EP0504081A1 - Fuss für das Unterteil einer stapelbaren Palette - Google Patents

Fuss für das Unterteil einer stapelbaren Palette Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0504081A1
EP0504081A1 EP92440034A EP92440034A EP0504081A1 EP 0504081 A1 EP0504081 A1 EP 0504081A1 EP 92440034 A EP92440034 A EP 92440034A EP 92440034 A EP92440034 A EP 92440034A EP 0504081 A1 EP0504081 A1 EP 0504081A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
foot
hand
leg
articulated
upright
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92440034A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0504081B1 (de
Inventor
Gilbert Maillard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0504081A1 publication Critical patent/EP0504081A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0504081B1 publication Critical patent/EP0504081B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D19/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D19/02—Rigid pallets with side walls, e.g. box pallets
    • B65D19/06—Rigid pallets with side walls, e.g. box pallets with bodies formed by uniting or interconnecting two or more components
    • B65D19/08—Rigid pallets with side walls, e.g. box pallets with bodies formed by uniting or interconnecting two or more components made wholly or mainly of metal
    • B65D19/12—Collapsible pallets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D19/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D19/38—Details or accessories
    • B65D19/40—Elements for spacing platforms from supporting surface
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00014—Materials for the load supporting surface
    • B65D2519/00024—Metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00049—Materials for the base surface
    • B65D2519/00059—Metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00084—Materials for the non-integral separating spacer
    • B65D2519/00094—Metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00223—Materials for the corner elements or corner frames
    • B65D2519/00233—Metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00223—Materials for the corner elements or corner frames
    • B65D2519/00243—Plastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00258—Overall construction
    • B65D2519/00263—Overall construction of the pallet
    • B65D2519/00273—Overall construction of the pallet made of more than one piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00258—Overall construction
    • B65D2519/00313—Overall construction of the base surface
    • B65D2519/00323—Overall construction of the base surface made of more than one piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00258—Overall construction
    • B65D2519/00313—Overall construction of the base surface
    • B65D2519/00328—Overall construction of the base surface shape of the contact surface of the base
    • B65D2519/00333—Overall construction of the base surface shape of the contact surface of the base contact surface having a stringer-like shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00547—Connections
    • B65D2519/00671—Connections structures connecting corner posts to the pallet
    • B65D2519/00676—Structures intended to be disassembled
    • B65D2519/00681—Hinges
    • B65D2519/00691—Hinges separately formed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00736—Details
    • B65D2519/00935—Details with special means for nesting or stacking
    • B65D2519/00955—Details with special means for nesting or stacking stackable
    • B65D2519/0096—Details with special means for nesting or stacking stackable when empty

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of packaging objects, more particularly the storage and handling of parts or sets of parts, and relates to a foot, in particular for a container base, of the pallet type, which can be stacked.
  • stackable containers of the pallet type intended to support a part or a set of parts, possibly arranged on trays or similar storage elements, are generally composed, on the one hand, of a base consisting essentially of crosspieces crisscrossed and delimited laterally by side members and pads on the ground and, on the other hand, vertical uprights allowing stacking, empty or loaded, of said pallet type containers
  • the assembly of the side members and the support pads between them, as well as the fixing of the vertical uprights on the base at these assembly points, are made or reinforced, in the case of direct connection, by means of assemblies connecting parts connected together, in particular by welding, and each performing a particular function.
  • Each set of connecting pieces also called hereafter foot, generally comprises a sheet metal element folded in a U ensuring the maintenance of a corresponding upright in vertical position, one or more reinforcing pieces of the sheet metal element and connections support beam, such as flanges and gussets, as well as a stacking cup allowing the centering of the containers during their stacking and ensuring the stability of the stack obtained.
  • each piece making up said foot is manufactured and stored individually, from which large outstandings result.
  • the assembly of said parts in one foot requires many specific templates and results in an accumulation of dimensional tolerances, as well as inhomogeneous mechanical resistance of the assembled assembly.
  • the different parts joined together in one leg are subject to corrosion by electrolysis and to oxidation, in particular at the weld points.
  • the present invention aims to overcome these drawbacks.
  • foot in particular for a container base, of the pallet type, which can be stacked, delimited laterally by side members and support pads
  • foot characterized in that it is mainly constituted, on the one hand, by a body essentially in the form of a tube or U-shaped profile, ensuring in particular the maintenance, in a vertical position, of an upright articulated or not with respect to said body and, on the other hand, by assembly members of side members and support pads respectively between them, said foot having a one-piece structure coming from molding.
  • the stand 1 is mainly constituted, on the one hand, by a body 2 essentially in the form of a tube or U-shaped profile, ensuring in particular the maintenance, in an upright position, of an upright 3 articulated or not with respect to said body 2 and, on the other hand, by assembly elements 4, 4 ′, 5 and 5 ′ of side members 6 and support pads 7 respectively between them, said foot 1 having a one-piece constitution coming from molding.
  • the body 2 advantageously has, on the one hand, a tubular structure when the upright 3 is permanently fixed in a vertical position in the foot 1 and, on the other hand, a U-shaped shape when the upright 3 is articulated by the 'through a pivot axis 8 housed in perforations 9 or aligned grooves 9', formed in the branches of the U-shaped profile constituting the body 2, said upright 3 thus being able to be pivoted in the folded position, in particular in the case of empty stacking.
  • the foot 1 thus produced has improved structural rigidity and mechanical and anti-corrosion resistance compared to known feet, made from several pieces.
  • the manufacture of the foot 1 according to the invention in a single step, by molding, makes it possible to eliminate the stocks of pieces of different natures and also results in a reduction in the weight of said foot 1.
  • the assembly elements 4, 4 ′, 5 and 5 ′ are composed, on the one hand, of two sleeves 4 and 4 ′ arranged radially relative to the body 2 and intended to receive the ends of two longitudinal members 6 and, on the other hand, of two lower extensions 5 and 5 ′ for the support on the ground of the foot 1 and the fixing of two support pads 7.
  • the lower extensions 5 and 5 ′ may include recesses 10 allowing the precise positioning of the support pads 4 and 4 ′ before their attachment to the foot 1.
  • the two sleeves 4 and 4 ′, as well as the two lower extensions 5 and 5 ′, are located at 90 ° one relative to each other and the sleeves 4 and 4 ′ are arranged directly above the corresponding lower extensions 5 and 5 ′, a sleeve 4 and a lower extension 5 extending from the open face 11 of the body 2 in U-shaped profile ( Figures 1 to 3).
  • the legs 1 therefore constitute angular assembly elements for the bases, the arrangement of the side members 6 and the support pads 7 being determined directly by the structural characteristics and the dimensions of the leg 1 molded, hence it results in a very high precision of assembly of said container bases.
  • the body 2 is extended at its lower part by a centering lug 12 and is provided at its upper part by a housing 13 for a cam 14 for locking in the raised position of an articulated amount 3.
  • the feet 1 of an upper container can rest, either directly on the feet 1 of the lower container (empty stacking, uprights 3 folded), or on the uprights 3 , upright and locked in vertical position, of said lower container (stacking under load).
  • the latter also includes stiffening spacers 15 extending between each sleeve 4 or 4 ′ and the corresponding lower extension 5 or 5 ′, thus as reinforcements 16 for fixing the sleeves 4 and 4 ′ to the body 2 ( Figures 1 and 2).
  • said foot 1 is provided in its lower part with at least one opening 17 for the evacuation of liquids which may possibly penetrate into the body 2 of said foot 1.
  • the foot 1 can be provided, in the case of cooperation with an articulated upright 3, a device 18 for lifting and folding.
  • the latter is advantageously in the form of a jack 18 fixed, on the one hand, to the sleeve 4 arranged on the side of the open face 11 of the body 2 and connected, on the other hand, to a support stud 19, integral with the articulated upright 3 and allowing said upright 3 to rest on the beam 4 in the folded position.
  • the one-piece leg 1 is advantageously made of weldable cast steel, and is optionally covered with an additional protective layer, obtained, for example, by electrodeposition.
  • said foot 1 may also consist of a plastic material or a composite material, having great rigidity.
  • a stand 1 in one piece for a container base, of the pallet type, which can be stacked, having a very high rigidity, as well as a high mechanical resistance, and allowing a Precise and rapid assembly of said bases.
  • said foot 1, coming from molding can be manufactured in very large series without significant variation in the dimensional dimensions between the different feet 1 from the same mold, and also makes it possible to facilitate the work in progress by standardizing said feet 1 under form of several different specific models.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Pallets (AREA)
  • Stackable Containers (AREA)
EP92440034A 1991-03-08 1992-03-06 Fuss für das Unterteil einer stapelbaren Palette Expired - Lifetime EP0504081B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9103008 1991-03-08
FR9103008A FR2673600B1 (fr) 1991-03-08 1991-03-08 Pied, notamment pour embase de conteneur, du type palette, pouvant etre empile.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0504081A1 true EP0504081A1 (de) 1992-09-16
EP0504081B1 EP0504081B1 (de) 1995-05-03

Family

ID=9410666

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92440034A Expired - Lifetime EP0504081B1 (de) 1991-03-08 1992-03-06 Fuss für das Unterteil einer stapelbaren Palette

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5345879A (de)
EP (1) EP0504081B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69202291T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2074857T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2673600B1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2845817A2 (de) 2013-09-10 2015-03-11 Industrie de Thermoformage et Mécano Soudure (Société Anonyme) Verriegelungsvorrichtung für einen zusammenklappbaren Pfosten eines Behälters

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL9300280A (nl) * 1993-02-12 1994-09-01 Mattheus Antoon Johan Pronk Laadbord-afstandhoudersamenstel.
US5671854A (en) * 1996-01-26 1997-09-30 Great Lakes Standard Manufacturing, Inc. Container frame assembly
WO1998017540A1 (de) * 1996-10-17 1998-04-30 R. Woeste & Co. Gmbh & Co. Kg Gelenk sowie mit einem solchen gelenk versehenes, zusammenlegbares transport- und lagergestell
US5967605A (en) * 1999-02-23 1999-10-19 Stanfield; John Folding chair with stacking device
AU2001298072A1 (en) 2000-12-21 2003-09-04 Agile Systems, Inc. Stowage and retrieval system
US7815031B2 (en) * 2006-03-02 2010-10-19 Agile Systems, Inc. Directional cell indexing matrix
US7802526B2 (en) * 2007-03-05 2010-09-28 Paccar Inc Modular and customizable returnable rack system
JP6805131B2 (ja) * 2014-05-28 2020-12-23 ズュナギー−インヴェスト ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング ウント コンパニー コマンディートゲゼルシャフトＳｙｎｅｒｇｉｅ−Ｉｎｖｅｓｔ ＧｍｂＨ ＆ Ｃｏ． ＫＧ 搬送補助装置及びこれを使用する方法
GB201806264D0 (en) * 2018-04-17 2018-05-30 Chep Technology Pty Ltd Pallet

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1380613A (fr) * 1963-10-15 1964-12-04 Ind De Resines Sa Perfectionnements aux châssis-supports pour le gerbage des palettes
US3168060A (en) * 1962-11-28 1965-02-02 Artco Corp Pallet stacking device
DE8432180U1 (de) * 1984-11-02 1986-08-07 Jung, Gerhard, 6607 Quierschied Transport- und Stapel-Palette

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US1490665A (en) * 1922-09-05 1924-04-15 Edward N White Platform skid
US2956763A (en) * 1957-03-08 1960-10-18 Clark Equipment Co Collapsible pallet
US3289613A (en) * 1965-08-26 1966-12-06 George Q Evans Stacking frame assembly for a pallet
US3442231A (en) * 1967-07-21 1969-05-06 Union Steel Products Co Material handling container
SE312764B (de) * 1968-04-08 1969-07-21 Grythyttans Stalmoebler Ab
US3500770A (en) * 1968-06-14 1970-03-17 Paltier Corp Pallet tiering frame with positive lock to pallet
US3994241A (en) * 1975-10-06 1976-11-30 Keyrack Company, Inc. Removable stacking frame assembly for pallets
DE2837430A1 (de) * 1978-08-28 1980-04-17 Helmut Maerz Klappflat
US4309013A (en) * 1978-09-20 1982-01-05 Howe Theodore Freight carrier
GB8404237D0 (en) * 1983-02-23 1984-03-21 Clive Smith Martin Corner mechanism
US4773547A (en) * 1987-02-02 1988-09-27 Bell Ferris A Stackable and nestable storage rack
SU1597321A1 (ru) * 1988-07-11 1990-10-07 Таллиннское Научно-Производственное Объединение Нетканых Материалов "Мистра" Сборный стоечный поддон
GB2231552A (en) * 1989-05-10 1990-11-21 Tilgate Metal Products Limited Stacking frame for pallets

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3168060A (en) * 1962-11-28 1965-02-02 Artco Corp Pallet stacking device
FR1380613A (fr) * 1963-10-15 1964-12-04 Ind De Resines Sa Perfectionnements aux châssis-supports pour le gerbage des palettes
DE8432180U1 (de) * 1984-11-02 1986-08-07 Jung, Gerhard, 6607 Quierschied Transport- und Stapel-Palette

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2845817A2 (de) 2013-09-10 2015-03-11 Industrie de Thermoformage et Mécano Soudure (Société Anonyme) Verriegelungsvorrichtung für einen zusammenklappbaren Pfosten eines Behälters

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2673600B1 (fr) 1993-05-28
EP0504081B1 (de) 1995-05-03
DE69202291T2 (de) 1996-02-01
DE69202291D1 (de) 1995-06-08
US5345879A (en) 1994-09-13
ES2074857T3 (es) 1995-09-16
FR2673600A1 (fr) 1992-09-11

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