EP0467815B1 - Tubular rung for anchoring in freshly poured concrete - Google Patents
Tubular rung for anchoring in freshly poured concrete Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0467815B1 EP0467815B1 EP91440050A EP91440050A EP0467815B1 EP 0467815 B1 EP0467815 B1 EP 0467815B1 EP 91440050 A EP91440050 A EP 91440050A EP 91440050 A EP91440050 A EP 91440050A EP 0467815 B1 EP0467815 B1 EP 0467815B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- annular ribs
- tubular
- fixing
- concrete
- soft concrete
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06C—LADDERS
- E06C9/00—Ladders characterised by being permanently attached to fixed structures, e.g. fire escapes
- E06C9/02—Ladders characterised by being permanently attached to fixed structures, e.g. fire escapes rigidly mounted
- E06C9/04—Ladders characterised by being permanently attached to fixed structures, e.g. fire escapes rigidly mounted in the form of climbing irons or the like
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
- E04B1/41—Connecting devices specially adapted for embedding in concrete or masonry
- E04B1/4171—Nailable or non-threaded screwable elements
Definitions
- the invention relates to a tubular rung, intended to be anchored in soft concrete, consisting of a tubular element curved in the shape of a "U", the two ends of which are housed each in the bore of a plastic fixing sleeve. externally provided with annular ribs in the form of fangs.
- FR-A-2,071,601 already discloses a tubular rung which can be anchored in a masonry consisting of a tubular element in the shape of a "U" coated with a non-corroding coating and two fixing sleeves plastic material externally provided with annular ribs in the form of fangs.
- pre-drilled holes are made in the masonry in which the fixing sleeves are engaged. Then, the bent ends of the tubular element are pressed into the bore of these fixing sleeves.
- the prior production of the holes to accommodate the sockets can only be done in masonry or in hard concrete, but in no case can the holes be made in soft concrete.
- document FR-A-2,440,461 also discloses a tubular rung comprising a tubular element having substantially the shape of a "U", the end of the branches of which is provided with an insulating sleeve. and substantially cylindrical blocking of plastic material secured, during manufacture, at the end of each branch.
- the free end of these fixing sleeves is relatively pointed to facilitate the introduction of these fixing sleeves either in holes previously made in hard concrete, or directly in vibrated soft concrete.
- the object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks.
- the invention as characterized in the claims, solves the problem of creating a tubular rung, intended to be anchored in soft concrete, consisting of a tubular element, preferably of aluminum, bent in the shape of a "U "the two ends of which are housed each in the bore of a plastic fixing sleeve provided externally with annular ribs in the form of fangs, these fixing sleeves comprising means for absorbing the soft concrete pushed back during penetration fixing sleeves in soft concrete and evacuation of the air pocket enclosed in the pilot holes made in hardened concrete, these means being, at the level of these fixing sleeves, in the form of a free end truncated provided with a conduit opening into the bore in which is housed one end of the tubular element.
- the fixing sleeves comprise on their periphery means for stiffening the annular ribs.
- the tubular rung 1 consists of a tubular element 2 curved in the shape of a "U". To avoid corrosion of this tubular element 2, it is recommended that it be made of aluminum.
- the two parallel wings 3, 4 of the tubular aluminum element 2 are anchored in the concrete structure 5.
- the structure 5 is a soft concrete.
- the ends 6, 7 of the parallel wings 3, 4 are provided with a fixing sleeve 8, 9.
- the fixing sleeves 8, 9 are threaded at the factory on the ends 6, 7 of the parallel wings 3 , 4 of the tubular aluminum element 2, which allows by forced assembly, to annihilate any separation of said fixing sleeves 8, 9 of the corresponding aluminum tubular element 2.
- the fixing sleeves 8 , 9 are made of plastic.
- the fixing sleeve 8, 9 At one of its end 10, the fixing sleeve 8, 9 has a base 11 whose diameter 12 is greater than the diameter 13 of the body 14.
- the fixing sleeve 8, 9 has a base 11 whose diameter 12 is greater than the diameter 13 of the body 14.
- a shoulder 15 limiting the penetration of the tubular rung 1 in the soft concrete structure 5, this shoulder 15 coming to be pressed against the external face 16 of the soft concrete structure 5 (see FIG. 1 ).
- the body 14 of the fixing sleeve 8, 9 is provided externally with annular ribs 17, 18, 19 in the form of fangs.
- the vertices 20, 21, 22 are slightly erased but, on the other hand, straighten out when a pull is applied to the rung tubular 1, which ensures correct anchoring of the latter in the soft concrete structure 5.
- a bore 23 is produced in the fixing sleeve 8, 9 opening on the side of the base 11 on a milling 24, the latter serving to guide the end 6, 7 of the wing 3, 4 of the tubular element d aluminum 2 in bore 23.
- the other end 25 of the fixing sleeve 8, 9 is provided with means 26 for the absorption of the soft concrete discharged and for the evacuation of the compressed air.
- the pocket of air compressed by the penetration of the fixing sleeve 8, 9 into the pilot hole can be evacuated through the conduit 27.
- stiffening means 30 consist of at least one tongue 31, 32 whose longitudinal axis 33 is arranged along a generatrix of the body 14.
- the external face 34 of this tongue 31, 32 is flush with the vertices 20, 21, 22 of the annular ribs 17, 18, 19.
- This tongue 31, 32 penetrates to the bottom of the grooves 35, 36, 37 separating two successive annular ribs 17.18 - 18.19 ...
- the tongues 31, 32 are given a longitudinal drop 38 whose the bottom 39 is located below the external face 34 of the tongues 31, 32.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Load-Engaging Elements For Cranes (AREA)
- On-Site Construction Work That Accompanies The Preparation And Application Of Concrete (AREA)
Abstract
Description
L'invention concerne un échelon tubulaire, destiné à être ancré dans du béton mou, constitué d'un élément tubulaire recourbé en forme de "U" dont les deux extrémités sont logées chacune dans l'alésage d'une douille de fixation en matière plastique dotée extérieurement de nervures annulaires en forme de crocs.The invention relates to a tubular rung, intended to be anchored in soft concrete, consisting of a tubular element curved in the shape of a "U", the two ends of which are housed each in the bore of a plastic fixing sleeve. externally provided with annular ribs in the form of fangs.
On connaît déjà, par le document FR-A-2.071.601, un échelon tubulaire pouvant être ancré dans une maçonnerie constituée d'un élément tubulaire en forme de "U" revêtu d'un revêtement non corrodant et de deux douilles de fixation en matière plastique dotées extérieurement de nervures annulaires en forme de crocs. Pour la fixation de cet échelon, on pratique dans la maçonnerie des trous préalables dans lesquels on engage les douilles de fixation. Puis, on enfonce dans l'alésage de ces douilles de fixation les extrémités recourbées de l'élément tubulaire.FR-A-2,071,601 already discloses a tubular rung which can be anchored in a masonry consisting of a tubular element in the shape of a "U" coated with a non-corroding coating and two fixing sleeves plastic material externally provided with annular ribs in the form of fangs. For the fixing of this rung, pre-drilled holes are made in the masonry in which the fixing sleeves are engaged. Then, the bent ends of the tubular element are pressed into the bore of these fixing sleeves.
Toutefois, la réalisation préalable des trous pour y loger les douilles ne peut se faire que dans une maçonnerie ou dans du béton dur mais, en aucun cas, les trous ne peuvent être réalisés dans du béton mou.However, the prior production of the holes to accommodate the sockets can only be done in masonry or in hard concrete, but in no case can the holes be made in soft concrete.
Par ailleurs, on connaît également, par le document FR-A-2.440.461, un échelon tubulaire comportant un élément tubulaire présentant sensiblement la forme d'un "U" dont l'extrémité des branches est pourvue d'une douille d'isolation et de blocage sensiblement cylindrique en matière plastique solidairement assujettie, lors de la fabrication, à l'extrémité de chaque branche. L'extrémité libre de ces douilles de fixation est relativement pointue pour faciliter l'introduction de ces douilles de fixation soit dans des trous préalablement réalisés dans le béton dur, soit directement dans le béton mou vibré.Furthermore, document FR-A-2,440,461 also discloses a tubular rung comprising a tubular element having substantially the shape of a "U", the end of the branches of which is provided with an insulating sleeve. and substantially cylindrical blocking of plastic material secured, during manufacture, at the end of each branch. The free end of these fixing sleeves is relatively pointed to facilitate the introduction of these fixing sleeves either in holes previously made in hard concrete, or directly in vibrated soft concrete.
Toutefois, on a dû constater, dans ce dernier cas, qu'en enfonçant les douilles de fixation dans le béton mou, on refoulait vers l'arrière un certain volume de béton mou correspondant au volume engendré par les douilles. Or, si l'épaisseur de la pièce en béton mou ou du mur en béton mou est faible, on a relevé que la masse de béton mou refoulée provoquait des fissures dans la face arrière de la pièce ou du mur en béton mou à travers lesquels suintait l'humidité.However, it had to be noted, in the latter case, that by driving the fixing sleeves into the soft concrete, a certain volume of soft concrete was pushed backwards corresponding to the volume generated by the sleeves. However, if the thickness of the soft concrete part or of the soft concrete wall is small, it has been noted that the mass of soft concrete pushed back causes cracks in the rear face of the part or of the soft concrete wall through which oozed moisture.
De plus, il s'est avéré qu'en enfonçant les douilles de fixation dans le béton mou, on risquait de créer un coussin d'air entre le béton mou et les extrémités des douilles de fixation. Il pouvait en résulter une diminution du coefficient d'ancrage.In addition, it has been found that by driving the fixing sleeves into the soft concrete, there is a risk of creating an air cushion between the soft concrete and the ends of the fixing sleeves. This could result in a decrease in the anchoring coefficient.
La présente invention a pour but de remédier à ces inconvénients. L'invention, telle qu'elle est caractérisée dans les revendications résout le problème consistant à créer un échelon tubulaire, destiné à être ancré dans du béton mou, constitué d'un élément tubulaire, de préférence en aluminium, recourbé en forme de "U" dont les deux extrémités sont logées chacune dans l'alésage d'une douille de fixation en matière plastique dotées extérieurement de nervures annulaires en forme de crocs, ces douilles de fixation comportant des moyens d'absorption du béton mou refoulé au cours de la pénétration des douilles de fixation dans le béton mou et d'évacuation de la poche d'air renfermée dans les avant-trous réalisés dans le béton durci, ces moyens se présentant, au niveau de ces douilles de fixation, sous forme d'une extrémité libre tronquée pourvue d'un conduit débouchant dans l'alésage dans lequel est logé une extrémité de l'élément tubulaire.The object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks. The invention, as characterized in the claims, solves the problem of creating a tubular rung, intended to be anchored in soft concrete, consisting of a tubular element, preferably of aluminum, bent in the shape of a "U "the two ends of which are housed each in the bore of a plastic fixing sleeve provided externally with annular ribs in the form of fangs, these fixing sleeves comprising means for absorbing the soft concrete pushed back during penetration fixing sleeves in soft concrete and evacuation of the air pocket enclosed in the pilot holes made in hardened concrete, these means being, at the level of these fixing sleeves, in the form of a free end truncated provided with a conduit opening into the bore in which is housed one end of the tubular element.
Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, les douilles de fixation comportent sur leur pourtour des moyens de rigidification des nervures annulaires.According to another characteristic of the invention, the fixing sleeves comprise on their periphery means for stiffening the annular ribs.
Les avantages obtenus grâce à cette invention consistent essentiellement en ce que :
- . on consolide l'ancrage de l'échelon tubulaire dans le béton mou en conférant aux nervures annulaires une rigidification annihilant tout risque de déformation des nervures annulaires lors d'une traction exercée sur l'échelon après sa mise en place et après durcissement du béton
- . on empêche le suintement sur la face externe de l'ouvrage en béton mou de l'eau ou de l'humidité renfermée dans le béton mou
- . on annihile toute fissuration de la face arrière de l'ouvrage en béton, surtout si ce dernier présente une épaisseur de paroi relativement faible
- . on peut rationaliser la fabrication des douilles de fixation, puisque la même douille peut servir indifféremment.
- . the anchoring of the tubular rung is consolidated in the soft concrete by giving the annular ribs a stiffening annihilating any risk of deformation of the annular ribs during a traction exerted on the rung after its installation and after hardening of the concrete
- . the seepage on the external face of the soft concrete structure is prevented from water or moisture contained in the soft concrete
- . any cracking of the rear face of the concrete structure is annihilated, especially if the latter has a relatively small wall thickness
- . we can rationalize the manufacture of fixing sleeves, since the same socket can be used interchangeably.
L'invention est exposé ci-après plus en détail à l'aide de dessins représentant seulement un mode d'exécution.
- . la figure 1 représente en vue en plan un échelon tubulaire en aluminium ancré dans un ouvrage en béton mou.
- . la figure 2 représente en vue en élévation une douille de fixation
- . la figure 3 représente en vue en élévation la douille de fixation selon la figure 2 après une rotation d'un quart de tour.
- . Figure 1 shows in plan view a tubular aluminum rung anchored in a soft concrete structure.
- . Figure 2 shows in elevational view a fixing sleeve
- . Figure 3 shows in elevational view the fixing sleeve according to Figure 2 after a rotation of a quarter turn.
On se réfère à la figure 1.We refer to figure 1.
L'échelon tubulaire 1 est constitué d'un élément tubulaire 2 recourbé en forme d'un "U". Pour éviter une corrosion de cet élément tubulaire 2, on préconise que celui-ci soit en aluminium. Les deux ailes parallèles 3, 4 de l'élément tubulaire d'aluminium 2 sont ancrées dans l'ouvrage en béton 5. Selon l'invention, l'ouvrage 5 est un béton mou. Pour assurer l'ancrage, on pourvoit les extrémités 6, 7 des ailes parallèles 3, 4 d'une douille de fixation 8, 9. Les douilles de fixation 8, 9 sont enfilées en usine sur les extrémités 6, 7 des ailes parallèles 3, 4 de l'élément tubulaire d'aluminium 2, ce qui permet par un assemblage forcé, d'annihiler toute séparation desdites douilles de fixation 8, 9 de l'élément tubulaire d'aluminium correspondant 2. Avantageusement, les douilles de fixation 8, 9 sont en matière plastique.The
On se réfère aux figures 2 et 3 représentant plus particulièrement les douilles de fixation 8, 9. A l'une de son extrémité 10, la douille de fixation 8, 9 présente une embase 11 dont le diamètre 12 est supérieur au diamètre 13 du corps 14. Ainsi, on obtient un épaulement 15 limitant la pénétration de l'échelon tubulaire 1 dans l'ouvrage en béton mou 5, cet épaulement 15 venant se plaquer contre la face externe 16 de l'ouvrage en béton mou 5 (voir figure 1).Referring to Figures 2 and 3 showing more particularly the
Comme connu en soi, le corps 14 de la douille de fixation 8, 9 est doté extérieurement de nervures annulaires 17, 18, 19 en forme de crocs. Lors de l'enfoncement de la douille de fixation 8, 9 dans l'ouvrage en béton mou 5, les sommets 20, 21, 22 s'effacent légèrement mais, par contre, se redressent lorsqu'on exerce une traction sur l'échelon tubulaire 1, ce qui assure un ancrage correct de ce dernier dans l'ouvrage en béton mou 5.As known per se, the
On réalise dans la douille de fixation 8, 9 un alésage 23 débouchant du côté de l'embase 11 sur un fraisage 24, ce dernier servant à guider l'extrémité 6, 7 de l'aile 3, 4 de l'élément tubulaire d'aluminium 2 dans l'alésage 23.A
Pour éviter un refoulement du béton mou lors de la pénétration de la douille de fixation 8, 9, dans l'ouvrage en béton mou 5 et, pour évacuer l'air, c'est-à-dire pour décomprimer la poche d'air due à cette pénétration, on pourvoit l'autre extrémité 25 de la douille de fixation 8, 9 de moyens 26 pour l'absorption du béton mou refoulé et pour l'évacuation de l'air comprimé.To prevent backflow of soft concrete when the
Ces moyens 26 sont obtenus en conférant à la douille de fixation 8, 9, une extrémité 25 tronquée pourvue d'un conduit 27 débouchant dans l'alésage 23. Cette extrémité tronquée 25 comporte une paroi tronconique 28. Au-fur-et-à-mesure de la pénétration de la douille de fixation 8, 9 dans l'ouvrage en béton mou 5, le volume de béton mou, correspondant au volume du corps 14 de la douille de fixation 8, 9, s'engage dans le conduit 27 et se répand dans l'alésage de l'élément tubulaire d'aluminium 2. Du fait que ledit élément tubulaire est en aluminium, la pénétration du béton mou dans celui-ci ne présente aucun inconvénient.These means 26 are obtained by conferring on the
Dans le cas d'une utilisation dans le béton durci, la poche d'air comprimée par la pénétration de la douille de fixation 8, 9 dans l'avant-trou peut s'évacuer grâce au conduit 27.In the case of use in hardened concrete, the pocket of air compressed by the penetration of the
Pour consolider l'action anti-traction des nervures annulaires 17, 18, 19, le corps 14 des douilles de fixation 8, 9, comporte des moyens de rigidification 30. Ces moyens de rigidification 30 sont constitués d'au moins une languette 31, 32 dont l'axe longitudinal 33 est disposé selon une génératrice du corps 14. La face externe 34 de cette languette 31, 32 est à fleur avec les sommets 20, 21, 22 des nervures annulaires 17, 18, 19. Cette languette 31, 32 pénètre jusqu'au fond des gorges 35, 36, 37 séparant deux nervures annulaires successives 17,18 - 18,19 ...To consolidate the anti-traction action of the annular ribs 17, 18, 19, the
Toutefois, pour éviter que l'eau ou l'humidité ne se déplace sur les languettes 31, 32 et ne suinte sur la face externe 16 de l'ouvrage en béton mou 5, on confère aux languettes 31, 32 un dénivellement longitudinal 38 dont le fond 39 est situé en-dessous de la face externe 34 des languettes 31, 32.However, to prevent water or humidity from moving over the
Claims (4)
- Tubular rung for anchoring in freshly poured concrete (5), comprised of a U-shapedly bent tubular member (2), preferably made of aluminium, both ends (6, 7) of which are each accomodated in the bore (23) of a plastic fixing plug (8, 9) externally provided with curled-up annular ribs (17, 18, 19), characterized in that the fixing plugs (8, 9) include means (26, 27) for absorbing freshly poured concrete pressed back during the penetration of the fixing plugs (8, 9) into the freshly poured concrete (5) and discharging the air pocket enclosed in the preliminary holes provided for in the hardened concrete, these means (26, 27) being, at the level of these fixing plugs (8, 9), in the shape of a truncated free end (25) provided with a conduit (27) ending into the bore (23) in which is accomodated an end (6, 7) of the tubular member (2).
- Tubular rung according to claim 1, characterized in that the fixing plugs (8, 9) include, at their periphery, means (30) for rigidifying the annular ribs (17, 18, 19).
- Tubular rung according to claim 1, characterized in that the means (30) for rigidifying the annular ribs are at least one tongue (31, 32) arranged according to the generating line of the fixing plug (8, 9) and the outer face (34) of which is flush with the top (20, 21, 22) of the annular ribs (17, 18, 19) and penetrating to the bottom of the grooves (35, 36, 37) separating two successive annular ribs (17, 18 - 18, 19).
- Tubular rung according to claim 2, characterized in that the tongue (31, 32) includes a longitudinal difference in level (38) impeding water proceeding from the free end (25) of the fixing plug (8, 9) from progressing.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9009411 | 1990-07-19 | ||
| FR9009411A FR2664939B1 (en) | 1990-07-19 | 1990-07-19 | TUBULAR STEP TO BE ANCHORED IN SOFT CONCRETE. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0467815A1 EP0467815A1 (en) | 1992-01-22 |
| EP0467815B1 true EP0467815B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
Family
ID=9399024
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP91440050A Expired - Lifetime EP0467815B1 (en) | 1990-07-19 | 1991-06-21 | Tubular rung for anchoring in freshly poured concrete |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0467815B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE109246T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69103102T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2059094T3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2664939B1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR573784A (en) * | 1923-11-24 | 1924-06-30 | Limousin Et Cie | Method of fixing metal parts in concrete using screws or lag bolts screwed into a metal frame |
| FR1556359A (en) * | 1967-12-28 | 1969-02-07 | ||
| FR2588912B1 (en) * | 1985-10-23 | 1988-05-13 | Materiel Securite Urb | SEALING STEP AND FASTENING METHOD |
| FR2589204B1 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1988-07-01 | Legrand Sa | FIXING ANKLE |
-
1990
- 1990-07-19 FR FR9009411A patent/FR2664939B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-06-21 ES ES91440050T patent/ES2059094T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-06-21 AT AT91440050T patent/ATE109246T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-06-21 DE DE69103102T patent/DE69103102T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-21 EP EP91440050A patent/EP0467815B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69103102D1 (en) | 1994-09-01 |
| ATE109246T1 (en) | 1994-08-15 |
| EP0467815A1 (en) | 1992-01-22 |
| FR2664939B1 (en) | 1992-11-06 |
| ES2059094T3 (en) | 1994-11-01 |
| FR2664939A1 (en) | 1992-01-24 |
| DE69103102T2 (en) | 1994-11-17 |
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