steam heating and with a ring line 18 for the Provide air supply, the former the condensate of the Steam, ie in the form of water, the ink magazine 2 supplies.
  • the color liquor contained in the color magazine 2 naturally has a lower color intensity than the one originally used Color liquor, so that the color liquor via color metering devices 19 in the color magazines 2 supplementary colors in the form of pigments is added.
  • the metering container 19 is therefore a Postmixing made such that the after mixing in the color magazine 2 contained color fleet in its intensity roughly corresponds to the original color fleet.
  • the liquor prepared in this way is either pumped or due to gravity over a preferably vertical Line 20 of the lower dyeing chamber 3, as shown, again fed.
  • the inlet in the bottom area of chamber 3 is 21 designated.
  • FIG. 2 is a section approximately along the line II-II in FIG. 1 and clarifies the arrangements there.
  • Fig. 2 emerges are in the substantially vertical Color liquor circulation line 14, the filter 26 (see FIG. 1) and a pump 27 arranged, which the paint liquor in the direction the arrows in line 14 promotes.
  • the individual ring lines for steam heating 9 and for air and wet steam 10 and 11 also arranged so be that they are not in the same plane, but staggered on top of each other. In this case, the uppermost ring line forms the ink liquor feed line 6.
  • the goods to be colored 28 can be irregular and crumpled be arranged in the dyeing chamber 3 to make uneven Get patterns on the textiles.
  • the liquid level in the dyeing chamber 3 is designated 29, with a Overpressure space 30 forms above this mirror 29.
  • Fig. 2 also goes in detail the training of Cover 4 (see FIG. 1) for the dyeing chamber 3, which can be provided with a pinch stamp 31, with which when the textiles are removed, they remove excess liquid can be exempted.
  • the textiles are in this context squeezed against a flat surface 32, a frame or the like.
  • the lid 4 can, as shown in Fig. 2, with the the ring line 5 forming the color shower (see FIG. 1) be connected.
  • the ink liquor feed line 20 can be attached to the cover 4 (see Fig. 1) and be connected to an overpressure line 34, which also serves to return the condensate.
  • the opening in the bottom of the upper color magazine 2 and down leading color liquor feed line 20 can be switched on Pressure and acceleration pump 35 may be provided.
  • Pressure and acceleration pump 35 may be provided in the floor area of the color magazine 2 ring lines 17 and 18 for the Air supply and steam heating as well as 36 for the Generation of the excess pressure can be provided.
  • Fig. 3 shows a top view of the lines in the floor area one of the color magazines 2, namely the ring line 36 for the Overpressure and the condensate return, ring line 17 for the steam heating and the ring line 18 for the air supply. Furthermore, the ink supply line is the one already used Recognize liquor from the dyeing chamber 3 in Fig. 3 and as in the other figures, designated 14.
  • FIG. 4 is the view approximately along the line IV-IV in FIG. 1 and leaves the four essentially concentric with each other arranged ring lines 6, 9, 10 and 11 recognize that in Bottom region of the chamber 3 are arranged.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Coloring (AREA)

Claims (33)

  1. Procédé de teinture de textiles, dans lequel les textiles à teindre sont exposés à un bain de teinture contenant un colorant, l'exposition se faisant du bas vers le haut, plusieurs magasins à colorant (2) séparés les uns des autres et au moins une chambre à teinture (3) recevant les textiles à traiter étant prévus, plusieurs pièces de textile étant traitées simultanément dans la chambre à teinture (3), dans la zone de fond (8) de laquelle sont prévus une conduite d'alimentation pourvue de trous d'amenée (7) orientés vers le haut, pour la vapeur et pour le bain de teinture,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les textiles confectionnés sont teints en des couches intimement compactées à un degré de teinture prédéterminé, ou avec une image éteinte prédéterminée, ce pourquoi un bain de teinture, qui contient le colorant sous une forme fortement diluée, est utilisé, et le bain de teinture étant guidé, avec utilisation d'un fluide de transport placé sous pression, sous une pression élevée, à travers les textiles à teindre.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les fluides sont de la vapeur ou de l'air.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le bain de teinture est passé sous l'effet d'une pression à travers les textiles, du bas vers le haut.
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les textiles sont soumis, en des couches compactées intimement, en appui les unes sur les autres pratiquement sans espacement, dans la chambre à teinture (3), à l'exposition aux colorants, au moyen des fluides placés sous pression.
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'exposition des textiles au bain de teinture est effectuée par étapes.
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les textiles à teindre sont exposés, dans une chambre à teinture (3) unique, les uns après les autres à une traversée par un colorant venant de plusieurs magasins à colorant.
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que l'intensité de la teinture appliquée est modifiée par le fait que l'on procède à plusieurs circulations entre la chambre à teinture (3) et le magasin à colorant (2).
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce qu'une phase de circulation dure environ une minute.
  9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce que seul est utilisé un magasin colorant (2) unique, à chaque circulation étant appliquée une seule et même teinture.
  10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 8 ou 9, caractérisé en ce que différents magasins à colorant (2) sont utilisés pour une seule et même chambre à teinture (3).
  11. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les textiles à traiter sont placés sous une forme repliée ou fortement pliée dans la chambre à teinture (3), en un paquetage dense.
  12. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'un point de coloration plus sombre est complété et/ou remplacé par un plus clair, la coloration étant obtenue au moyen d'un magasin à teinture (2) unique, équipé d'une chambre à colorant (3) unique.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que des points de teinture plus clairs sont générés par amenée d'une teinture au départ plus claire, dans un étage subséquente.
  14. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les autres étapes de coloration sont générés par une teinture qui est prévue dans un magasin à colorant (2) séparé.
  15. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la coloration d'une image sur les textiles est influencée par le type de compactage à l'intérieur de la chambre à teinture, précisément sous la forme de plis, de pose lisse, de tassements, de roulages, etc.
  16. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la coloration d'une image est modifiée par l'apport du bain de teinture, d'air et/ou de vapeur, la coloration étant modifiée par la différence des vitesses de traversée de ces milieux.
  17. Dispositif de mise en oeuvre du procédé selon l'invention comportant plusieurs magasins à colorant (2) séparés les uns des autres et avec au moins une chambre à teinture (3) recevant les textiles à traiter, dans la zone de fond (8) de laquelle sont prévues des conduites d'amenée pourvues de trous d'amenée (7) orientés vers le haut et destinées à de la vapeur et au bain de teinture, la zone de fond (8) de la chambre à teinture (3) étant reliée à au moins un magasin à colorant (2) par une conduite,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le magasin à colorant (2) contient un matériau de bain de teinture se présentant sous forme fortement diluée et en ce que le dispositif comprend au moins une pompe (27) au moyen de laquelle un fluide support destiné au bain de teinture peut être introduit dans la chambre à teinture (3), par pompage séparément du bain de teinture avec une exposition à la pression.
  18. Dispositif selon la revendication 17, caractérisé en ce que les conduites (14, 15, 20), situées entre les magasins à colorant (2) et les chambres à teinture (3), sont susceptibles d'être commutées de manière à ce qu'une seule chambre à teinture (3) puisse être alimentée par plusieurs magasins à colorant (2).
  19. Dispositif selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que les conduites à tuyaux (14, 15, 20) installées entre les magasins à colorant (2) et les chambres à teinture (3) sont commutables de manière à ce qu'un magasin à colorant (2) unique alimente plusieurs chambres à teinture (3).
  20. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 19, caractérisé en ce qu'entre le magasin à colorant (2) respectif et la chambre à teinture (3) afférente sont prévues des liaisons par conduite (14, 15, 20) qui ramènent la vapeur, le condensat de la vapeur et le bain à teinture non consommé issu de la chambre à teinture (3), au magasin à colorant (2), en une circulation répétée des fluides.
  21. Dispositif selon la revendication 20, caractérisé en ce qu'au mélange produit dans le magasin à colorant (2) et constitué de vapeur condensée et d'un bain à teinture non consommé est ajouté un complément de colorant, ceci au moyen d'un appareil doseur (18) et se présentant sous la forme de pigments colorants.
  22. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que des zones déterminées des conduites d'amenée, pour l'air, le bain à teinture et la vapeur, sont pourvues de trous de sortie (9) ayant une taille différente.
  23. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 22, caractérisé en ce que les puissances des pompes (27, 35) alimentant les conduites de liaison sont modifiables.
  24. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 23, caractérisé en ce que les conduites (6, 9, 10, 11) disposées dans la zone de fond de la chambre à teinture (3) sont exposées à un chauffage (9) réalisé de préférence par un chauffage à vapeur.
  25. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 24, caractérisé en ce que le temps de traitement et/ou le nombre des circulations est modifiable dans de larges limites.
  26. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 25, caractérisé en ce qu'entre les expositions des textiles (28) à teindre au moyen des différents magasins à colorant (2) sont prévues des différences temporelles notables.
  27. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 26, caractérisé en ce que le passage du bain à teinture à travers les textiles (28) à exposer s'effectue du bas vers le haut à l'aide d'une pompe de refoulement sous pression (27).
  28. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 27, caractérisé en ce que le bain à teinture est passé à travers les textiles (28) du haut vers le bas, une pompe d'aspiration étant prévue pour cela.
  29. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 28, caractérisé en ce que tous les magasins à colorant (2) sont situés à une distance A au-dessus des chambres à teinture (3).
  30. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 17 à 29, caractérisé en ce que les magasins à colorant (2) sont disposés à côté des chambres à teinture (3) ou au-dessous.
  31. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les textiles (28) contenus dans les chambres à teinture (3) sont exposés simultanément par le dessous et le dessus au bain à teinture ou au bain à teinture ayant été complété.
  32. Dispositif selon la revendication 31, caractérisé en ce que, de manière connue en soi, sur les textiles (28) empaquetés fermement est posée une conduite annulaire (5) qui i est t raccordée à un magasin à colorant (2).
  33. Dispositif selon la revendication 32, caractérisé en ce que la circulation faite par la conduite annulaire (5) est guidée au moyen de conduites d'amenée disposées au-dessous des textiles (28), un magasin à colorant (2), contenant le mélange reconstitué, étant disposé au-dessus de la chambre à teinture (3).
EP92110459A 1991-08-16 1992-06-20 Procédé et installation de teintures de matières textiles Expired - Lifetime EP0528136B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4127139A DE4127139A1 (de) 1991-08-16 1991-08-16 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur einfaerbung von textilien
DE4127139 1991-08-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0528136A1 EP0528136A1 (fr) 1993-02-24
EP0528136B1 true EP0528136B1 (fr) 1998-01-14

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EP92110459A Expired - Lifetime EP0528136B1 (fr) 1991-08-16 1992-06-20 Procédé et installation de teintures de matières textiles

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US (1) US5400453A (fr)
EP (1) EP0528136B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE162240T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE4127139A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1295153B1 (it) * 1997-08-14 1999-04-30 Tecnorama Srl Apparecchiatura automatica per la tintura di materiali tessili
CN106948110B (zh) * 2017-05-12 2023-08-04 厦门大学嘉庚学院 植物染液加工染色装置及染色方法
CN111996723B (zh) * 2020-08-27 2022-09-20 浙江麦克斯科技股份有限公司 一种多工位卧式染缸
CN113073431B (zh) * 2021-03-23 2022-12-02 安徽天顺环保过滤材料有限公司 一种纺织品加工用定位挑染装置及其实施方法
CN114808303B (zh) * 2022-04-18 2023-07-11 海宁鑫港源纺织品有限公司 一种多功能染色装置

Family Cites Families (14)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US425614A (en) * 1890-04-15 Dyeing apparatus
US523047A (en) * 1894-07-17 ma subel
US509351A (en) * 1893-11-21 Island
US585752A (en) * 1897-07-06 halliwell
US836101A (en) * 1903-06-12 1906-11-20 Louis Dumons Apparatus for circulating liquids in dye-vats.
US796382A (en) * 1904-02-24 1905-08-01 Vacuum Dyeing Machine Company Duplex dyeing-machine.
US1576378A (en) * 1924-10-23 1926-03-09 Thies Bernhard Karl Dyeing apparatus
US3698855A (en) * 1971-04-05 1972-10-17 Courtaulds Ltd Garment dyeing process
DE2262309A1 (de) * 1972-12-20 1974-07-11 Thies Kg Verfahren und vorrichtung zur nassbehandlung, insbesondere zum faerben von textilgut
CH568428B5 (fr) * 1974-01-16 1975-10-31 Bleiche Ag
US3914962A (en) * 1974-02-04 1975-10-28 Dorega Inc Apparatus for dyeing
US4165623A (en) * 1975-01-15 1979-08-28 Jerald Brown Method and apparatus for treatment of yarn in package form
US4183233A (en) * 1977-05-02 1980-01-15 Simon Klebanow Apparatus for fluid treatment of textiles
FR2444741A1 (fr) * 1980-01-22 1980-07-18 Barriquand Perfectionnements apportes aux procedes et aux installations pour le traitement, et en particulier pour le traitement aqueux, de matieres textiles

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Publication number Publication date
DE59209128D1 (de) 1998-02-19
ATE162240T1 (de) 1998-01-15
EP0528136A1 (fr) 1993-02-24
US5400453A (en) 1995-03-28
DE4127139A1 (de) 1993-02-18

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