EP0468173A1 - Camouflage net - Google Patents

Camouflage net Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0468173A1
EP0468173A1 EP91109213A EP91109213A EP0468173A1 EP 0468173 A1 EP0468173 A1 EP 0468173A1 EP 91109213 A EP91109213 A EP 91109213A EP 91109213 A EP91109213 A EP 91109213A EP 0468173 A1 EP0468173 A1 EP 0468173A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
camouflage net
net according
camouflage
polymer
holes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP91109213A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0468173B1 (en
Inventor
Manfred Hellwig
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Ploucquet C F GmbH and Co
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Ploucquet C F GmbH and Co
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Application filed by Ploucquet C F GmbH and Co filed Critical Ploucquet C F GmbH and Co
Publication of EP0468173A1 publication Critical patent/EP0468173A1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H3/00—Camouflage, i.e. means or methods for concealment or disguise
    • F41H3/02—Flexible, e.g. fabric covers, e.g. screens, nets characterised by their material or structure
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04B—KNITTING
    • D04B21/00—Warp knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
    • D04B21/10—Open-work fabrics
    • D04B21/12—Open-work fabrics characterised by thread material
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2507/00—Sport; Military
    • D10B2507/02—Nets
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/919—Camouflaged article
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/92—Fire or heat protection feature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/92—Fire or heat protection feature
    • Y10S428/921—Fire or flameproofing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y10T428/24298—Noncircular aperture [e.g., slit, diamond, rectangular, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y10T428/24298—Noncircular aperture [e.g., slit, diamond, rectangular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24306—Diamond or hexagonal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y10T428/24322—Composite web or sheet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2915—Rod, strand, filament or fiber including textile, cloth or fabric
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/294—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core including metal or compound thereof [excluding glass, ceramic and asbestos]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a camouflage net made of a flame-retardant material, which has polyester fibers in a hole structure as the carrier material, which is provided with a coating of a flame-retardant polymer, which in turn is coated with IR camouflage paint.
  • Camouflage nets of this type are used to camouflage buildings and of fixed and mobile military facilities, e.g. Motor vehicles, tanks and the like.
  • Such camouflage networks should not only be camouflage in front of infrared cameras or thermal imaging spectrons but also in front of radar detections. The camouflage should therefore be given in the infrared, thermal image, millimeter and centimeter radar radiation range.
  • the camouflage net is intended to prevent microwaves hitting an object from being reflected back by it. Furthermore, it should be prevented that identification by sensors in the infrared or thermal imaging range is possible. This means that the objects to be camouflaged should not be recognizable or identifiable by active viewing devices in the 0.7 - 1.8 ⁇ m window or passive viewing devices in the 3 - 5 ⁇ m and 8 - 14 ⁇ m window.
  • Various camouflage nets are already known for this purpose.
  • DE-OS 33 29 264 describes a material that absorbs in the microwave range and is preferably effective in the 10 GHz range. However, it is disadvantageous that it has to be applied to metallic substrates and is therefore unsuitable for flexible carrier materials.
  • DE-OS 31 17 245 describes a metallized, roughened pile fabric as the carrier material.
  • the metallized poles are one-sided. This means that the desired reduced reflection of microwaves can only be achieved with this material if the roughened side of the pile fabric points to the microwave transmitter.
  • the smooth back however, has an almost undamped high reflectivity.
  • Another disadvantage is that this material shows a strong negative behavior in the thermal imaging area (heat absorption).
  • DE-OS 38 10 121 describes an open structure made of polyester fibers as a carrier material for a camouflage net.
  • the high proportion of polymer with which the carrier material is coated also behaves very negatively on the lattice structure or on the jacquard surface of the carrier material due to a high level of heat absorption.
  • Another disadvantage is that it cannot be seen in the microwave range that the polymer coating used there has an absorber effect.
  • the material to be camouflaged e.g. military object reflects the microwave radiation of the sky with a temperature of 30 K at 35 GHz and 100 K at 94 GHz, while the environment emits as a blackbody with the ambient temperature.
  • the military object behaves like a very cold target in a warm environment, with a temperature contrast between 240 K and 280 K. In this way, it can be located as a cold body using a microwave radiometer. The temperature contrast is reduced when the sky is cloudy and it is raining, but it is still so high that armored vehicles can be located with a passive microwave seeker for the final phase guidance of projectiles and missiles.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object of producing a multispectrally effective flame-retardant camouflage network which provides protection in the optical and near IR range, shows good attenuation values over a wide spectrum in the microwave range and is low-emitting in the thermal imaging range.
  • the camouflage net should also have good mechanical strength and flexibility over a possible wide temperature range.
  • the carrier material is a knitted fabric made of polyester fibers, in which metal fibers are inserted.
  • the formation of the carrier material according to the invention in combination with the specified coatings has both protection in the optical and near IR range and good attenuation values in the microwave range and also generates a thermal image such that the object to be camouflaged is not located can be.
  • the proportion of metal fibers ensures such partial reflection that neither a hole is created at this point due to full absorption, nor a highlight from the surroundings.
  • the size of the holes in the carrier material is selected such that it has a diameter or a width or height of 2-3 mm have.
  • This configuration ensures an optimal exchange of the heat flow and also the thermal image so ideal that the object to be camouflaged can practically no longer be distinguished from the surroundings.
  • the specified structure in the form according to the invention enables good air and heat flow, but it is not so open that the object behind it is visible in the thermal image.
  • the shape of the holes can be of any type, but in practice openings with at least approximately diamond shape have been found to be the most suitable. A corresponding reinforcement of the carrier material and thus of the camouflage net is achieved through the diamond shape, whereby high tear resistance values and tear propagation values are obtained.
  • the holes in the carrier material will be arranged in rows, the holes being able to be offset from one another in successive rows.
  • the carrier material treated in this way can be coated with a polymer, e.g. As polyurethane, coated, which is provided with absorber pigments, which are preferably effective in the microwave range of 10 - 600 GHz.
  • a polymer e.g. As polyurethane, coated, which is provided with absorber pigments, which are preferably effective in the microwave range of 10 - 600 GHz.
  • the polymer can also be provided with a flame retardant.
  • the proportion of absorber substances with broadband effect in the microwave range from 10 - 100 GHz is very crucial.
  • the addition to the polymer is preferably on the order of approximately 30-40% by weight, in particular approximately 35% by weight.
  • the absorber materials have e.g. those based on carbon were found to be suitable.
  • camouflage net according to the invention is described in more detail below using an example and the drawing.
  • a knitted fabric made of polyester is used as the carrier material 1 for the camouflage net, which is designed for reinforcement with diamond-shaped holes 2 in an open structure.
  • the opening widths of the holes are approx. 2 - 3 mm.
  • metal fibers 3 are spun into the knitted fabric made of polyester fibers.
  • a carrier material designed in this way has tensile strength values of 700 N / 5 cm and tear propagation values of over 60 N / 5 cm.
  • the carrier material is provided with an appropriate permanent flame protection and at the same time with a hydrophobic finish.
  • the flame retardant should be halogen-free and reach DIN 4102 / B1.
  • the coverage is between 20 - 30 g / m 2 .
  • the flame retardant can be applied, for example, by padding.
  • the carrier material 1 pretreated in this way is bilaterally, i.e. Provide a flame retardant absorbent polymer layer 5 on the front and back. It is important to ensure that the coating is carried out in such a way that the pores or holes 2 do not become clogged and that the polymer layer 5 does not become so thick that it heats up and the thermal image changes.
  • a highly lightfast and hydrolysis-resistant polyurethane can preferably be used for the polymer.
  • flame protection e.g. mineral substances, e.g. Aluminum hydroxide and / or phosphorus nitrogen compounds can be used.
  • Other flame retardants that do not release dioxin and furan are also possible.
  • fungicide agents will also be added as an additive.
  • the polymer constitutes the carrier layer for absorber pigments 6.
  • the absorber pigments serve to absorb radar beams in a microwave range from 10 to 100 GHz.
  • the applied layer on the carrier material 1 is preferably dried in a temperature range of approx. 110-130 C.
  • the polymer layer is approx. 40 - 45 g / m 2 .
  • a low-emitting IR camouflage paint layer 6 is printed or sprayed on both sides.
  • the camouflage binder system is preferably also provided with a fungicidal and flame-retardant treatment, and care must also be taken to ensure that the size of the holes 2 in the carrier material 1 is changed as little or as little as possible.
  • Fig. 1 it can also be seen that the density of the knitted polyester fibers is irregular.
  • the density is higher in the area of the holes 2 than in the sections 7 of adjacent rows of holes 2 where the fibers are loosely knitted.
  • the coating of 40 - 45 g / m 2 did not have a negative effect on the thermal image during the large field test, which did not result in heat absorption. (Network size was 6 x 8 m. The thermal imaging sensor distance was approximately 800 m. Trucks were camouflaged at the edge of the forest.)
  • the applied low-emitting IR camouflage colors result in no change in the microwave and thermal imaging range.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)
  • Braiding, Manufacturing Of Bobbin-Net Or Lace, And Manufacturing Of Nets By Knotting (AREA)
  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)
  • Conversion Of X-Rays Into Visible Images (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Printed Wiring (AREA)
  • Chemically Coating (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)

Abstract

A camouflage net consisting of a material having a flame-retardant finish possesses a carrying material (1) which is composed of polyester fibres in a perforated structure and which is equipped with a layer of a polymer having a flame-retardant finish, which is itself coated with IR camouflage paint (6). The carrying material (1) is a knit of polyester fibres, into which metal fibres (3) are inserted. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Tarnnetz aus einem flammhemmend ausgerüsteten Material, das als Trägermaterial Polyesterfasern in einer Lochstruktur aufweist, das mit einer Beschichtung aus einem flammhemmend ausgerüsteten Polymer versehen ist, welches wiederum mit IR-Tarnfarbe beschichtet ist.The invention relates to a camouflage net made of a flame-retardant material, which has polyester fibers in a hole structure as the carrier material, which is provided with a coating of a flame-retardant polymer, which in turn is coated with IR camouflage paint.

Tarnnetze dieser Art dienen zur Tarnung von Gebäuden und von festen und mobilen militärischen Einrichtungen, wie z.B. Kraftfahrzeugen, Panzer und dergleichen. Derartige Tarnnetze sollen nicht nur eine Tarnung vor Infrarot-Kameras bzw. Wärmebilddedektronen sondern auch vor Radarerfassungen sein. Die Tarnung soll somit im Infrarot-, Wärmebild-, Millimeter- und Zentimeter-Radarstrahlungsbereich gegeben sein.Camouflage nets of this type are used to camouflage buildings and of fixed and mobile military facilities, e.g. Motor vehicles, tanks and the like. Such camouflage networks should not only be camouflage in front of infrared cameras or thermal imaging spectrons but also in front of radar detections. The camouflage should therefore be given in the infrared, thermal image, millimeter and centimeter radar radiation range.

Das Tarnnetz soll verhindern, daß auf einen Gegenstand auftreffende Mikrowellen von diesem zurückreflektiert werden. Weiterhin soll verhindert werden, daß eine Identifizierung durch Sensoren im Infrarot- bzw. Wärmebildbereich möglich ist. Dies bedeutet, die zu tarnenden Objekte sollen durch aktive Sichtgeräte im 0,7 - 1,8 um Fenster bzw. passive Sichtgeräte im 3 - 5um und 8 - 14um Fenster nicht erkennbar oder identifizierbar sein. Zu diesem Zweck sind bereits verschiedene Tarnnetze bekannt.The camouflage net is intended to prevent microwaves hitting an object from being reflected back by it. Furthermore, it should be prevented that identification by sensors in the infrared or thermal imaging range is possible. This means that the objects to be camouflaged should not be recognizable or identifiable by active viewing devices in the 0.7 - 1.8 µm window or passive viewing devices in the 3 - 5 µm and 8 - 14 µm window. Various camouflage nets are already known for this purpose.

In der DE-OS 33 29 264 ist ein im Mikrowellenbereich absorbierendes Material beschrieben, das vorzugsweise im 10 GHz-Bereich wirksam ist. Nachteilig dabei ist jedoch, daß es auf metallische Unterlagen aufgetragen werden muß und somit für flexible Trägermaterialien ungeeignet ist.DE-OS 33 29 264 describes a material that absorbs in the microwave range and is preferably effective in the 10 GHz range. However, it is disadvantageous that it has to be applied to metallic substrates and is therefore unsuitable for flexible carrier materials.

In der DE-OS 31 17 245 ist als Trägermaterial ein metallisiertes, aufgerauhtes Polgewebe beschrieben. Die metallisierten Pole sind jedoch einseitig. Dies bedeutet, die gewünschte verminderte Reflektion von Mikrowellen kommt bei diesem Material nur zustande, wenn die aufgerauhte Seite des Polgewebes zum Mikrowellensender zeigt. Die glatte Rückseite besitzt hingegen ein nahezu ungedämpftes hohes Reflektionsvermögen. Nachteilig ist weiterhin auch, daß dieses Material ein starkes negatives Verhalten im Wärmebildbereich (Wärmeabsorbtion) zeigt.DE-OS 31 17 245 describes a metallized, roughened pile fabric as the carrier material. However, the metallized poles are one-sided. This means that the desired reduced reflection of microwaves can only be achieved with this material if the roughened side of the pile fabric points to the microwave transmitter. The smooth back, however, has an almost undamped high reflectivity. Another disadvantage is that this material shows a strong negative behavior in the thermal imaging area (heat absorption).

Die DE-OS 38 10 121 beschreibt als Trägermaterial für ein Tarnnetz eine offene Struktur aus Polyesterfasern. Es hat sich jedoch gezeigt, daß bei dieser Ausgestaltung des Tarnnetzes der darunterliegende Gegenstand im Wärmebild noch sichtbar ist. Auch der hohe Polymeranteil, mit dem das Trägermaterial beschichtet ist, verhält sich an der Gitterstruktur oder auf der Jacquardfläche des Trägermateriales aufgrund einer hohen Wärmeabsorbtion sehr negativ. Nachteilig ist weiterhin auch, daß im Mikrowellenbereich nicht zu erkennen ist, daß die dort verwendete Polymerbeschichtung eine Absorberwirkung besitzt.DE-OS 38 10 121 describes an open structure made of polyester fibers as a carrier material for a camouflage net. However, it has been shown that with this configuration of the camouflage net the object underneath is still visible in the thermal image. The high proportion of polymer with which the carrier material is coated also behaves very negatively on the lattice structure or on the jacquard surface of the carrier material due to a high level of heat absorption. Another disadvantage is that it cannot be seen in the microwave range that the polymer coating used there has an absorber effect.

Bekannt ist nun, daß sich in den atmosphärischen Fenstern um 26 - 40 und 92 - 96 GHz natürliche Objekte wie Gras und Pflanzen, wie Schwarzkörperstrahler mit einem Emissionsgrad von nahezu Eins verhalten, während militärische Objekte, wie Panzer, Lastkraftwagen usw. aus Metall einen Emissionsgrad von annähernd Null und daher einen Remissionsgrad von annähernd Eins besitzen. Letztere sind somit ideale Reflektoren, wobei ein Teil der Strahlung gerichtet ist, während ein Teil diffus reflektierend ist.It is now known that in the atmospheric windows around 26 - 40 and 92 - 96 GHz natural objects such as grass and plants, such as blackbody emitters, behave with an emissivity of almost one, while military objects, such as tanks, trucks, etc., of metal behave in an emissivity of approximately zero and therefore have a reflectance of approximately one. The latter are thus ideal reflectors, with part of the radiation being directed, while part is diffusely reflecting.

Dies bedeutet, daß bei radiometrischen Messungen von oben das zu tarnende, z.B. militärische Objekt die Mikrowellenstrahlung des Himmels mit einer Temperatur von 30 K bei 35 GHz und 100 K bei 94 GHz reflektiert, während die Umgebung als Schwarzkörperstrahler mit der Umgebungstemperatur abstrahlt.This means that with radiometric measurements from above, the material to be camouflaged, e.g. military object reflects the microwave radiation of the sky with a temperature of 30 K at 35 GHz and 100 K at 94 GHz, while the environment emits as a blackbody with the ambient temperature.

Das militärische Objekt verhält sich also wie ein sehr kaltes Ziel in einer warmen Umgebung, wobei der Temperaturkontrast zwischen 240 K und 280 K beträgt. Auf diese Weise kann es mit einem Mikrowellenradiometer als kalter Körper geortet werden. Zwar reduziert sich bei bedecktem Himmel und Regen der Temperaturkontrast, aber er ist noch immer so hoch, daß gepanzerte Fahrzeuge mit einem passiven Mikrowellensuchkopf zur Endphasenlenkung von Geschossen und Flugkörpern geortet werden können.The military object behaves like a very cold target in a warm environment, with a temperature contrast between 240 K and 280 K. In this way, it can be located as a cold body using a microwave radiometer. The temperature contrast is reduced when the sky is cloudy and it is raining, but it is still so high that armored vehicles can be located with a passive microwave seeker for the final phase guidance of projectiles and missiles.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein multispektral wirksames flammhemmendes Tarnnetz herzustellen, das einen Schutz im sichtoptischen und nahen IR-Bereich gibt, gute Dämpfungswerte über ein breites Spektrum des Mikrowellenbereiches zeigt und niedrig emittierend im Wärmebildbereich ist. Darüberhinaus soll das Tarnnetz auch eine gute mechanische Festigkeit und Flexibilität über einen möglich breiten Temperaturbereich besitzen.The present invention is therefore based on the object of producing a multispectrally effective flame-retardant camouflage network which provides protection in the optical and near IR range, shows good attenuation values over a wide spectrum in the microwave range and is low-emitting in the thermal imaging range. In addition, the camouflage net should also have good mechanical strength and flexibility over a possible wide temperature range.

Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß das Trägermaterial eine Wirkware aus Polyesterfasern ist, in die Metallfasern eingelegt sind.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that the carrier material is a knitted fabric made of polyester fibers, in which metal fibers are inserted.

Überraschender Weise hat sich gezeigt, daß die erfindungsgemäße Ausbildung des Trägermateriales in Kombination mit den angegebenen Beschichtungen sowohl einen Schutz im sichtoptischen und nahen IR-Bereich als auch gute Dämpfungswerte im Mikrowellenbereich besitzt und darüberhinaus auch ein Wärmebild derart erzeugt, daß das zu tarnende Objekt nicht geortet werden kann.Surprisingly, it has been shown that the formation of the carrier material according to the invention in combination with the specified coatings has both protection in the optical and near IR range and good attenuation values in the microwave range and also generates a thermal image such that the object to be camouflaged is not located can be.

Insbesondere der Anteil an Metallfasern sorgt für eine derartige Teilreflektion, daß weder ein Loch an dieser Stelle durch eine Vollabsorbtion ensteht, noch eine Hervorhebung von der Umgebung.In particular, the proportion of metal fibers ensures such partial reflection that neither a hole is created at this point due to full absorption, nor a highlight from the surroundings.

Besonders gute Werte haben sich dabei in der Praxis gezeigt, wenn der Anteil der Metallfasern 5 - 15 % vorzugsweise ca. 10 % beträgt, die entsprechend in die Wirkware eingesponnen sind.Particularly good values have been shown in practice if the proportion of metal fibers is 5-15%, preferably approximately 10%, which corresponds to this are woven into the knitted fabric.

Die besten Ergebnisse hinsichtlich einer möglichst guten Nichtortung in einem sehr weiten Bereich haben sich dabei ergeben, wenn in Verbindung mit den Metallfasern die Größe der Löcher in dem Trägermaterial so gewählt ist, daß sie einen Durchmesser bzw. eine Breite bzw. Höhe von 2 - 3 mm besitzen.The best results with regard to the best possible non-location in a very wide range have been obtained if, in conjunction with the metal fibers, the size of the holes in the carrier material is selected such that it has a diameter or a width or height of 2-3 mm have.

Durch diese Ausgestaltung ist ein optimaler Austausch der Wärmeströmung gegeben und auch das Wärmebild so ideal, daß man das zu tarnende Objekt praktisch von der Umgebung nicht mehr unterscheiden kann.This configuration ensures an optimal exchange of the heat flow and also the thermal image so ideal that the object to be camouflaged can practically no longer be distinguished from the surroundings.

Die angegebene Struktur in der erfindungsgemäßen Form ermöglicht eine gute Luft- und Wärmeströmung, wobei sie jedoch nicht so offen ist, daß das dahinterliegende Objekt im Wärmebild sichtbar wird.The specified structure in the form according to the invention enables good air and heat flow, but it is not so open that the object behind it is visible in the thermal image.

Die Form der Löcher kann beliebig sein, in der Praxis haben sich jedoch Öffnungen mit wenigstens annähernd Rautenform als am geeignetesten herausgestellt. Durch die Rautenform wird auch eine entsprechende Verstärkung des Trägermateriales und damit des Tarnnetzes erreicht, womit hohe Reißfestigkeitswerte und Weiterreißwerte erhalten werden.The shape of the holes can be of any type, but in practice openings with at least approximately diamond shape have been found to be the most suitable. A corresponding reinforcement of the carrier material and thus of the camouflage net is achieved through the diamond shape, whereby high tear resistance values and tear propagation values are obtained.

In vorteilhafter Weise wird man die Löcher in dem Trägermaterial reihenförmig anordnen, wobei in aufeinanderfolgenden Reihen die Löcher versetzt zueinander liegen können.In an advantageous manner, the holes in the carrier material will be arranged in rows, the holes being able to be offset from one another in successive rows.

Tests haben gezeigt, daß besonders gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden, wenn die Fasern um die Löcher dichter gewirkt sind bzw. wenn die Abschnitte zwischen den Reihen von Löchern loser gewirkt sind.Tests have shown that particularly good results are achieved if the fibers are knitted more tightly around the holes or if the sections between the rows of holes are knitted loosely.

Nach einer Beschichtung des Trägermateriales mit einem Flammenschutz kann das so behandelnde Trägermaterial mit einem Polymer, z. B. Polyurethan, beschichtet werden, das mit Absorberpigmenten versehen ist, die vorzugsweise im Mikrowellenbereich von 10 - 600 GHz wirksam sind.After coating the carrier material with a flame retardant, the carrier material treated in this way can be coated with a polymer, e.g. As polyurethane, coated, which is provided with absorber pigments, which are preferably effective in the microwave range of 10 - 600 GHz.

In einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung kann auch das Polymer mit einem Flammschutz versehen sein.In a further development of the invention, the polymer can also be provided with a flame retardant.

Der Anteil von Absorberstoffen mit Breitbandwirkung im Mikrowellenbereich von 10 - 100 GHz ist sehr entscheidend. Die Beimengung zu dem Polymer liegt vorzugsweise in der Größenordnung von ca. 30 - 40 Gew.%, insbesondere ca. 35 Gew.%The proportion of absorber substances with broadband effect in the microwave range from 10 - 100 GHz is very crucial. The addition to the polymer is preferably on the order of approximately 30-40% by weight, in particular approximately 35% by weight.

Als Absorberstoffe haben sich z.B. solche auf Kohlenstoffbasis als geeignet herausgestellt.The absorber materials have e.g. those based on carbon were found to be suitable.

Nachfolgend ist anhand eines Beispieles und der Zeichnung ein erfindungsgemäßes Tarnnetz näher beschrieben.A camouflage net according to the invention is described in more detail below using an example and the drawing.

Es zeigt:

  • Fig. 1: ausschnittsweise Draufsicht auf das erfindungsgemäße Tarnnetz;
  • Fig. 2: einen Schnitt durch das erfindungsgemäße Tarnnetz nach der Fig. 1.
It shows:
  • 1: a partial plan view of the camouflage net according to the invention;
  • 2: a section through the camouflage net according to the invention according to FIG. 1.

Als Trägermaterial 1 für das Tarnnetz wird eine Wirkware aus Polyester verwendet, das zur Verstärkung mit rautenförmigen Löchern 2 in offener Struktur ausgebildet ist. Die öffnungsweiten der Löcher betragen ca. 2 - 3 mm.A knitted fabric made of polyester is used as the carrier material 1 for the camouflage net, which is designed for reinforcement with diamond-shaped holes 2 in an open structure. The opening widths of the holes are approx. 2 - 3 mm.

In die Wirkware aus Polyesterfasern sind bis ca. 10 % Metallfasern 3 eingesponnen. Ein derart ausgebildetetes Trägermaterial besitzt Reißfestigkeitswerte von 700 N/5 cm und Weiterreißwerte von über 60 N/5 cm.Up to approx. 10% metal fibers 3 are spun into the knitted fabric made of polyester fibers. A carrier material designed in this way has tensile strength values of 700 N / 5 cm and tear propagation values of over 60 N / 5 cm.

Um einen Flammschutz zu erreichen, wird das Trägermaterial mit einem entsprechenden permanenten Flammschutz und gleichzeitig mit einer hydrophoben Ausrüstung versehen. Der Flammschutz sollte halogenfrei sein und die DIN 4102/B1 erreichen. Die Auflage liegt zwischen 20 - 30 g/m2. Die Aufbringung des Flammschutzmittels kann z.B. durch Foulardierung erfolgen.In order to achieve flame protection, the carrier material is provided with an appropriate permanent flame protection and at the same time with a hydrophobic finish. The flame retardant should be halogen-free and reach DIN 4102 / B1. The coverage is between 20 - 30 g / m 2 . The flame retardant can be applied, for example, by padding.

Aus der Fig. 2 ist ersichtlich, daß der Flammschutz 4 die Wirkware allseitig, d.h. auch in den Löchern, umschließt.From Fig. 2 it can be seen that the flame retardant 4 on all sides, i.e. also in the holes.

Das auf diese Weise vorbehandelnde Trägermaterial 1 wird beidseitig, d.h. auf der Vorder- und Rückseite mit einer flammhemmenden absorbierenden Polymerschicht 5 versehen. Dabei ist darauf zu achten, daß die Beschichtung so erfolgt, daß die Poren, bzw. Löcher 2 sich nicht zusetzen und daß die Polymerschicht 5 nicht so stark wird, daß sie sich aufheitzt und das Wärmebild verändert.The carrier material 1 pretreated in this way is bilaterally, i.e. Provide a flame retardant absorbent polymer layer 5 on the front and back. It is important to ensure that the coating is carried out in such a way that the pores or holes 2 do not become clogged and that the polymer layer 5 does not become so thick that it heats up and the thermal image changes.

Vorzugsweise kann für das Polymer ein hoch lichtechtes und hydrolisefestes Polyurethan verwendet werden. Als Flammschutz können z.B. mineralische Stoffe, wie z.B. Aluminiumhydroxyd und/oder Phosphor-Stickstoffverbindungen verwendet werden. Ebenso sind auch andere Flammschutzmittel möglich, die nicht Dioxin und Furan abspalten. In vorteilhafter Weise wird man auch Fungizidmittel als Zusatz hinzugeben.A highly lightfast and hydrolysis-resistant polyurethane can preferably be used for the polymer. As flame protection, e.g. mineral substances, e.g. Aluminum hydroxide and / or phosphorus nitrogen compounds can be used. Other flame retardants that do not release dioxin and furan are also possible. In an advantageous manner, fungicide agents will also be added as an additive.

Das Polymer stellt die Trägerschicht für Absorberpigmente 6 dar. Die Absorberpigmente dienen zur Absorbierung von Radarstrahlen in einem Mikrowellenbereich von 10 - 100 GHz.The polymer constitutes the carrier layer for absorber pigments 6. The absorber pigments serve to absorb radar beams in a microwave range from 10 to 100 GHz.

Nachfolgend ist eine beispielsweise Zusammensetzung der Polymerbeschichtung 5 angegeben:

  • 100 Teilen Polymer in flüssiger Form wird 30 Gew.% Flammschutzmittel, 35 % Gew.% Absorberpigmente und 1 Gew.% Fungizidmittel beigemischt. Die zu verarbeitende Konsistenz zum Aufbringen dieser Schicht auf das Trägermaterial 1 wird durch Verdünnen mit aromatischen Lösungsmitteln erreicht.
An example of the composition of polymer coating 5 is given below:
  • 30 parts by weight of flame retardant, 35% by weight of absorber pigments and 1% by weight of fungicide are added to 100 parts of liquid polymer. The consistency to be processed for applying this layer to the carrier material 1 is achieved by dilution with aromatic solvents.

Die Trocknung der aufgebrachten Schicht auf dem Trägermaterial 1 erfolgt vorzugsweise in einem Temperaturbereich von ca. 110 - 130 C.The applied layer on the carrier material 1 is preferably dried in a temperature range of approx. 110-130 C.

Die Polymerauflage beträgt ca. 40 - 45 g/m2. Abschließend wird beidseitig eine niedrig emittierende IR-Tarnfarbenschicht 6 aufgedruckt oder aufgespritzt. Dabei wird das Tarnfarbenbindersystem vorzugsweise ebenfalls fungizid und flammhemmend ausgerüstet, wobei ebenfalls dafür zu sorgen ist, daß die Größe der Löcher 2 in dem Trägermaterial 1 möglichst nicht oder wenigstens kaum verändert wird.The polymer layer is approx. 40 - 45 g / m 2 . Finally, a low-emitting IR camouflage paint layer 6 is printed or sprayed on both sides. The camouflage binder system is preferably also provided with a fungicidal and flame-retardant treatment, and care must also be taken to ensure that the size of the holes 2 in the carrier material 1 is changed as little or as little as possible.

Aus der Fig. 1 ist weiterhin auch ersichtlich, daß die Dichte der gewirkten Polyesterfasern unregelmäßig ist. Die Dichte ist im Bereich der Löcher 2 höher als in den Abschnitten 7 von benachbart zueinander liegenden Reihen von Löchern 2, wo die Fasern lockerer gewirkt sind.From Fig. 1 it can also be seen that the density of the knitted polyester fibers is irregular. The density is higher in the area of the holes 2 than in the sections 7 of adjacent rows of holes 2 where the fibers are loosely knitted.

Mit dem vorstehend beschriebenen Tarnnetz konnten folgende Meßergebenisse erreicht werden:The following measurement results could be achieved with the camouflage net described above:

1. Radar1. Radar

Durch die angenommene Strahlung im vegetativen Umfeld, bei Berücksichtigung des Bewölkungsgrades, der Umgebungstemperatur und des Bewachsungsgrades nimmt man Dämpfungswerte von -3 dB bis - 8 dB pro m2 an. Das hier beschriebene Tarnnetz wurde pilotmäßig in einem bestimmten Aspektwinkel (z.B. 45 Grad) und Azimutwinkel von 0 bis 360 Grad vermessen.Due to the assumed radiation in the vegetative environment, taking into account the degree of cloudiness, the ambient temperature and the degree of vegetation, attenuation values of -3 dB to - 8 dB per m 2 are assumed. The camouflage net described here was pilot-measured in a certain aspect angle (eg 45 degrees) and azimuth angle from 0 to 360 degrees.

Die Absenkung des linearen Mittelwertes ergab bei

  • 35 GHz = - 11 dB
  • 94 GHz = - 12 dB
The lowering of the linear mean resulted in
  • 35 GHz = - 11 dB
  • 94 GHz = - 12 dB

2. Wärmebild2. Thermal image

Die Beschichtungsauflage von 40 - 45 g/m2 hat sich beim Feldgroßversuch im Wärmebild nicht negativ ausgewirkt, was keine Wärmeabsorption zur Folge hatte. (Netzgröße war 6 x 8 m. Der Wärmebildsensorenabstand betrug ungefähr 800 m. Getarnt wurden Lastwagen am Waldrand.)The coating of 40 - 45 g / m 2 did not have a negative effect on the thermal image during the large field test, which did not result in heat absorption. (Network size was 6 x 8 m. The thermal imaging sensor distance was approximately 800 m. Trucks were camouflaged at the edge of the forest.)

Höhere Auflagen und geschlossen beschichtete Flächen würden zur Wärmeabsorption neigen und damit sichtbar werden.Higher runs and closed coated surfaces would tend to absorb heat and thus become visible.

3. Nahes Infrarot3. Near infrared

Die aufgebrachten niedrig emittierenden IR-Tarnfarben ergeben keine Veränderung im Mikrowellen- und Wärmebildbereich.The applied low-emitting IR camouflage colors result in no change in the microwave and thermal imaging range.

Claims (16)

1. Tarnnetz aus einem flammhemmend ausgerüsteten Material, das als Trägermaterial Polyesterfasern in einer Lochstruktur aufweist, das mit einer Beschichtung aus einem flammhemmend ausgerüsteten Polymer versehen ist, welches wiederum mit IR-Tarnfarbe beschichtet ist,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
das Trägermaterial (1) eine Wirkware aus Polyesterfasern ist, in die Metallfasern (3) eingelegt sind.1. camouflage net made of a flame-retardant material, which has polyester fibers in a perforated structure as the carrier material, which is provided with a coating of a flame-retardant polymer, which in turn is coated with IR camouflage paint,
characterized in that
the carrier material (1) is a knitted fabric made of polyester fibers, in which metal fibers (3) are inserted. 2. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
5 - 15 %, vorzugsweise ca. 10 % Metallfasern (3) in die Wirkware eingesponnen sind.2. camouflage net according to claim 1,
characterized in that
5 - 15%, preferably about 10%, metal fibers (3) are spun into the knitted fabric. 3. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Löcher (2) der offenen Struktur des Trägermaterials (1) Durchmesser bzw. Breiten und/oder Höhen von ca. 2 - 3 mm besitzen.3. camouflage net according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that
the holes (2) of the open structure of the carrier material (1) have diameters or widths and / or heights of approximately 2-3 mm. 4. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Löcher (2) wenigstens annähernd rautenförmig ausgebildet sind.4. camouflage net according to claim 1, 2 or 3,
characterized in that
the holes (2) are at least approximately diamond-shaped. 5. Tarnnetz nach einem der Ansprüche 1 - 4,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Löcher (2) in dem Trägermaterial (1) reihenförmig angeordnet sind.5. camouflage net according to one of claims 1-4,
characterized in that
the holes (2) are arranged in rows in the carrier material (1). 6. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
in nacheinanderfolgenden Reihen die Löcher (2) versetzt zueinander angeordnet sind.6. camouflage net according to claim 5,
characterized in that
in successive rows the holes (2) are staggered. 7. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 5 oder 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Fasern um die Löcher dichter gewirkt sind.7. camouflage net according to claim 5 or 6,
characterized in that
the fibers around the holes are more tightly knit. 8. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Abschnitte (7) zwischen den Reihen von Löchern (2) lockerer gewirkt sind.8. camouflage net according to claim 7,
characterized in that
the sections (7) between the rows of holes (2) are loosely knitted. 9. Tarnnetz nach einem der Ansprüche 1 - 8,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Polymerschicht (5) mit Absorberpigmente (6) versehen ist.9. camouflage net according to one of claims 1-8,
characterized in that
the polymer layer (5) is provided with absorber pigments (6). 10. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 9,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
das Polymer Polyurethan ist.10. camouflage net according to claim 9,
characterized in that
the polymer is polyurethane. 11. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 9 oder 10,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
das Polymer einen Zusatz als Flammschutz besitzt.11. camouflage net according to claim 9 or 10,
characterized in that
the polymer has an additive as a flame retardant. 12. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 9, 10 oder 11,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
in dem Polymer die Absorberpigmente (6) in einem Anteil von ca. 30 - 40 %, vorzugsweise 35 Gew.% vorhanden sind.12. camouflage net according to claim 9, 10 or 11,
characterized in that
in the polymer the absorber pigments (6) in a proportion of approximately 30-40%, preferably 35% by weight are present. 13. Tarnnetz nach einem der Ansprüche 9 - 12,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
in 100 Teilen Polymer, ca. 30 Gew.% Flammschutz, ca. 1 % Fungizidmittel und ca. 35 % Absorberpigmente (6) beinhaltet.13. camouflage net according to one of claims 9 - 12,
characterized in that
in 100 parts of polymer, approx. 30% by weight flame retardant, approx. 1% fungicide and approx. 35% absorber pigments (6). 14. Tarnnetz nach einem der Ansprüche 9 - 13,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
Absorberstoffe (6) vorgesehen sind, die im Mikrowellenbereich von ca. 10 - 100 GHz wirksam sind.14. camouflage net according to one of claims 9 - 13,
characterized in that
Absorber substances (6) are provided which are effective in the microwave range of approx. 10 - 100 GHz. 15. Tarnnetz nach Anspruch 14,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
Absorberpigmente (6) auf Kohlenstoffbasis vorgesehen sind.15. camouflage net according to claim 14,
characterized in that
Absorber pigments (6) are provided on a carbon basis. 16. Tarnnetz nach einem der Ansprüche 1 - 15,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
die Polymerschicht (5) in einer Stärke von 40 - 45 g/m2 aufgebracht ist.16. camouflage net according to one of claims 1-15,
characterized in that
the polymer layer (5) is applied in a thickness of 40-45 g / m 2 .
EP91109213A 1990-07-21 1991-06-06 Camouflage net Expired - Lifetime EP0468173B1 (en)

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AT (1) ATE103064T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2043755C (en)
DE (2) DE9017747U1 (en)
DK (1) DK0468173T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2050483T3 (en)
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FR2311117A1 (en) * 1975-05-13 1976-12-10 Barracudaverken Ab CAMOUFLAGE CLOTH
DE3329264A1 (en) * 1983-08-12 1985-02-21 Friedrich-Ulf 8899 Rettenbach Deisenroth Microwave-absorbent material
DE3810121A1 (en) * 1988-03-25 1989-10-05 Hornschuch Ag K Camouflage net and method for its production
EP0372280A2 (en) * 1988-12-02 1990-06-13 Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Camouflage net

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0633447A1 (en) * 1993-07-09 1995-01-11 ETAT FRANCAIS Représenté par le Délégué Général pour l'Armement Camouflage device
FR2707385A1 (en) * 1993-07-09 1995-01-13 France Etat Armement Camouflage device.
FR2716964A1 (en) * 1994-03-07 1995-09-08 Bachmann Camouflage Sa Multi-spectral mesh camouflage fabric
WO2009017520A2 (en) * 2007-05-07 2009-02-05 Milliken & Company Radar camouflage fabric
WO2009017520A3 (en) * 2007-05-07 2009-04-30 Milliken & Co Radar camouflage fabric
US8013776B2 (en) 2007-05-07 2011-09-06 Milliken & Company Radar camouflage fabric
EP3966515A4 (en) * 2019-05-07 2023-01-25 Warwick Mills, Inc. Camouflage cover having a visual appearance and visible and ir spectral signatures that closely match a vegetative environment

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PT98403A (en) 1993-08-31
FI913247A0 (en) 1991-07-04
US5348789A (en) 1994-09-20
PT98403B (en) 1999-01-29
NO912542L (en) 1992-01-22
DK0468173T3 (en) 1994-06-27
DE4023287C2 (en) 1996-02-22
ES2050483T3 (en) 1994-05-16
IL98430A (en) 1996-07-23
FI913247A (en) 1992-01-22
DE9017747U1 (en) 1991-12-19
IL98430A0 (en) 1992-07-15
NO912542D0 (en) 1991-06-27
FI108368B (en) 2002-01-15
NO179300B (en) 1996-06-03
CA2043755C (en) 2003-09-16
DE4023287A1 (en) 1992-01-23
CA2043755A1 (en) 1992-01-22
EP0468173B1 (en) 1994-03-16
NO179300C (en) 1996-09-11
ATE103064T1 (en) 1994-04-15

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