AU6630290A

AU6630290A - Element and energy production device

Info

Publication number: AU6630290A
Application number: AU66302/90A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Chacko P. Zachariah
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1989-10-16
Filing date: 1990-08-28
Publication date: 1991-05-16
Anticipated expiration: 2010-08-28
Also published as: EP0516622A4; FI921571A0; EP0516622A1; AU642176B2; CA2070170A1; JPH05506712A; SE9200981D0; CN1051816A; IL95987A; WO1991006103A1; FI921571A; ZA908227B; KR950009880B1; HU9201161D0; BR9007765A

Description

ELEMENT AND ENERGY PRODUCTION DEVICE

Background - Field of Invention

This invention is a device, to produce energy and various elements and their isotopes, in which heavy hydrogen and its isotopes are forced to enter heavy elements whose nuclei either contain odd number of nucleons or are un¬ stable; and nuclear wastes when used as the heavy element can be recycled to safer materials.

Background - Description of Prior Art

Various experiments on low temperature fusion from the 1920's ' to the

"C d x present ' ' and numerous newspaper and television reports in the past few

>-.<_(_ks have brought to the forefront the science of ^'fusion.

Fusion is the joining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.

There is a misconception that only deuterium (D), tritium (T), Helium isotopes

3 4 (He, He, He), or lithium (Li) can fuse among themselves and that the by¬ products of fusion have to be D,T,He,Li, neutron (n), proton (p), or an electron (e), accompanied by some exothermic energy (exoenergic) release. This is based on the hypothesis that only isotopes of hydrogen (H) can fuse together.

The inventor concluded^x that isotopes of H can fuse with many heavier elements having odd number of nucleons in their nuclei or whose nuclei are not very stable, at very low temperatures, to form heavier as well as higher elements (of higher atomic number) and their isotopes accompanied by energy - some exoenergic and some endoenergic. Fusion between atomic nuclei does take place at various temperatures ranging from very low to extremely high temp¬ eratures^ So can fission, however, the temperature range may be narrower than that of fusion^x. When conditions are right H isotopes will fuse with various elements including its own isotopes to form bigger atoms and their isotopes.

* Refers to References listed at the end of Page # 7 Eventually, the fused atoms become too large and heavy with numerous p,n, and e and become less and less stable and start radioactive decay and/or become easier targets for fission, start fissioning off on impact with n and other particles and form lighter nuclei and atomsx.

No patents have been granted on these anywhere in the world to date to the Inventor's knowledge.

Theory of Invention

At low temperatures,fusion is taking place in the lattice structure of the heavier atoms (such as Al, Mg, Pd, etc. ) and other face-centered cubic space lattices as well as other compactly packed lattices like compact hexagonal space lattices. The atoms at each corner and face of the face-centered cubic space lattice of Pd are oscillating at a particular frequency peculiar to Pd. The amplitude of oscillation of Pd atom is, however, dependent on the temper¬ ature the lattice is subjected to. itøiplitude of this oscillation is proportion al to a function of the temperature experienced by the lattice (from the resistance heating of the cathode and / or the transfer of the kinetic energy of the incoming particles to thermal energy at the cathode) . So when the temp¬ erature of Pd lattice increases, the amplitude of oscillation of the Pd atom increases.

The dissociated D,T atoms and their ions enter the Pd lattice (through electrolysis and other phenomena such as diffusion) and begin filling the interstitial spaces in the Pd lattice. When the amplitude of oscillation of th heavy Pd atom gets higher it squeezes the D,T, etc. atoms and their ions in th interstitial spaces and at the right conditions (when the amplitude of Pd atom gets large enough to squeeze the D atom/ion and the space between the D and Pd nuclei are on the order of magnitude of a few barns necessary for a fusion cross section) fusion of Pd and D takes place. This is why low temperature fusions start only some time after electrolysis or electropropulsion of the D/ mixture towards the Pd plate had begun so as to heat the Pd lattice to require temperature.

The larger radius of the heavier Pd nucleus ( p_d) increases the geometrical size of the target area (of the Pd nucleus) thus increasing its collision cros section and, therefore, enables more fusion reactions. When the two charged particles (Pd & H isotope) approach each other, the coulomb repulsion forces that are present are inversely proportional to the distance (r) between the said two particles. However, the larger radius of the heavier nucleus lowers the coulomb repulsion force since the said force is inversely proportional to the distance -R-,

As the distance r decreases, the coulomb electrostatic potential increases. But, when r approaches the sum of the radii of the two nuclei (R_pd + F _) - i.e., when the H isotope nucleus reaches near the boundary of the Pd nucleus - the effects of the nuclear attraction forces begin to be felt strongly. These nuclear attraction forces are short-range in nature and will be felt only in the vicinity of the nucleus unlike the coulomb repulsion forces. At a critical distance r, say r , these two forces - the coulomb repulsion force and the nuclear attraction force - cancel each other, leaving zero net force between the two approaching nuclei. When the distance r becomes less than r , the short range nuclear attraction force dominates and eventually the two nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus, thus enabling nuclear fusion to take place.

However, not all of the approaching nuclei fuse. From Wave .Mechanics it can be seen that some of the approaching nuclei are deflected (reflected), some are transmitted through without fusing, some are absorbed and fused, and still others are refracted and then later fused or transmitted out. The fused nucleus may be a stable or unstable nucleus of an atom or isotope or a radioactive one. If it is unstable it will emit radiation and will become stable eventually or will further fuse and form still heavier stable or unstable nucleus and the process continues. So these fusion reactions may be more precisely termed also as exoenergic and endoenergic fusion reactions instead of exothermic and endo- thermic fusion reactions respectively.

Further, neutron and proton separation (binding) energies are much lower for the last odd-neutron and odd-proton in the nuclei compared to even-numbered ones (which are more stable). The most stable nuclei have even-Z (Z = Mass number) and or even-N (N = number of neutrons in the nucleus) nucleons in their nuclei. Such even-numbered nucleons have these N or Z numbers - 2,8,10,14,20, 28, 40, 50,82,126. Therefore, odd-numbered Z nuclei will facilitate easier fusion at lower temperatures because of their lower binding (separation) energies. That is, either odd-A and even-N or even-A and odd-N will give odd-Z nucleus. Out of these, the odd-N .and even-A is preferred because the odd-N in the odd-Z nucleus has usually lower separation energies compared to the odd-A & even-N in the odd-Z nucleus. This is because the odd-N in the odd-Z nucleus has lower binding energy than the odd-proton in the odd-Z nucleus. When the heavy- nuclei become the most stable the reactions become extremely difficult to pro¬ ceed further as these reactions will require very high energy levels and so only very few nuclei with the stable number of nucleons can fuse at low levels^x. Abbreviations and Symbols

A Atomic number = the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom = g_N

= the subscript in numerals appearing on the left of symbol

Ag Silver

Al Aluminium

Au Gold

9 Be Beryllium = Be₅

Cr Chromium

Cu Copper D Deuterium = 2-D- = heavy Hydrogen, D- = Deuterium Molecule, D-0 = Heavy e E _»l.ec_t.ron Water

E Energy release = Negative to Zero to any amount positive depending on the reaction (some are Exoenergic while others Endoenergic)

Fe Iron

^'H Hydrogen Atom = Water

He Helium Atom =

7 . Li Lithium = ^A

Mg Magnesium n Neutron

N Neutron number = number of neutrons in the nucleus = subscript in numerals on the right of symbol

0 Oxygen Atom, 0_ = Oxygen Molecule p Proton

Pd Palladium

Pt Platinum r The distance between the centers of two likely charged particles r Critical distance 'r' at which nuclear attraction force = coulomb repulsion force R Radius of the nucleus, R-, = radius of H nucleus, p_d= radius of Pd nucleus

3 . .

T Tritium = ,T~ , T~ = Tritium Molecule , T-0 = Heavy Water

Ti Titanium

V Vanadium

Z Mass Number = Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus =A+N

Zn Zinc

Superscript '+' and '-' represent positive and negative ions respectively.

Superscript small alphabets are references listed at end of page # 7 The neutron in the D nucleus is very loosely attached to the proton and the proton-neutron (p-n) distance is very large, thus enabling much easier removal of the neutron. A few of the possible and probable Pd - D reactions are:

¹⁽^Pd + D ^{► 1}°^Pd + H + E (energy release) (1)

4o 46 - ^X°gP + p + e + E (2)

* ^Ag + n + E (3)

—* ^Ag + E (4)

Further, fusion is much easier to take place at lower temperatur^es because the H isotopes and the Pd atoms are not(necessaily) ionized and thus not behav¬ ing like charged particles in a plasma. So the coulomb electrostatic repulsion between like -charged particles (ions) are either totally or virtually absent at these low temperature fusions.Also at these low temperatures Pd atom may virtual¬ ly adsorb a neutron (loosely bound) from the D atom and release a H atom without any ionization whatever. It is also possible to have the ionization of H isotope and the fusion of the nuclei take place simultaneously on impact with the heavy Pd atom. Other possible reactions include: + E (5)

Thus, when the optimum conditions and temperatures are achieved, the amplitude of oscillation of the Pd in the lattice gets virtually equal to half the inter¬ stitial space (interatomic distance) in the lattice and if a H isotope gets in the plane of the shortest distance between the two large Pd atoms, the H isotope will fuse with the Pd atom as shown above. At which time the space between the Pd and D nuclei will be a few barns, on the order of magnitude that is required for a fusion reaction.

Similar fusion reactions are possible with other heavier elements having odd

47 ΔQ <- -~ number ol nucleons in their nuclei and these include: 22^¹' 22^Tl' 24^^r'

^Mg, HAI , gcu, gcu, 67_Zn/ 57^ 105_pd^ 195_pt^ _{etc> H isotopes will fuse}

with Pt and form Pt and Au isotopes, Mg and H isotopes will give Mg and Λl iso¬ topes, Ti and H isotopes will give Ti and V isotopes, etc. At these low temperatures, it is easier for fusion to take place in compact ly packed lattice structure of heavier and larger atoms because the interstiti spaces are shorter and the smaller H isotopes are trapped in those spaces. Further, larger and heavier the lattice atoms, the larger will be the force of impact on the H isotope, thus enabling easier fusion reaction. D and/or T can fuse with Mg, Pt, Pd, etc; and give reaction products similar to the ones in equations (1) through (7). Some of which are:

(9) (10)

¹⁹^Pt + D (11)

(12) (13) (14)

Byproducts p,n, and e, if sufficient in number, could combine with other similar byproducts and form He isotopes. This is why various past experiments have failed to observe ' many He isotopes and neutrons as byproducts, prov¬ ing that not sufficient number of these byproducts remain free long enough for the reaction:

This further shows that most of the p,n,e are fusing with the heavier nuclei to form their isotopes as well as atoms of higher atomic number.

Thus you can see that every possible reaction is not exoenergic or exo¬ thermic. Some are endoenergic or endothermic. This is why we will find less energy production from these reactions than that obtainable from high temper¬ ature D-D and D-T and other lower element fusions and also fewer neutrons and and He as byproducts. Further, if impurities are present in the H isotope mixture, anode, cathode, or nozzle, or other parts of the apparatus they could fuse and, or, react with the byproducts.

In these low temperature fusion reactions, as you can see, some energy is released. As reactions progress and more and more energy is released it heats up the cathode (heavy elements) and it expands. As the temperature of the Pd (cathode) rises, the interstitial spacing (interatomic distance) of the Pd atoms increases and the atoms become looser and looser and finally too loose. At this point, even the increased amplitude of oscillation of the Pd atom due to the higher temperature is unable to compensate for the larger interstitial spacing between the atoms to accomplish low temperature fusion. Therefore, reactions stop or nearly cease after operating the system for some time. This is a control mechanism which prevents continuous fusion and runaway fusion. Thus, there is an optimum temperature for the Mg-D, Pd-D, Mg-T, and other similar low temperature fusion reactions to occur. Below that temperature the fusion reactions cannot take place because of lower amplitude of oscillation of the heavier atom. Above that optimum temperature, as explained above, fusion stops because of too much interstitial spacing. Thus, interstitial spacing is a controlling factor in low temperature fusion. The optimum temperature, however, is different for each heavier element as well as for each H isotope, Be, Li, etc. and also for the particular reaction involved.

The byproducts of these fusion reactions will also combine among themselves as well as with the heavier elements and any 0 (Oxygen) from the dissociated electrolyte to form various oxides including those of Mg, Pd, etc. The oxidatio and other reactions between the byproducts of fusion as well as with the electrolyte will create hindrances for the fusion to continue undisturbed.

However, when more and more energy is released faster as more and more low temperature fusion reactions take place, the heavy element (cathode) and the electrolyte will become hotter and hotter and eventually could become high enough to have D-D and D-T collisions overcome coulomb repulsion of D and T ions and high-temperature D-D and D-T fusions can take place.

Various elements are formed and fusion energy is definitely released in these low temperature fusion reactions as explained above. How to produce them is outlined on the following pages.

References - Superscript small letter alphabets

a. Peters,K. Naturewissenschaften 35, 746-747 (1925). b. Paneth,F. & Peters, K. Naturewissenschaften 43, 956-962 (1926). c. Fleischmann, M. & Pons,S. J.electroanalyt. Chem. 261, 301-308 (1989). d. Jones, S.E. et.al/ Nature 338, 737-740 (1989). . Zachariah, Dr. Chacko P., 'Atonic Formation and Energy From Fusion AND Effects of Fusion & Fission on: Ore Formation & Transport, Earthquakes δ. Volcanoes, Mass Extinction of Species, Magnetic Reversals & Polar Wander, Underground & underwater Nuclear Weapon Testing, and Age of the Earth. ' (USA) Copyright 1989 Dr. Chacko P. Zachariah. All Rights Reserved.

Drawing Figures

Figure 1 shows electrolyte bath set up for fusion where anode is a lining.

Figure 2 shows electrolyte bath set up for fusion where anode is a coil.

Figure 3 shows electrolyte as fine spray propelled through a nozzle strik¬ ing negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as a flat disc.

Figure 4 shows eletrolyte as fine spray propelled through a nozzle striking negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as curved disc.

Reference Numerals in Drawings

1 Electrolyte solution

2 Electrolyte tank

C 3 Anode as a coil

3 Anode as a lining 4 Cathode

5 Incoming tank coolant

5 Outgoing tank coolant

6 Incoming cathode coolant

6 Outgoing cathode coolant

7 Insulation

8 Lid for the tank

9 Incoming tank coolant

9 Outgoing tank coolant

C 10 Negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as a curved disc

F 10 Negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as a flat disc

11 Tank containing coolant attached to the heavy element (cathode) disc

12 Electrolyte as fine spray propelled through a nozzle (positively charged

13 Nozzle used to propel electrolyte as a fine spray Description of Equipment

Figures 1 & 2 show an electrolyte (1) inside a tank (2). A coolant comes in (5 ) and passes through the tank walls cooling the tank (2), electrolyte(1) , and the anode (3 L,3C) and the coolant exits(5o) removing the heat,and the said coolant is then sent to a power plant for recovering the thermal energy and converting it to electrical and other types of energies. In Figure 1, the anode (3 ) is in the shape of a lining placed inside the tank (2) and electrically insulated from the tank and the cathode (4). In Figure 2, the anode has the shape of a coil (3 ) and is electrically insulated from the cathode (4) and the tank (2). The cathode (4) has the shape of a hollow cylinder and is placed in¬ side the tank (2). The cathode is electrically insulated (7) from the said tank and the anode. Both ends of the said cathode protrude out of the tank. Tnrough the hollow cathode (4) a coolant is passed from one end (6 ) -(incoming) to the other end (6 ) (outgoing) which coolant cools the cathode (4). and removes the energy generated at the cathode. The said cathode coolant is also sent to the power plant for recovering the thermal energy in the coolant. The said cathode can have other shapes as well, such as hexagonal, round, coil, rectangular, flat, or curved plate, solid or hollow, cylindrical, etc. The anode can also have similar shapes, besides (3 C & 3L). The tank has a lid (8).

In Figures 3 & 4, the tank (11) is cooled by a coolant coming in (9 ), cool-

^~~~ o ing the tank and the cathode (10 ,10 ) and exitting (9 ) after removing the heat and this thermal energy in the coolant is recovered in a power plant where if is converted to electrical energy, etc. In Figure 3, the cathode has the shape of a p flat plate (10 ) while in Figure 4 the cathode has the shape of a curved plate (concave) (10 ). The cathodes can also have other shapes as well, such as convex curves, cylindrical, or rotating cylinder, etc. The anode (13), which is in the shape of a nozzle, propels the electrolyte as a fine spray (12) on to the cathode (10 C, 10F). The anode can also be in the form of a lining inside the

C F said nozzle and also can have other shapes as well. The cathode (10 ,10 ) is electrically insulated (7) from the tank (11) and the anode (13). The anode is also electrically insulated from the tank.

For operation, the anode (3 C,3L,13) is connected to the positive terminal of

C F a Direct Current (d.c.) power supply and the cathode (4,10 ,10 ) to the negative terminal and sufficient d.c. votage is applied. All anodes and cathodes can also be rotating or moving around instead of being stationary. The equipment in all

Figures -1,2,3,& 4-when operating is kept inside a shield to prevent radiation.

SUBGT5TUTΞ 2Ξ €TV * ^J C L The anode (3 ,3 ,13) is made of a suitable element such as Ag, Cu, Pt, Au, etc. The anode can also be made of suitable chemical compound comprising any or a combination of the above elements along with other suitable elements so as to minimize the various hindrances to fusion and other side effects mentioned on page 7.

C F

The material for the cathode (4,10 ,10 ) is selected from a group compris¬ ing of odd number of neutrons (i.e., odd-N) and odd number of total nucleons (i.e., odd-Z or odd mass number) in the atonic nuclei of the elements.Such

25 67 47 . 49 . 53 57 105 195 elements include: ^Ms, ^Zn, 22^Tl' 22^Tl' 24^Cr' 26^Fe' 46^Pd 78^Pfc' ^{etc# The} best cathode material has in its nuclei odd-Z, odd-N, and even-A. Nuclei with odd-A and even-N giving odd-Z nucleons are also suitable, but they are not as efficient as the odd-N S< odd-Z combination given above. Odd-A & odd-N can also be employed as cathode material, but they are much less efficient. However,any nuclei having even-N or even-Z numbers - 8,10,14,20,28,40,50,82,126 should be excluded. The cathode material may be treated with other chemical compounds or combined with other suitable chemical compounds to minimize the various side effects and hindrances to fusion mentioned earlier on page 7. Elements with nuclei having all combinations of nucleons are suitable except the most stable ones stated above as these stable ones require very high energy levels for fusion.

The said cathode can also be made of material comprising highly hazardous and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic waste materials which can be "-recycled" by this device resulting in energy production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable products (as the used cathode), some of which can be recycled while the remainder can be discarded more safely than what is done presently worldwide; thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more stable) materials while obtaining energy.

The electrolyte (1,12) is mostly heavy water (D-0) and it may also include smaller amounts of T₂0, H-O, Be, & Li. Electrolyte containing only D„0 is very very suitable. In Figures 3 & 4, the electrolyte (12) is propelled by the anode

C F nozzle (13) on to the cathode (10 ,10 ). This is analogus to Magnetohydrodyna- mic propulsion. In Figures 3 & 4, the electrolyte (12) can also be just D,D₂,or

H isotopes, seeded or unseeded with positive ions or other suitable conducting

Q material, and propelled through the nozzle (13) on to the negative cathode (10 p

10 ) in a fashion similar to Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion. In Figures 3 _ 4, the electrolyte (12) could also be either a neutron or proton beam and propelled through the nozzle (13),seeded or unseeded with ions

F C (positive) or other suitable seed material, to the cathode (10 ,10 ).

Operation

When sufficient D.C. (direct current) Voltage is applied to the anode and the cathode, electrolysis begins and the dissociated D and T atoms, molecules, and ions enter the cathode's interstitial spaces and at the right conditions fusion occurs as explained earlier. Energy is produced and some of the cathode (heavy) element changes to an element of higher atomic number (A) or to an isotope of the same element, etc. as stated earlier. Some fusion also occurs between the lighter nuclei as mentioned earlier. In the cases .where, (i) D„ ,D (or other H isotopes) (seeded or unseeded) propelled at the negative, cathode, and, (ii) the neutron or proton beams (seeded or unseeded) propelled at the negative cathode, fusion takes place : (a) when the D, D-, Nucleon (p or n) enter the cathode's interstitial spacing and fuse with the heavier cathode lattice atoms, and (b) among the lighter nuclei of D, p,n,e, etc. present in the interstitial spaces. The cathode is heated by both the transfer of the kinetic energy of the impinging D- atoms/molecules as well as the neutron and electron beams and the resistance heating when the said particles enter the cathode.

When fusion takes place some energy (E) is released as explained earlier and some of the cathode atoms fuse and become heavier isotopes of the cathode element or the next higher element ( higher atomic number) . Some of the lighter nuclei also fuse among themselves to form higher elements of the fus¬ ing nuclei. The energy generated is transferred to the coolant which carries it to a power plant where the thermal energy in the coolant is converted to electrical and other types of energy. The coolant further helps in cooling the cathode and lowering the temperature of the cathode so as to enable more and longer fusion reactions rather than a faster cut-off of the fusion reactions from the larger interstitial spacing from a hotter cathode. When the cathode gets saturated or nearly saturated with the higher elements and their isotopes from fusion, the cathode is removed and the new element and isotopes are re¬ covered and a fresh new cathode is installed in -its place.

€*•», p rruτπ •-_ cv :πτ The said cathode can also be made of material comprising highly hazardous and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic waste materials which can be "recycled" by this device resulting in energy production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable products (as the used cathode) , some of which can be recycled while the remainder can be discarded more safely than what is done presently worldwide; thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more stable) materials while obtaining energy.

The D.C. (direct current) voltage can also be applied as sharp pulses of higher voltage after smaller doses of continuous lower voltage is applied so as to achieve fusion. The inventor had concluded that similar reactions occur on earth, planets, and other celestial bodies and the electrical charge is very similar to lightning and other charges moving underneath the earth.

Thus any device where Deuterium or lighter nuclei, neutron,or proton is electrically forced (induced) to enter the cathode made of elements having in their heavy nuclei an odd number of nucleons (mostly odd-N, odd-Z , etc.),or which nuclei are otherwise unstable, the low temperature fusion occurs and the energy released is removed using a coolant and converted to other useful forms of energy. This fusion also gives newer elements (higher A) and isotopes of the heavy cathode element which are recovered from the cathode.

Summary, Ramifications, and Scope

As we can see when an electrolyte (of composition stated below) is elect¬ rically forced (induced) to enter a negative cathode using a positive anode, fusion takes place in the cathode at low temperatures producing energy and higher elements and heavier isotopes of the cathode atoms. The said electro¬ lyte can be any of the following: (a) heavy water of deuterium (D₂0), (b) mostly heavy water D-0 and smaller amounts of H-0, T-O, Be, and Li, (c) D-,D (or other H isotopes like T,T„) seeded or unseeded (with positive ions and other suitable seed material for propelling them at the cathode from an anode nozzle), and (d) Neutron and proton (n and p) beams seeded or unseeded (with positive ions and other suitable seed material for propelling them at the cathode from an anode nozzle). D-0 is available in plenty in sea water.

<!<«- __' _u* f i l l ~_~ I —■ •—-*» ■ _ f— I The said anode, which is the positive terminal, is selected from a group comprising of elements such as Ag, Cu, Pt, Au, etc. and also suitable chemical compounds of said elements which reduce hindrances to fusion and other side effects.

The said cathode, which .is the negative terminal, is selected from a group comprising of odd-N and odd-Z number of nucleons as well as all other combinations of the nucleons in the nuclei which make the nuclei less stable. However, nuclei having even-N or even-Z numbers 8,10,14,20,28,40,50, 82,& 126 are unsuitable as they are very stable and,therefore, require very high energy levels for low temperature fusion. The cathode material may also be treated with various chemical compounds or combined with suitable chemical compounds to minimize the various side effects and hindrances to fusion.

The said cathode can also be made of material comprising highly hazardous and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic waste materials which can be "recycled" by this device resulting in energy production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable products (as the used cathode), some of which can be recycled while the remainder can be discarded more safely than what is done presently worldwide; thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more stable) materials while obtaining energy.

The said anode and cathode can have various shapes and sizes as well as can be stationary or moving. The direct current (D.C.) applied to the anode and cathode can be continuous or sharp pulses of higher voltage after smaller doses of continuous current.The energy produced is removed through the coolant which also prolongs the fusion reactions by cooling the cathode and the anode. The newer elements and heavier isotopes formed in the cathode are recovered for use.

Although the description above contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. Thus the scope of the invention should be determined also by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given.

BU^ACTST T

Claims

CLAIMSI claim:

1. A method whereby a direct current (D.C.) of sufficient strength is applied to the terminals of:

(a) a cathode (negative terminal), made of an element selected from a group comprising of heavy elements having nuclei with an odd number of nucleons (odd mass number Z) and nuclei which are not very stable and

(b) an anode (positive terminal), made of an element selected from a group comprising of elements such as Ag, Au, Pt, & Cu and other suitable elements and chemical compounds of said elements, which are placed inside a tank containing an electrolyte made of heavy water comprising mostly the heavy water of deuterium (D-0) and smaller amounts of H-0, T-0, Be, and Li, and the energy generated from low temperature fusion,when the D and/or T are electrically induced (forced) to enter the interstitial spacing of the cathode and fuse with the said heavy cathode nuclei forming heavier isotopes of the said cathode and higher elements of higher atomic number (higher A), is removed by the coolants. Said coolants are sent to the powe plants where the thermal energy in the coolant is converted to electrical and other types of energies while the newer elements and heavier isotopes are recovered from the said cathode.

2. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said anode can have various shapes- including that of coil, thin layer, rod, nozzle, etc., and can be stationary , rotating, or moving around.

3. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said cathode is made of an element selected from a group comprising of elements having in their nuclei an odd number of neutrons and even number of protons giving odd number of nucleons (odd-N - even-A = odd-Z), i.e., elements such as ,-Mg, _n n,

47_π. 49-,. 53_, 57-, 105_D, 195_^ . ₂₂Ti, ₂₂Ti, ₂₄Cr, ₂₅Fe, ₄₆Pd, ₇₈Pt, etc.

4. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said cathode is made of an element selected from a group comprising of elements having in their nuclei odd number of protons (odd-A) and even number of neutrons (even-N) as well as other nuclei which are less stable. Elements with nuclei having other combinations of nucleons are suitable except the most stable nuclei which have even-N or even-Z numbers - 8,10,14,20,28,40,50,82, and 126.

5. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said cathode can have various shapes including those of hollow cylinder, flat plate, curved (convex or concave) plate, solid rod, rectangular, hexagonal, round, etc. and can be stationary, rotating,or moving around.

6. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said cathode is treated or made with suitable chemical compounds whereby unwanted side effects and other hindrances to fusion are reduced.

7. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said cathode is made of material • selected from a group comprising of highly hazardous and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic wastes which after the said fusion reactions will produce less dangerous and less hazardous as well as more stable products (as the used cathode), some of which can be recycled for use while the remainder can be discarded more safely than what is presently done worldwide. Further, when the resulting product is used again and again (multiple .times) as the cathode, it will produce more and more stable and less and less hazardous products (in the cathode) .

8. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said direct current is applied as continuous and as sharp pulses of higher voltage after smaller doses of continuous lower voltage.

9. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said electrolyte is heavy water of deuterium (D-0) which is plentiful in sea water.

10. The invention of claim I wherein the said electrolyte instead of sitting in a tank is sprayed as a fine spray from a nozzle having the said anode as an inside lining on to the said cathode shaped as a flat/ curved plate which is either stationary or moving around.

11. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said electrolyte is selected from a group comprising of D,D„, and other heavy hydrogen isotopes such as T, T-, etc. which are seeded with positive ions and other suitable seed material and propelled from said anode in the shape of a nozzle or a nozzle with an inside lining of said anode on to the said cathode shaped as a flat or curved plate or other suitable shapes,which cathode is either stationary or moving around.Said anode can have other shapes.

12. The invention of claim 11 wherein the said electrolyte is not seeded.

13. The invention of claim 1 wherein the said electrolyte is a neutron beam which is either seeded or unseeded with positive ions or other suitable seed material and propelled from said anode in the shape of a nozzle or a nozzle with an inside lining of said anode on to the said cathode shaped as a flat or curved disc or other suitable shapes,which cathode is either stationary or moving around. The said anode can have other shapes as well.

14. The invention of claim 13 wherein the said electrolyte is a proton beam.

15. The invention of claim 13 wherein the said electrolyte is a neutron and proton beam mixture.