Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
  • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

• This invention is a device, to produce energy and various elements and their isotopes, in which heavy hydrogen and its isotopes are forced to enter heavy elements whose nuclei either contain odd number of nucleons or are un ⁇ stable; and nuclear wastes when used as the heavy element can be recycled to safer materials.
• Fusion is the joining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
• isotopes of H can fuse with many heavier elements having odd number of nucleons in their nuclei or whose nuclei are not very stable, at very low temperatures, to form heavier as well as higher elements (of higher atomic number) and their isotopes accompanied by energy - some exoenergic and some endoenergic. Fusion between atomic nuclei does take place at various temperatures ranging from very low to extremely high temp ⁇ eratures ⁇ So can fission, however, the temperature range may be narrower than that of fusion x . When conditions are right H isotopes will fuse with various elements including its own isotopes to form bigger atoms and their isotopes.
• the dissociated D,T atoms and their ions enter the Pd lattice (through electrolysis and other phenomena such as diffusion) and begin filling the interstitial spaces in the Pd lattice.
• the amplitude of oscillation of th heavy Pd atom gets higher it squeezes the D,T, etc. atoms and their ions in th interstitial spaces and at the right conditions (when the amplitude of Pd atom gets large enough to squeeze the D atom/ion and the space between the D and Pd nuclei are on the order of magnitude of a few barns necessary for a fusion cross section) fusion of Pd and D takes place. This is why low temperature fusions start only some time after electrolysis or electropropulsion of the D/ mixture towards the Pd plate had begun so as to heat the Pd lattice to require temperature.
• the larger radius of the heavier Pd nucleus increases the geometrical size of the target area (of the Pd nucleus) thus increasing its collision cros section and, therefore, enables more fusion reactions.
• the coulomb repulsion forces that are present are inversely proportional to the distance (r) between the said two particles.
• the larger radius of the heavier nucleus lowers the coulomb repulsion force since the said force is inversely proportional to the distance -R-,
• the fused nucleus may be a stable or unstable nucleus of an atom or isotope or a radioactive one. If it is unstable it will emit radiation and will become stable eventually or will further fuse and form still heavier stable or unstable nucleus and the process continues. So these fusion reactions may be more precisely termed also as exoenergic and endoenergic fusion reactions instead of exothermic and endo- thermic fusion reactions respectively.
• neutron and proton separation (binding) energies are much lower for the last odd-neutron and odd-proton in the nuclei compared to even-numbered ones (which are more stable).
• Such even-numbered nucleons have these N or Z numbers - 2,8,10,14,20, 28, 40, 50,82,126. Therefore, odd-numbered Z nuclei will facilitate easier fusion at lower temperatures because of their lower binding (separation) energies. That is, either odd-A and even-N or even-A and odd-N will give odd-Z nucleus.
• the odd-N .and even-A is preferred because the odd-N in the odd-Z nucleus has usually lower separation energies compared to the odd-A & even-N in the odd-Z nucleus. This is because the odd-N in the odd-Z nucleus has lower binding energy than the odd-proton in the odd-Z nucleus.
• the heavy- nuclei become the most stable the reactions become extremely difficult to pro ⁇ ceed further as these reactions will require very high energy levels and so only very few nuclei with the stable number of nucleons can fuse at low levels x .
• Li Lithium ⁇ A
• the amplitude of oscillation of the Pd in the lattice gets virtually equal to half the inter ⁇ stitial space (interatomic distance) in the lattice and if a H isotope gets in the plane of the shortest distance between the two large Pd atoms, the H isotope will fuse with the Pd atom as shown above. At which time the space between the Pd and D nuclei will be a few barns, on the order of magnitude that is required for a fusion reaction.
• Mg and H isotopes will give Mg and ⁇ l iso ⁇ topes
• Ti and H isotopes will give Ti and V isotopes, etc.
• D and/or T can fuse with Mg, Pt, Pd, etc; and give reaction products similar to the ones in equations (1) through (7).
• the byproducts of these fusion reactions will also combine among themselves as well as with the heavier elements and any 0 (Oxygen) from the dissociated electrolyte to form various oxides including those of Mg, Pd, etc.
• the oxidatio and other reactions between the byproducts of fusion as well as with the electrolyte will create hindrances for the fusion to continue undisturbed.
• Figure 1 shows electrolyte bath set up for fusion where anode is a lining.
• Figure 2 shows electrolyte bath set up for fusion where anode is a coil.
• Figure 3 shows electrolyte as fine spray propelled through a nozzle strik ⁇ ing negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as a flat disc.
• Figure 4 shows eletrolyte as fine spray propelled through a nozzle striking negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as curved disc.
• Figures 1 & 2 show an electrolyte (1) inside a tank (2).
• a coolant comes in (5 ) and passes through the tank walls cooling the tank (2), electrolyte(1) , and the anode (3 L,3C) and the coolant exits(5o) removing the heat,and the said coolant is then sent to a power plant for recovering the thermal energy and converting it to electrical and other types of energies.
• the anode (3 ) is in the shape of a lining placed inside the tank (2) and electrically insulated from the tank and the cathode (4).
• the anode has the shape of a coil (3 ) and is electrically insulated from the cathode (4) and the tank (2).
• the cathode (4) has the shape of a hollow cylinder and is placed in ⁇ side the tank (2).
• the cathode is electrically insulated (7) from the said tank and the anode. Both ends of the said cathode protrude out of the tank. Tnrough the hollow cathode (4) a coolant is passed from one end (6 ) -(incoming) to the other end (6 ) (outgoing) which coolant cools the cathode (4). and removes the energy generated at the cathode.
• the said cathode coolant is also sent to the power plant for recovering the thermal energy in the coolant.
• the said cathode can have other shapes as well, such as hexagonal, round, coil, rectangular, flat, or curved plate, solid or hollow, cylindrical, etc.
• the anode can also have similar shapes, besides (3 C & 3L).
• the tank has a lid (8).
• the cathode has the shape of a p flat plate (10 ) while in Figure 4 the cathode has the shape of a curved plate (concave) (10 ).
• the cathodes can also have other shapes as well, such as convex curves, cylindrical, or rotating cylinder, etc.
• the anode can also be in the form of a lining inside the
• the cathode (10 ,10 ) is electrically insulated (7) from the tank (11) and the anode (13).
• the anode is also electrically insulated from the tank.
• the anode (3 C,3L,13) is connected to the positive terminal of
• the anode (3 ,3 ,13) is made of a suitable element such as Ag, Cu, Pt, Au, etc.
• the anode can also be made of suitable chemical compound comprising any or a combination of the above elements along with other suitable elements so as to minimize the various hindrances to fusion and other side effects mentioned on page 7.
• the material for the cathode (4,10 ,10 ) is selected from a group compris ⁇ ing of odd number of neutrons (i.e., odd-N) and odd number of total nucleons (i.e., odd-Z or odd mass number) in the atonic nuclei of the elements.Such
• elements include: ⁇ Ms, ⁇ Zn, 22 Tl ' 22 Tl ' 24 Cr ' 26 Fe ' 46 Pd 78 Pfc ' etc#
• the best cathode material has in its nuclei odd-Z, odd-N, and even-A. Nuclei with odd-A and even-N giving odd-Z nucleons are also suitable, but they are not as efficient as the odd-N S ⁇ odd-Z combination given above. Odd-A & odd-N can also be employed as cathode material, but they are much less efficient. However,any nuclei having even-N or even-Z numbers - 8,10,14,20,28,40,50,82,126 should be excluded.
• the cathode material may be treated with other chemical compounds or combined with other suitable chemical compounds to minimize the various side effects and hindrances to fusion mentioned earlier on page 7.
• Elements with nuclei having all combinations of nucleons are suitable except the most stable ones stated above as these stable ones require very high energy levels for fusion.
• the said cathode can also be made of material comprising highly hazardous and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic waste materials which can be "-recycled” by this device resulting in energy production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable products (as the used cathode), some of which can be recycled while the remainder can be discarded more safely than what is done presently worldwide; thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more stable) materials while obtaining energy.
• the electrolyte (1,12) is mostly heavy water (D-0) and it may also include smaller amounts of T 2 0, H-O, Be, & Li. Electrolyte containing only D resume0 is very very suitable. In Figures 3 & 4, the electrolyte (12) is propelled by the anode
• the electrolyte (12) can also be just D,D 2 ,or
• the electrolyte (12) could also be either a neutron or proton beam and propelled through the nozzle (13),seeded or unseeded with ions
• the cathode gets saturated or nearly saturated with the higher elements and their isotopes from fusion, the cathode is removed and the new element and isotopes are re ⁇ covered and a fresh new cathode is installed in -its place.
• the said cathode can also be made of material comprising highly hazardous and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic waste materials which can be "recycled” by this device resulting in energy production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable products (as the used cathode) , some of which can be recycled while the remainder can be discarded more safely than what is done presently worldwide; thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more stable) materials while obtaining energy.
• the D.C. (direct current) voltage can also be applied as sharp pulses of higher voltage after smaller doses of continuous lower voltage is applied so as to achieve fusion.
• the inventor had concluded that similar reactions occur on earth, planets, and other celestial bodies and the electrical charge is very similar to lightning and other charges moving underneath the earth.
• the said electro ⁇ lyte can be any of the following: (a) heavy water of deuterium (D 2 0), (b) mostly heavy water D-0 and smaller amounts of H-0, T-O, Be, and Li, (c) D-,D (or other H isotopes like T,Tmony) seeded or unseeded (with positive ions and other suitable seed material for propelling them at the cathode from an anode nozzle), and (d) Neutron and proton (n and p) beams seeded or unseeded (with positive ions and other suitable seed material for propelling them at the cathode from an anode nozzle).
• D-0 is available in plenty in sea water.
• the said anode which is the positive terminal, is selected from a group comprising of elements such as Ag, Cu, Pt, Au, etc. and also suitable chemical compounds of said elements which reduce hindrances to fusion and other side effects.
• the said cathode which .is the negative terminal, is selected from a group comprising of odd-N and odd-Z number of nucleons as well as all other combinations of the nucleons in the nuclei which make the nuclei less stable.
• nuclei having even-N or even-Z numbers 8,10,14,20,28,40,50, 82,& 126 are unsuitable as they are very stable and,therefore, require very high energy levels for low temperature fusion.
• the cathode material may also be treated with various chemical compounds or combined with suitable chemical compounds to minimize the various side effects and hindrances to fusion.
• the said cathode can also be made of material comprising highly hazardous and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic waste materials which can be "recycled” by this device resulting in energy production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable products (as the used cathode), some of which can be recycled while the remainder can be discarded more safely than what is done presently worldwide; thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more stable) materials while obtaining energy.
• the said anode and cathode can have various shapes and sizes as well as can be stationary or moving.
• the direct current (D.C.) applied to the anode and cathode can be continuous or sharp pulses of higher voltage after smaller doses of continuous current.
• the energy produced is removed through the coolant which also prolongs the fusion reactions by cooling the cathode and the anode. The newer elements and heavier isotopes formed in the cathode are recovered for use.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
• Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
• Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
• Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
• Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
• Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
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• 1990
  • 1990-08-28 JP JP90514935A patent/JPH05506712A/ja active Pending
  • 1990-08-28 KR KR1019920700884A patent/KR950009880B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1990-08-28 CA CA002070170A patent/CA2070170A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1990-08-28 EP EP19900916086 patent/EP0516622A4/en not_active Ceased
  • 1990-08-28 AU AU66302/90A patent/AU642176B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1990-08-28 BR BR909007765A patent/BR9007765A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1990-08-28 HU HU9201161A patent/HU9201161D0/hu unknown
  • 1990-08-28 WO PCT/US1990/004841 patent/WO1991006103A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1990-10-15 IL IL95987A patent/IL95987A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1990-10-15 CN CN90109201A patent/CN1051816A/zh active Pending
  • 1990-10-15 ZA ZA908227A patent/ZA908227B/xx unknown
• 1992
  • 1992-03-30 SE SE9200981A patent/SE9200981D0/xx unknown
  • 1992-04-09 FI FI921571A patent/FI921571A0/fi unknown

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