EP0509108A1 - Acier galvanisé sur deux couches ayant une excellente qualité antifriction, résistance à la corrosion et finition par la peinture - Google Patents

Acier galvanisé sur deux couches ayant une excellente qualité antifriction, résistance à la corrosion et finition par la peinture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0509108A1
EP0509108A1 EP91105981A EP91105981A EP0509108A1 EP 0509108 A1 EP0509108 A1 EP 0509108A1 EP 91105981 A EP91105981 A EP 91105981A EP 91105981 A EP91105981 A EP 91105981A EP 0509108 A1 EP0509108 A1 EP 0509108A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
steel sheet
zinc
electroplating layer
electrogalvanized steel
alloy electroplating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP91105981A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Masaru Nkk Corporation Sagiyama
Masafumi Nkk Corporation Yoshida
Masaki Nkk Corporation Kawabe
Satoru Nkk Corporation Ando
Tadashi Nkk Corporation Ono
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
JFE Engineering Corp
Original Assignee
NKK Corp
Nippon Kokan Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NKK Corp, Nippon Kokan Ltd filed Critical NKK Corp
Priority to EP91105981A priority Critical patent/EP0509108A1/fr
Publication of EP0509108A1 publication Critical patent/EP0509108A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
    • C25D5/615—Microstructure of the layers, e.g. mixed structure
    • C25D5/617—Crystalline layers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
    • C25D5/605—Surface topography of the layers, e.g. rough, dendritic or nodular layers
    • C25D5/611—Smooth layers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrogalvanized steel sheet having two electroplating layers and excellent in antifriction upon press-forming, corrosion resistance and painting finish.
  • the body of an automobile is exposed to a corrosive environment, and particularly to a severe corrosive environment in a coastal area or a cold area where an automobile tends to come into contact with a substance containing chlorine ions having a violent corrosivity.
  • An electrogalvanized steel sheet is conventionally widely used as a steel sheet for an automobile body having an excellent corrosion resistance even in such a severe corrosive environment.
  • the conventional electrogalvanized steel sheet has however the following problems:
  • the electrogalvanized steel sheet applied with the high-viscosity lubricant oil on the surface thereof has a small frictional coefficient of 0.11. If the orientation of the crystals of the zinc electroplating layer along the ⁇ 10 1 ⁇ X ⁇ plane (where X is 1, 2, 3 or 4) as taught by the prior art can be maintained, an antifriction of the same order as in the application of the high-viscosity lubricant oil would be available by the application of the conventional anticorrosive oil which is easy to remove, onto the surface of the electrogalvanized steel sheet.
  • the crystal orientation of the zinc electroplating layer of the electrogalvanized steel sheet depends upon electroplating conditions, and among others, upon an electric current density. As a result, it is inevitable to alter the plating conditions in response to the width, for example, of the steel sheet to be electroplated. In the manufacture of the electrogalvanized steel sheet in an industrial scale, it is practically impossible to maintain the orientation of the crystals of the zinc electroplating layer along the ⁇ 10 1 ⁇ X ⁇ plane (where, X is 1, 2, 3 or 4).
  • An object of the present invention is therefore to provide an electrogalvanized steel sheet having two electroplating layers and excellent in antifriction, corrosion resistance and painting finish.
  • an electrogalvanized steel sheet having two electroplating layers and excellent in antifriction, corrosion resistance and painting finish characterized by comprising: a steel sheet; a zinc electroplating layer formed on at least one surface of said steel sheet, said zinc electroplating layer having a center-line mean roughness (Ra) of up to 1.5 ⁇ m and a plating weight within a range of from 25 to 150 g/m2 per surface of said steel sheet; and a zinc zlloy electroplating layer formed on said zinc electroplating layer, said zinc alloy electroplating layer comprising zinc and at least one element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron and chromium, said zinc alloy electroplating layer containing said at least one element in an amount within a range of from 3 to 99 wt.% relative to said zinc alloy electroplating layer, and said zinc alloy electroplating layer having a plating weight within a range of from 1 to 20 g/m2
  • center-line mean roughness means a value of the surface roughness as expressed by the following formula:
  • Fig. 1 is a graph illustrating, in the case where an electrogalvanized steel sheet having a zinc electroplating layer as a single layer on each of the both surfaces thereof is subjected to an electropainting, the relationship between a defect occurrence ratio and a center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer;
  • Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating, for the electrogalvanized steel sheet of the present invention having a zinc electroplating layer formed on the surface of the steel sheet and a zinc-cobalt alloy electroplating layer formed on the zinc electroplating layer, the relationship between a frictional coefficient of the electrogalvanized steel sheet and a cobalt content in the zinc-cobalt alloy electroplating layer;
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic front view illustrating an apparatus for measuring a frictional coefficient.
  • An electrogalvanized steel sheet having two electroplating layers and excellent in antifriction, corrosion resistance and painting finish is available by the following steps:
  • the present invention was made on the basis of the above-mentioned findings.
  • the electrogalvanized steel sheet of the present invention having two electroplating layers and excellent in antifriction, corrosion resistance and painting finish is described below with reference to the drawings.
  • the electrogalvanized steel sheet of the present invention excellent in antifriction, corrosion resistance and painting finish comprises a steel sheet, a zinc electroplating layer formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet and a zinc alloy electroplating layer formed on the zinc electroplating layer.
  • the zinc electroplating layer has a function of imparting an excellent corrosion resistance to the electrogalvanized steel sheet.
  • the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer exerts an important effect on painting finish of the electrogalvanized steel sheet.
  • the effect of the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer exerting on painting finish of the electrogalvanized steel sheet is described below with reference to Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 1 is a graph illustrating, in the case where an electrogalvanized steel sheet having a zinc electroplating layer as a single layer on each of the both surfaces thereof is subjected to an electropainting, the relationship between an occurrence ratio of bubbles and a center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer. More particularly, each of a plurality of steel sheets for automobile hood having a center-line mean roughness (Ra) of 0.8 ⁇ m was electrogalvanized to form a zinc electroplating layer having a plating weight of 60 g/m2 per surface of the steel sheet on each of the both surfaces of each steel sheet.
  • a ratio of the number of automobile hoods having bubbles in the painting films thereof to the total number of the thus prepared automobile hoods, i.e., an occurrence ratio of bubbles in the painting film, on the one hand, and a center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc plating layer, on the other hand was investigated.
  • the ordinate represents the occurrence ratio of bubbles in the painting film
  • the abscissa represents the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer.
  • a zinc alloy electroplating layer is formed on the zinc electroplating layer formed on the surface of the steel sheet. Since this zinc alloy electroplating layer has a plating weight within a range of from 1 to 20 g/m2 per surface of the steel sheet as described later, i.e., the zinc alloy electroplating layer has a small average thickness, the surface roughness of the zinc electroplating layer exerts an important effect on the surface roughness of the zinc alloy electroplating layer formed thereon.
  • the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer of the electrogalvanized steel sheet of the present invention should be limited to up to 1.5 ⁇ m.
  • the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer In order to limit the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer to be formed on the surface of the steel sheet to up to 1.5 ⁇ m, it suffices to appropriately alter the electroplating conditions for forming the zinc electroplating layer.
  • the plating weight of the zinc electroplating layer is described later. Since, when the zinc electroplating layer has a relatively small thickness, the surface roughness of the steel sheet exerts an effect on the surface roughness of the zinc electroplating layer formed thereon, the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the steel sheet should be limited to up to 1.5 ⁇ m by grinding the surface thereof.
  • the plating weight of the zinc electroplating layer exerts an important effect on corrosion resistance and antifriction of the electrogalvanized steel sheet. With a plating weight of the zinc electroplating layer of under 25 g/m2 per surface of the steel sheet, an excellent corrosion resistance cannot be imparted to the electrogalvanized steel sheet. With a plating weight of the zinc electroplating layer of over 150 g/m2 per surface of the steel sheet, on the other hand, zinc crystals of the zinc electroplating layer become coarser.
  • Such coarsening of zinc crystals poses the following problems: It is impossible to form a uniform zinc alloy electroplating layer having a relatively small thickness as described later on the zinc electroplating layer; in other words, it is impossible to cover the entire surface of the zinc electroplating layer with the zinc alloy electroplating layer and part of the surface of the zinc electroplating layer is exposed, thus making it impossible for the zinc alloy electroplating layer to fully display the function thereof described later of imparting an excellent antifriction to the electrogalvanized steel sheet.
  • the plating weight of the zinc electroplating layer should therefore be limited within a range of from 25 to 150 g/m2 per surface of the steel sheet.
  • the zinc alloy electroplating layer formed on the zinc electroplating layer has a function of imparting an excellent antifriction to the electrogalvanized steel sheet.
  • the zinc alloy electroplating layer comprises zinc and at least one element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron and chromium.
  • the content of the above-mentioned at least one element selected from that group in the zinc alloy electroplating layer exerts an important effect on antifriction and chipping resistance of the electrogalvanized steel sheet.
  • the effect of the content of the above-mentioned at least one element selected from that group in the zinc alloy electroplating layer exerting on antifriction of the electrogalvanized steel sheet is described below with reference to Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating, for the electrogalvanized steel sheet of the present invention having a zinc electroplating layer formed on the surface of the steel sheet and a zinc-cobalt alloy electroplating layer formed on the zinc electroplating layer, the relationship between a frictional coefficient of the electrogalvanized steel sheet and a cobalt content in the zinc-cobalt alloy electroplating layer.
  • the electrogalvanized steel sheet has a relatively large frictional coefficient of at least 0.2, so that the electrogalvanized steel sheet having such a relatively large frictional coefficient is poor in antifriction.
  • the frictional coefficient of the electrogalvanized steel sheet increases when the cobalt content in the zinc-cobalt alloy electroplating layer is under 3 wt.% relative to the zinc-cobalt alloy electroplating layer.
  • the reason of this is estimated to be as follows: It is impossible to sufficiently increase hardness of the zinc-cobalt alloy electroplating layer with such a low cobalt content.
  • the content of manganese, nickel, iron or chromium in the zinc alloy electroplating layer also exerts an important effect on the frictional coefficient of the electrogalvanized steel sheet as in the above-mentioned cobalt content in the zinc alloy electroplating layer.
  • the zinc alloy electroplating layer should therefore contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron and chromium in an amount of at least 3 wt.% relative to the zinc alloy electroplating layer.
  • the content of the above-mentioned at least one element selected from that group in the zinc alloy electroplating layer is over 99 wt.% relative to the zinc alloy electroplating layer, on the other hand, phosphate crystals of the phosphate film formed on the zinc alloy electroplating layer prior to the electropainting, become coarser, thus resulting in a lower chipping resistance of the electrogalvanized steel sheet. Therefore, the content of the above-mentioned at least one element selected from that group should be limited within a range of from 3 to 99 wt.% relative to the zinc alloy electroplating layer.
  • the plating weight of the zinc alloy electroplating layer exerts an important effect on antifriction of the electrogalvanized steel sheet and the manufacturing cost thereof.
  • the plating weight of the zinc alloy electroplating layer is under 1 g/m2 per surface of the steel sheet, the zinc alloy electroplating layer has only a low covering ratio over the entire surface of the zinc electroplating layer, so that most part of the surface of the zinc electroplating layer is exposed, thus making it impossible to impart an excellent antifriction to the electrogalvanized steel sheet.
  • the plating weight of the zinc alloy electroplating layer should therefore be limited within a range of from 1 to 20 g/m2 per surface of the steel sheet.
  • electrogalvanized steel sheet of the present invention having two electroplating layers and excellent in antifriction, corrosion resistance and painting finish, is described further in detail by means of examples while comparing with examples for comparison.
  • Each of cold-rolled steel sheets having a thickness of 0.7 mm and a center-line mean roughness (Ra) within a range of from 0.8 to 1.0 ⁇ m was subjected to a conventional degreasing treatment and a conventional pickling treatment to remove rust from the both surfaces thereof. Then, the steel sheet from the both surfaces of which rust was thus removed, was subjected to an electroplating under the conditions shown in Table 1 to form a zinc electroplating layer on each of the both surfaces of the steel sheet.
  • samples of the electrogalvanized steel sheet within the scope of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as the "samples of the invention") Nos. 1 to 66 were prepared.
  • the plating weight per surface of the steel sheet and the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electropainting layer, as well as elements other than zinc and the contents thereof in the zinc alloy electroplating layer, and the plating weight per surface of the steel sheet of the zinc alloy electroplating layer are also shown in Table 1.
  • each of steel sheets identical with those in the samples of the invention Nos. 1 to 66 was subjected to a conventional degreasing treatment and a conventional pickling treatment to remove rust from the both surfaces thereof. Then, the steel sheet from the both surfaces of which rust was thus removed, was subjected to an electroplating under the conditions shown in Table 2 to form a zinc electroplating layer on each of the both surfaces of the steel sheet.
  • samples of the electrogalvanized steel sheet outside the scope of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as the "samples for comparison") Nos. 1 to 10 were prepared.
  • Each of the samples for comparison Nos. 1 and 2 had only a zinc electroplating layer as a single layer.
  • the plating weight per surface of the steel sheet and the center-line mean roughness (Ra) of the zinc electroplating layer for each of the samples for comparison Nos. 1 to 10, as well as elements other than zinc and the contents thereof in the zinc alloy electroplating layer, and the plating weight per surface of the steel sheet of the zinc alloy electroplating layer for each of the samples for comparison Nos. 3 to 10 are also shown in Table 2.
  • a mineral oil type anticorrosive oil for a steel sheet (product name: NOX RUST 530F40) made by Parker Industries, Inc. was applied onto one surface of each sample.
  • the apparatus for measuring the frictional coefficient of the sample comprised, as shown in Fig. 3, a rack 2; a supporting stand 5, provided vertically movably on the rack 2 along a plurality of guide rods 12 and 13 attached vertically to the rack 2, and having a plurality of rollers 6 on the upper end thereof; a supporting stand driving mechanism (not shown) for vertically moving the supporting stand 5; a first load cell 8, provided between the supporting stand 5 and the rack 2, for measuring the force applied to the supporting stand 5; a pressing block 4 fitted to a frame 3 fixed to the rack 2 so as to project toward the supporting stand 5; a horizontally movable sliding table 7 mounted on the rollers 6 of the supporting stand 5 between the supporting stand 5 and the pressing block 4; a sliding table driving mechanism (not shown), provided on another rack 11, for horizontally moving the sliding table 7; and a second load cell 9, provided between an operating rod 10 connected to the sliding table driving mechanism and one end of the sliding table 7, for measuring the force applied to the sliding table 7.
  • the supporting stand driving mechanism By operating the supporting stand driving mechanism, the supporting stand 5 was moved upward to lift up the sliding table 7 on the upper surface of which a sample 1 was placed. Thus, the upper surface of the sample 1 was pressed against the lower end of the pressing block 4, and the force N in the arrow A direction was measured by means of the first load cell 8. Then, by operating the sliding table driving mechanism, the sliding table 7 was horizontally moved in the arrow B direction, together with the sample 1 placed on the upper surface thereof, and the force F applied to the sliding table 7 was measured by means of the second load cell 9 at the moment when the sliding table 7 reached the moving speed of 1 m/minute.
  • the ratio of the force F to the force N i.e., the ratio F/N was determined, and the thus determined value was used as the frictional coefficient.
  • Each of the samples having a width of 70 mm and a length of 150 mm was subjected to a dipping type phosphating for a steel sheet for automobile in a phosphating solution (product name: PBL3080) made by Nihon perkerizing Co., Ltd., to form a phosphate film on the surface of the sample. Then, the sample was subjected to a cation type electropainting with the use of a paint (product name: ELECRON 9400) made by Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., to form a painting film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m on the phosphate film. Then, a notch was provided on the thus formed painting film. A salt spray test was carried out on the sample having the thus notched painting film.
  • the sample was exposed to the open air for a period of one year, during which salt water having a sodium chloride content of 5 wt.% was sprayed over the sample at a rate of twice a week. Then, the maximum blister width of the painting film was measured on one side of the notch on the sample after the salt spray test, and corrosion resistance was evaluated by means of the thus measured maximum blister width of the painting film.
  • the criteria for evaluation were as follows:
  • each of the thus prepared samples was subjected to a dipping type phosphating for a steel sheet for automobile in a phosphating solution (product name: PB 3080) made by Nihon Perkerizing Co., Ltd., to form a phosphate film on the surface of the sample.
  • a phosphating solution product name: PB 3080
  • the sample was subjected to a cation type electropainting with the use of a paint (product name: ELECRON 9400) made by Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., to form a painting film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m on the phosphate film.
  • the number of samples having a defect in the thus formed painting film caused by bubbles was counted to determine the ratio of the number of such defective samples to the 100 samples, and painting finish was evaluated on the basis of the thus determined value, i.e., the defect occurrence ratio.
  • the criteria for evaluation were as follows:
  • the samples of the invention Nos. 16 and 17 showed a maximum blister width within a range of from 1 mm to under 2 mm in the corrosion resistance test, and were therefore excellent in corrosion resistance. All the samples of the invention Nos. 1 to 15 and 18 to 66, except for the samples of the invention Nos. 16 and 17, had a maximum blister width of under 1 mm in the corrosion resistance test, and were therefore particularly excellent in corrosion resistance. Each of the samples of the invention Nos. 16 and 17 was slightly inferior in corrosion resistance to each of the samples of the invention Nos. 1 to 15 and 18 to 66 because the plating weight of the zinc electroplating layer of each of the samples of the invention Nos. 16 and 17 was smaller than the plating weight of the zinc electroplating layer of each of the samples of the invention Nos. 1 to 15 and 18 to 66.
  • a high-viscosity lubricant oil (product name: FERROCOTE 61-MAL-HCL-1) made by Nippon Quaker Chemical Co., Ltd. was applied onto the zinc electroplating layer as the single layer of the sample for comparison No. 2 having a large frictional coefficient, and an antifriction test as described above was effected on the sample for comparison No. 2 applied with the high-viscosity lubricant oil on the zinc electroplating layer thereof.
  • the above-mentioned sample for comparison No. 2 had a frictional coefficient of 0.11. This revealed that the samples of the invention Nos. 1 to 66 applied with the easily removable anticorrosive oil had substantially the same antifriction as that of the sample for comparison No. 2 applied with the high-viscosity lubricant oil which is very difficult to remove.
  • an electrogalvanized steel sheet having two electroplating layers and excellent in antifriction, corrosion resistance and painting finish, thus providing industrially useful effects.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
EP91105981A 1991-04-15 1991-04-15 Acier galvanisé sur deux couches ayant une excellente qualité antifriction, résistance à la corrosion et finition par la peinture Withdrawn EP0509108A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP91105981A EP0509108A1 (fr) 1991-04-15 1991-04-15 Acier galvanisé sur deux couches ayant une excellente qualité antifriction, résistance à la corrosion et finition par la peinture

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EP91105981A EP0509108A1 (fr) 1991-04-15 1991-04-15 Acier galvanisé sur deux couches ayant une excellente qualité antifriction, résistance à la corrosion et finition par la peinture

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009103567A1 (fr) * 2008-02-21 2009-08-27 Atotech Deutschland Gmbh Procédé de préparation d'un zinc résistant à la corrosion et de pièces façonnées linéaires ou complexes plaquées de zinc-nickel
US20140170438A1 (en) * 2012-12-17 2014-06-19 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Steel sheet and formed part

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2442282A1 (fr) * 1978-11-22 1980-06-20 Nippon Kokan Kk Tole galvanisee resistant a la corrosion telle quelle et apres revetement et formage
EP0101793A2 (fr) * 1982-07-24 1984-03-07 Hoesch Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de fabrication, par voie électrolytique, d'une toile d'acier recouverte d'un alliage de zinc
US4510209A (en) * 1980-09-12 1985-04-09 Nippon Steel Corporation Two layer-coated steel materials and process for producing the same

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2442282A1 (fr) * 1978-11-22 1980-06-20 Nippon Kokan Kk Tole galvanisee resistant a la corrosion telle quelle et apres revetement et formage
US4510209A (en) * 1980-09-12 1985-04-09 Nippon Steel Corporation Two layer-coated steel materials and process for producing the same
EP0101793A2 (fr) * 1982-07-24 1984-03-07 Hoesch Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de fabrication, par voie électrolytique, d'une toile d'acier recouverte d'un alliage de zinc

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 10, no. 78 (C-335)(2135) 27 March 1986 & JP-A-60 215 789 ( SHIN NIPPON SEITETSU K K ) 29 October 1985 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009103567A1 (fr) * 2008-02-21 2009-08-27 Atotech Deutschland Gmbh Procédé de préparation d'un zinc résistant à la corrosion et de pièces façonnées linéaires ou complexes plaquées de zinc-nickel
US20140170438A1 (en) * 2012-12-17 2014-06-19 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Steel sheet and formed part
US10227673B2 (en) 2012-12-17 2019-03-12 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Method for forming a steel sheet part

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