EP0443596A1 - Process for transporting, intermediate storage and energetic and material use of waste and apparatus for carrying out the process - Google Patents

Abstract

The disposal material is compacted to a fraction of its original volume while retaining its mixing structure and bond structure, is temporarily stored in this form, if necessary, and transported, and subjected to pyrolysis in this compacted form. All the pyrolysis products are immediately afterwards subjected to a high-temperature treatment under elevated pressure. The compacted disposal material can have been compacted into containers and is subjected to a low-temperature pyrolysis under pressure. In the environmentally sound processing of consumer goods, such as automobile wrecks or the like, large-volume portioning of the scrap material is carried out by division and/or compression before the intermittent introduction into the pyrolysis chamber. The solid, liquid and/or gaseous process products arising in the pyrolysis and containing pollutants are passed through one or more molten baths or smelted in an appropriate high-temperature furnace. The pyrolysis chamber can consist of a heatable pipe or rectangular duct or of a continuous furnace which takes a plurality of suitable containers with compacted disposal material.

Description

The invention relates to methods for transporting, temporarily storing and recycling waste of all kinds and to devices for carrying out the method.

Waste disposal methods that have been practiced or tested so far are inadequate and unconvincing with regard to the environmental problems that arise. This applies both to the interim storage as well as to the transport to and from the disposal facilities and in particular to the processing of the waste. The term waste is understood to mean normal household and industrial waste, industrial wrecks, but also special waste or landfill that has already been deposited.

The classic form of disposal of household and industrial waste of all kinds is still today the dumping in mostly large-scale landfill systems with sometimes very long transport routes.

Waste incineration plants are a known alternative solution to landfill filling. However, burning waste has many other disadvantages. So far, combustion has been carried out with very poor efficiency and a high level of pollutants. Considerable investment and operating costs are required for the relevant incineration plants.

With the likewise known degassing of organic waste, attempts have been made to avoid waste incineration at least for part of the waste to be disposed of in order to be able to operate economically justifiable small plants.

• 1. Schachtöfen, in die das Pyrolysegut von oben lose eingebracht wird und den Ofenschacht in vertikaler Richtung durchläuft,
• 2. Drehrohröfen, bei denen durch Rotation des Rohrschachtes das schüttfähige Pyrolysegut durchmischt und mit den heißen Rohrwänden ständig erneut in Kontakt gebracht wird, und
• 3. Wirbelschichtöfen, bei denen ein in ständig verwirbelter Bewegung befindliches Sandbett o.dgl. für einen innigen Wärmeübergang in das Pyrolysegut Sorge tragen soll.

Various pyrolysis processes are known which differ with regard to the furnaces used for this. The following are used:

• 1. shaft furnaces in which the pyrolysis material is loosely introduced from above and passes through the furnace shaft in the vertical direction,
• 2. Rotary tube furnaces in which the pourable pyrolysis material is mixed by rotating the tube shaft and is brought into contact again and again with the hot tube walls, and
• 3. Fluidized bed furnaces, in which a sand bed or the like which is in constant swirling motion. should ensure an intimate heat transfer into the pyrolysis material.

Degassing reactors, as are known for example from AT-PS 1 15 725 and AT-PS 3 63 577, show a large number of problems which have not yet been satisfactorily solved. To improve the heat transfer, the waste to be pyrolyzed must be pre-shredded, which causes high costs, noise pollution and dust. It is also necessary that atmospheric air has to be introduced in large throughputs, possibly with additional oxygen, with the organic substances for pyrolysis, which requires only a low efficiency. The heating of the waste is relatively slow. The pyrolysis furnaces with economically justifiable throughput have a large volume and are at the required mechanical strength at the required temperatures of over 450 ° C. They are only suitable for operation at around atmospheric pressure. In order to prevent gaseous pollutants from escaping, the degassing reactors must be absolutely gas-tight, which necessitates expensive, temperature-sensitive lock constructions and seals.

So far, the further processing of the essentially dusty pyrolysis coke has also been particularly problematic, since its gasification is not possible or only possible after briquetting of the coal dust, which is complex in terms of process technology, because of its non-existent flow properties. A thermal use of the gases of the low-temperature pyrolysis, which are contaminated by condensate, adds dust removal correspondingly high temperatures ahead, since both the rotary kiln and the fluidized bed pyrolysis generate a lot of dust. The exposure of the pyrolysis gases to thermally stable organic compounds, such as dioxins, requires high-temperature combustion with defined gas residence times in the reactor. The use of condensates, which are highly contaminated with pollutants, as a raw material for petrochemicals is only possible in exceptional cases. In other cases, the pyrolysis condensate is a significant environmental problem. The solid residues of the known pyrolysis processes are, according to the existing environmental regulations, landfill material containing pollutants. Whether the carbon content of these residues has sufficient pollutant-binding properties is unclear, at least with regard to long-term resistance to elution, so that pyrolysis coke from waste pyrolysis should be considered as special waste with the corresponding landfill risks and costs.

When it comes to the environmentally friendly processing of industrial wrecks, where the scrap mixture consists of iron parts as well as parts made of non-ferrous metals and non-metallic organic and inorganic components with a wide variety of chemical and physical compositions, the automotive industry in particular, together with the plastics industry and the scrap industry, is encouraged to take new approaches to research the recycling-compatible design of motor vehicles and the development of recycling processes and technologies for materials that are not yet usable today. Significantly increased landfill costs and stricter conditions for the disposal of industrial waste in a landfillable form are forcing to keep the non-recyclable portion in the processing of consumer wrecks as low as possible.

The operation of large scrap presses in the application field of interest has been replaced for some time by the so-called shredder technology. Disused, suitable for scrapping Consumables and industrial goods with a high metal content are subjected to purely mechanical material separation. Part or all of the wrecks to be processed are fed into the comminution system, in which a small-scale mixture is produced from the large number of components of the starting material, which is subsequently separated, preferably using physical methods.

In a known method (EP 0 012091), comminuted waste is subjected to a heat treatment in a closed space in that some constituents are partially burned while supplying an oxygen-containing combustion gas, while other constituents are subjected to a pyrolysis reaction. The combustion is only completed in a second combustion stage by adding pure oxygen and thus increasing the temperature to 1,300 to 1,600 ° C.

In this context, reference should also be made to a device for the selective separation of non-ferromagnetic metals from a mixture of comminuted metallic scrap, such as is obtained in shredder systems (DE-AS 28 55 239), in which different heat baths with different, corresponding the melting points of the non-ferrous metals, such as lead, zinc and aluminum, several assigned discharge devices are provided.

After first removing the different non-ferrous components, that of the ferromagnetic components is then carried out by magnetic sorting. The great difficulties in the recovery of scrap metals, which consist of mixtures, for example with copper, zinc and lead components, with regard to sufficient creation of the required levels of purity and thus economic reuse are particularly clearly addressed in this publication.

A process for the pyrolytic degradation of industrial and household waste or the like waste materials, in which the waste materials in a reaction vessel is decomposed by direct contact with a molten heat transfer medium is known from DE-AS 23 04 369. The appropriately preheated waste materials are continuously immersed in the molten heat transfer medium and the resulting decomposition products are conveyed to the surface by circulating the melt and are removed from there. The heat transfer medium is a molten inorganic substance and can therefore consist of one or more metals, but alternatively also of a glass-like melt that is kept molten by the application of heat.

This procedure is intended to enable large amounts of heterogeneously combined waste materials to be pyrolytically broken down in an airless manner in a continuous workflow without complex pre-classification and to be converted into harmless or useful products.

The direct contacting of such pre-dried waste mixtures with a molten heat transfer medium, into which the feed pipe for the waste materials is immersed, is not possible in practice, since the residual waste moisture must lead to an explosive gas formation at the outlet end of the feed pipe. In addition, the pipe socket immersed in the melt would be used up relatively quickly.

Carrying out the pyrolysis inside the molten bath has the effect that the pyrolysis products ultimately accumulate on the surface of the melt and that all of them have to be removed from here. With this procedure, it cannot be ruled out that highly toxic pollutant components will escape from the bath liquid. The connection of electrostatic filters as well as washing-out systems and cold traps to remove the remaining pollutants therefore remains mandatory even in the process according to DE-AS 23 04 369.

Finally, there is also a method for largely water-free Transfer of waste materials into glass form is mentioned (DE-OS 38 41 889), in which waste incineration ash is introduced into a glass melt together with additives, the resulting exhaust gases are cooled and their condensates are returned to the glass melt. The exhaust gases free of dioxins and / or furans can be released in an environmentally friendly manner after gas cleaning, which also applies to the solids mineralized in the glass bath, i.e. the combustion ash.

The main problem with any exhaust gas cleaning system is to be found in the remaining residues. These are present as reaction products in the form of dry crystals, dissolved salts and / or dusts that are highly contaminated. The disposal of these residues, which occur in large quantities, is problematic and requires constantly growing special landfill space.

The storage and transportation of unprepared waste, such as industrial and domestic waste, takes place with a relatively low bulk density, whereby their physical and chemical instability, and in the case of biologically decomposable waste, the odor and gas development have a particularly disadvantageous effect. It is aggravating that many disposal goods contain pollutant-containing liquids, which they at least partially lose during transport or storage. Leaching due to precipitation can hardly be avoided if improperly stored. The low bulk density of the material to be disposed of leads to large storage and transport volumes. If the waste to be disposed of is intended to be stored temporarily - for example because the waste to be recycled and / or thermally recycled - state regulations stipulate that landfill facilities that are washable, have a substantial volume, or have specially equipped underground storage facilities. This alone results in high additional investment costs. The transportation of such disposal goods also causes considerable problems, not least because of their low bulk density Costs.

In the case of chemically unstable waste, in addition to strong odors, toxic or dangerous gas formation can occur, so that there is a risk of explosion, especially for storage bunkers without additional gas disposal. Permanent ventilation, multiple air changes per hour and additional filter and safety systems also form cost factors for the temporary storage of the waste.

For the transport of some disposal goods, for example household waste, it is known to transport slightly pre-compressed with presses integrated in the vehicle. Subsequent thermal recycling of the material to be disposed of is made technically more difficult by its low bulk density and the resulting large volumes.

Starting from the entirety of this prior art, the present invention is based on the object of not only creating improved interim storage and transport conditions for industrial and domestic waste, industrial wrecks or disposal goods of all kinds, but in particular also redesigning their energetic and material use and to ensure complete disposal in an environmentally friendly manner with simplified device systems while the efficiency of the process implementation is significantly improved.

The object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Advantageous further developments and refinements of this task solution result from the subclaims.

Characterized in that the waste is initially precompacted while maintaining its mixed and composite structure, i.e. without the use of costly sorting methods and systems or the known prior art to packages of approximately the same geometry, the waste can be easily with a stuffing device or the like. are compressed into, for example, an approximately tubular container, which makes both its subsequent transport, any necessary intermediate storage and the pyrolysis process uncomplicated and unaffected by faults. The pre-compaction into a suitable geometric shape, which is adapted according to the invention to a suitable container, prevents bulky components of the waste material from hindering the subsequent compaction process during the subsequent compaction. In the compressed state, the material to be disposed of only has approximately 1/3 to approximately 1/20 of its original volume, which results in a correspondingly reduced storage and transport volume, regardless of a subsequent thermal degassing or pyrolysis of the material to be disposed of.

In the case of pourable material, the first step of compacting the material to be disposed of can be carried out by means of an open packaging, such as a net wrapping or tensioning strap packaging, but introducing it into an open-ended container has the advantage that it is additionally sealed here, for example the formation of odors is reduced to a minimum and leaching, for example during intermediate storage in wet rooms, is not to be feared. For this purpose, the open end faces of the containers can also be sealed watertight without any noticeable expense. There are a whole series of advantages for the thermal and material processing of the compacted and sealed packaged disposal material which may follow the transport and / or the intermediate storage. For example, tightly filled containers can be easily degassed in a chamber or continuous furnace. The dwell time in such pyrolysis chambers can be optimized according to criteria of the economics of the process. There are no restrictive length / diameter conditions for suitable containers that pass through the pyrolysis furnace. Since containers with larger diameters can also be used, larger and bulky industrial wrecks can be disposed of in the same way. If necessary, the latter are previously too large portion.

Advantageous conditions for the thermal recycling of the pyrolyzed disposal goods are that all the degassing products can be subjected to a high-temperature treatment directly and without intermediate cooling. The resulting compressed coke, together with the mineral or metallic components, can be easily removed and subjected to high-temperature treatment. When the residual carbon is gasified, fission gas (CO, H2) is formed by splitting part of the water vapor carried along. The degassing products are split into low molecular weight components. The reaction temperature is maintained by exothermic reaction of the coke in compressed form with oxygen. The carbon dioxide released in this way reacts with carbon to carbon monoxide according to Boudouard's equilibrium. Optimal implementation and use of all products is ensured in the high-temperature reactor.

The high temperatures associated with carbon gasification and fission gas formation lead to a directly usable, high-energy process gas without condensable organic components being obtained with a greatly reduced water content. The dense coke formed in the pressure pyrolysis and the process-related low flow velocities reduce the amount of dust in the process gas to a minimum.

During the high-temperature treatment in a melter gasifier, the meltable metallic and mineral components of the reaction products form a metal or slag melt with partially very different densities, so that material components can be separated easily and can be used efficiently.

The carbon gasification and fission gas formation, coupled with the melting out of usable valuable materials, can also be carried out in an advantageous manner in a shaft furnace of known type, whereby the oxygen is supplied to the compressed process coke shaft in a known manner. Temperatures of more than 1,500 ° C can be easily generated in the solid pyrolysis residues, at which steel and other metals as well as glasses melt. These recyclables can be discharged in fractional tapping or in an overflow. The use of oxygen instead of air is of considerable advantage in order to achieve high temperatures, low gas velocities and volumes and to avoid the formation of nitrogen-oxygen compounds.

The escape of the volatile compounds formed by thermal cleavage from the tightly filled containers is favored if the front side is open and perforated metal pipes or the like. be used. With appropriate dimensioning, optimal conditions result with regard to the gas outlet, the manufacturing costs and the applicable degassing temperatures.

The material to be disposed of can also be pre-compacted for transport and intermediate storage in thermally decomposable containers made of mechanically solid material and later compacted in the thermally stable degassing tubes which are subjected to pyrolysis.

In a present exemplary embodiment, a multiplicity of containers, for example tubular cartridges with additional radial rings which enlarge their outer surface, are circulated in a continuous furnace. In this way, the capacity of a plant can be maximized.

The compaction of household waste or the like. can be significantly improved if a sterilizing hot gas, preferably hot steam, is applied to the material to be disposed of during the pre-compaction. This increases the possibility of its plasticization and the chemical stability of the material to be disposed of, as well as its shelf life without any unpleasant smells and gas formation.

Because of the desired high thermal conductivity to and within the disposal material for pyrolysis, but also for reasons of storage, transport and optimal disposal volume for degassing, it is advisable to fill the container so that the filling density for household waste is approximately 1 kg / dm³. A periodically operating hammer, which is driven mechanically, hydraulically or pneumatically, can be used as the stuffing device for the compacting filling of the containers.

If the densely filled containers are temporarily stored before they are sent for thermal recycling, it is advantageous if the end faces of the tubular container filled with post-compacted waste are covered with thermally decomposable films or coatings. In this way, direct emissions of pollutants to the environment are excluded, and, on the other hand, unpleasant smells are avoided. The thermally decomposable cover can be used thermally in the subsequent pyrolysis. In addition to plastic foils, bituminous coatings are suitable for this purpose, which can be applied inexpensively and easily. Otherwise, the containers behave practically self-cleaning when using the pressure pyrolysis according to the invention. Their use not only optimizes the conditions for the pyrolysis itself, but also reduces the transport volume by approx. 80% when used as a transport container. The compressed pyrolysis coke obtained as a result of pyrolysis has excellent flow properties, so that it is particularly suitable for subsequent coal gasification.

In the method described above, for the first time in waste pyrolysis, part of the natural moisture of the waste is converted to combustible gas by the described hydrocarbon gas reaction.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the pyrolysis process according to the invention, the pyrolysis material is introduced with compression into a pyrolysis chamber which consists of a single pyrolysis tube or a channel-like pyrolysis oven and while maintaining the compressed state through the cross-section of the chamber the heated tube or the channel is pushed through, the heat being supplied to the pyrolysis material through the walls which are in pressure contact therewith and the gaseous pyrolysis products which form are removed at elevated pressure.

The forced conveyance of the compressed pyrolysis material ensures constant pressure contact between the pyrolysis material and the heated chamber wall, so that the heat transfer from the chamber walls to the pyrolysis material is optimized.

In addition, the volume loss in the pyrolysis chamber due to degassing (pyrolysis gas / water vapor) and / or discharge of solid components is compensated for by refilling and recompressing with pyrolysis material.

The higher pressure in the pyrolysis chamber guarantees a better forced flow of the pyrolysis material and the pyrolysis coke through the gaseous pyrolysis components, which leads to better heating and a shorter degassing time, so that a high performance of the system is guaranteed.

Compression, forced conveyance and post-compression of the pyrolysis material are carried out intermittently in an advantageous process development.

The pyrolysis material and the solid residues can be introduced in a simple manner in that the tubular or channel-shaped pyrolysis chamber may have adjustable cross-sectional constrictions on its inlet and outlet side, so that plugs also form on the outlet side. The self-sealing plug is constantly renewed by the continuous feeding and compression of pyrolysis material.

When using such an elongated pyrolysis chamber according to the invention, into which the waste material is introduced while maintaining a compacted state, whereby it works in a continuous manner, there is very good thermal conductivity for and into the compacted waste material because of the given air pore-free Pressure contact with the wall of the chamber. The use of pyrolysis chambers whose length to diameter is greater than 10: 1 has proven to be an advantageous length / diameter ratio.

A batchwise, i.e. Intermittent forced conveyance of the pyrolysis material or the post-compressed solid residue also has the advantage that, in cooperation with the pressure contact of the pyrolysis material with the chamber walls, incrustations and caking of pyrolysis residues on the chamber walls are removed by constant friction of the pyrolysis material that is moving in. The pyrolysis chamber is self-cleaning in such an embodiment. It also does not contain any moving components that lead to malfunctions during long-term operation and can cause difficulties, particularly with regard to sealing and lubrication.

The solid pyrolysis residues are advantageously brought out in the hot state (approx. 400 ° C.) in a melting cyclone (afterburning chamber) and burned there with the addition of oxygen or melted to form slag.

The entire energy content of the hot pyrolysis coke can be used directly.

When using pure oxygen or at least oxygen-enriched air, the high nitrogen content of the air does not have to be heated, so that the exhaust gas volume is considerably reduced and the exhaust gas purification is technically easy to control and less expensive.

The high carbon content of the residual material resulting from low-temperature pyrolysis has good pollutant-binding properties. This can be further supported by adding pollutant-binding additives to the pyrolysis material before compression.

Another particular advantage results from the fact that the exit of the gaseous pyrolysis products from the pyrolysis chamber at the end the conveyor line takes place. In this case, the hot gaseous pyrolysis products on the one hand flow through the full length of the pyrolysis material, and on the other hand the pyrolysis chamber is not pressurized until immediately before it is applied, which simplifies the sealing of the pyrolysis chamber on the outlet side. In accordance with the resulting flow of the gaseous pyrolysis products and the resulting pressure drop along the pyrolysis chamber, the highest pressures prevail on the introduction side and ensure both rapid heating and rapid degassing.

Optimal heat transfer through pressure contact, optimized thermal conductivity by reducing the pore volume and additional volume heating by the gaseous pyrolysis products themselves are advantages of the pyrolysis process according to the invention with regard to the heating of the pyrolysis product compared to the prior art. By pyrolysis itself, the thermal conductivity of the pyrolysis material is constantly improved, especially in the contact zones of the walls, so that the areas which are preferably pyrolyzed here also pass the heat on to the interior areas, which are not yet so far pyrolyzed, by good heat conduction. An additional effect is given by the fact that the carbon-rich residues have much better heat conduction in the compressed or post-compressed state than the original pyrolysis material. The state of compaction of pyrolysis material and residues according to the invention and the constant pressure contact of the pyrolysis material with the chamber walls not only minimize the necessary dimensions of the pyrolysis chamber, they also shorten the necessary pyrolysis time considerably.

In the processing of industrial wrecks, such as cars, refrigerators, washing machines and the like, large-scale portioning of the scrap material, through cutting and / or upsetting, while maintaining its mixed and composite structure, results in easy-to-handle scrap packages with minimal preparation. In particular by upsetting the industrial wrecks, it is possible to obtain scrap packages of approximately uniform external dimensions, which facilitates their handling in the pyrolysis chamber. The portioning of the scrap is expediently carried out in such a way that sufficient degassing volumes remain. The large-volume portioning also makes it easier to load the pyrolysis chamber with the help of intermittently working loading and unloading devices for the scrap material.

In particular when the method is applied to vehicles to be scrapped, it may be expedient to carry out the large-volume portioning of the scrap by structurelessly dividing it into relatively large wreck sections. In this way, the size of the pyrolysis portions can be limited. The cutting can be done with the help of tear grippers as well as other cutting or separating methods. Dipping the wreckage sections thus obtained to predetermined dimensions can be expedient to simplify handling.

The afterburning of the pyrolysis gases can be carried out in a separate part of the pyrolysis chamber in the process according to the invention, which has the advantage that part of the heat of combustion can be used directly to maintain the pyrolysis. However, it will often be advisable to carry out the low-pollution post-combustion in a separate post-combustion chamber. In this case, the combustion conditions can be controlled more precisely, which ensures that the exhaust gases are free of harmful substances.

An easier handling - and thus an advantageous further development of the method - can consist in the fact that the mixed scrap, combined in collecting containers, passes through the pyrolysis chamber. Such a procedure is particularly expedient when different consumer wrecks are used whose outer dimensions are very different.

The temperature of the pyrolysis chamber is expediently controlled so that when the degassing and at least partial gasification of the pyrolysis-compatible components of the scrap is complete, the melting temperature of the slag residues is not reached. This procedure has advantages: the pyrolysis residues do not melt onto the metallic components of the scrap and can be easily separated, and the pyrolysis residues that have not yet been mineralized (melted) still contain in porous form, i.e. with a large active surface, absorbent carbon for binding pollutants.

Mixed scrap generally contains only a limited amount of pyrolyzable material. For example, the non-metallic components of a vehicle of a conventional type are less than 30%. For reasons of disposal of a region as well as for energy reasons, it may therefore be advisable to add waste with a higher calorific value to the mixed scrap. This can be done in a simple way by using the consumer wrecks themselves as "containers" by partially filling their remaining cavities with this waste. Another possibility is to first compact the additional waste together with the portioned wrecks into the containers mentioned and then send them into the pyrolysis chamber. Another possibility for developing the process according to the invention is that several pyrolysis chambers are assigned to afterburning. In particular, if separate afterburning chambers are provided, this possibility brings advantages if the loading of the pyrolysis chambers takes place with a time delay such that the sum of the gas developments can be kept approximately constant.

Both in the processing of domestic and industrial waste as well as industrial wrecks or the like. The pyrolysis products that are disposed of usually contain pollutants that are not released to the environment may be delivered.

According to the invention, therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the solid, liquid and / or gaseous process products obtained during the pyrolysis and containing the pollutants are passed into one or more melt baths which are kept at different temperature values and / or have different compositions. Because the pyrolysis products containing pollutants are passed through melt baths, the temperature values of which can be in the range from 1,500 ° C to 2,000 ° C, it is possible to optimally set both the decomposition temperatures of organic pollutants and, for example, the condensation temperature of inorganic pollutants in individual baths and in narrow spaces Keep boundaries constant. Depending on the application, a melting tank can be sufficient.

In the high-temperature melt baths, the organic pollutants are first completely decomposed. It has a particularly advantageous effect that the flow through at least one melt pool is associated with much lower speeds than the combustion of the contaminants in a gas burner according to the prior art. In the high-temperature liquid, the contact times between contaminated gas or liquid and / or solid contaminations are favored in such a way that longer distances can be dispensed with. The method according to the invention can work with a device structure which is of a considerably simpler and more compact design than the known comparable systems. Passing the pollutant-laden gaseous pyrolysis products through a high-temperature molten bath requires, as in conventional filter systems, a certain pressure drop, which can be generated both by precompressing the materials containing pollutants to be passed through and feeding them to the high-temperature molten bath under excess pressure, and also by the fact that the molten bath is included Vacuum is applied.

The melting baths can consist of one or different materials that melt at the high temperatures in question. In addition to the desired temperature range, the choice of material for the baths depends on the pollutant conversion desired for the bath in question. Metallic baths are cheap for the conversion of certain pollutant combinations. Melting baths made of glass can be adjusted in terms of their viscosity to a large temperature range in such a way that the pollutant-containing material can be passed through and divided without problems. In addition, glass also has excellent integration properties for solid inorganic pollutants. For example, lead and arsenic are so-called network formers in the existing glass structures, which can be installed in appropriately formulated glasses without problems and leach-proof with a high absorption capacity. Another advantage of using glasses as a high-temperature molten bath is the fact that any unsorted, otherwise difficult to use used glass can be used.

If the method according to the invention is applied to the post-cleaning of waste products from waste pyrolysis, the unavoidable proportion of waste glass in household waste can be used directly. In the case of glass melts whose temperatures are above 1,200 ° C., it is ensured that all organic pollutants that could be contained in the exhaust gases are completely decomposed, in particular also dioxins or furans.

In addition to the above-mentioned metal and glass melting baths, baths consisting of molten salts offer the advantage that pollutant components such as chlorine, fluorine and sulfur or the like are neutralized here and converted into environmentally neutral compounds. Depending on the type of pollutant quantity and pollutant composition of the pyrolysis products, it is expedient to connect several melting baths in series, whereby they can be staggered according to the temperature so that the temperature of the previous bath is always higher than that of the bath following in the process sequence. This advantageously has the effect that the heat given off by the pyrolysis products heats the subsequent bath in the process sequence, so that external heating can largely be dispensed with. In such a cascade-shaped bath arrangement, the high-temperature baths can additionally be heated by burning the pyrolysis coke obtained with the supply of oxygen. In the baths of the cascade mentioned, which have lower temperature values, pollutants which remain volatile at temperatures at which organic substances are decomposed can be condensed and chemically integrated so that they can be applied in insoluble form.

The scientific knowledge currently available on the decomposition of organic pollutants and the incorporation of inorganic pollutants in the form of mineralization in combination with additional pollutant condensation show that the process according to the invention guarantees that the gases treated in this way are free of pollutants. Measuring monitoring of the gases freed from pollutants can either be omitted or reduced to a minimum, for example by monitoring a guide element or a guide connection.

The gas-tight arrangement of a high-temperature bath or a melt pool cascade directly at the discharge opening of the pyrolysis reactor makes locks susceptible to faults unnecessary.

The differences in the specific weight between glasses and metals, as well as salt melts, allow the fractional application of recyclable materials carried in the pyrolysis residues in melt baths of the appropriate temperature in a simple and hygienically perfect manner.

If the previously practiced pyrolysis technology is based on improving and accelerating the heating of the waste by loosening, which leads to complex processing plants and voluminous pyrolysis furnaces, the reactive compaction according to the invention is based on the observation that by compressing loose mixed waste to densities of Part more than 2 g / m³, the thermal conductivity in the material to be pyrolyzed can be improved so far that the pyrolysis in this compressed state becomes problem-free. This is why we speak of low-temperature pressure pyrolysis. The contents of the waste, which can be found in the melt baths, also improve the thermal conductivity during pyrolysis; Inert substances, such as glass, do not interfere with the process.

Reactive compacting therefore offers all the prerequisites to meet the requirements for modern, economical disposal of waste products, especially since there are no fundamental restrictions for the function of smaller plants.

• Figur 1 eine schematische Schnittdarstellung einer ersten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung mit einem einzigen Pyrolyserohr mit zugeordnetem Einschmelzvergaser;
• Figur 2 die Prinzipskizze einer als Durchlaufofen aufgebauten, anderen vorteilhaften Pyrolysekammer für die Aufnahme einer Mehrzahl von Pyrolysebehältnissen in Verbindung mit einem anderen Hochtemperaturofen;
• Figur 3 eine Draufsicht auf die Anordnung gemäß Fig. 2;
• Figur 4 eine noch weitere, besonders vorteilhafte Ausführung einer Durchlauf-Pyrolysekammer mit nachgeschaltetem Einschmelzofen und
• Figur 5 eine Draufsicht auf die Ausführungsform gemäß Fig. 4.

Three, for example, device structures for the recative compacting, the low-temperature pressure pyrolysis, the transport and intermediate storage options according to the invention given by the pre-compression, as well as the high-temperature treatment are explained in more detail with the aid of the drawings, which are only intended to represent schematic embodiments in a greatly simplified form. Show it:

• Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a first embodiment of the device according to the invention with a single pyrolysis tube with an associated melter gasifier;
• FIG. 2 shows the basic sketch of another advantageous pyrolysis chamber constructed as a continuous furnace for receiving a plurality of pyrolysis containers in connection with another high-temperature furnace;
• Figure 3 is a plan view of the arrangement of FIG. 2;
• Figure 4 shows yet another particularly advantageous embodiment of a continuous pyrolysis chamber with a downstream melting furnace and
• FIG. 5 shows a top view of the embodiment according to FIG. 4.

In Fig. 1, a heatable tube, hereinafter referred to as pyrolysis tube 1, is arranged vertically above a melt pool container 10 and connected to it in a gastight manner. The tube provides a pyrolysis chamber. The material is transported between the tube 1 and the melt pool container 10 by gravity. Elaborate, temperature-stressed and failure-prone transport facilities are eliminated. A pre-compression device for the pyrolysis material to be filled into the upper opening of the vertical pyrolysis tube 1 on the loading side should be provided in a suitable manner, but is not shown for reasons of simplified illustration. A pre-compression device has the advantage of being able to feed bulky pyrolysis material to the pyrolysis tube 1 without prior treatment. The supply of the pyrolysis material is favored by a funnel-shaped expansion of the pyrolysis tube 1 in the upper opening area. A tamping device 2 moves periodically into the funnel-shaped widening and brings the pre-compressed pyrolysis material in batches into and through the pyrolysis tube 1.

The tamping device 2 is a pneumatic, hydraulic or gravity-operated hammer, as is commercially available in a comparable design and mode of operation, for example for ramming sheet piling or foundation piles. The hammer is guided with the help of guide rollers or other suitable guides to the pyrolysis tube in such a way that it can be moved up and down in the vertical direction. Its plunger 2 'has a shaped head piece with which the pyrolysis material is periodically plugged or hammered into the pyrolysis tube 1. The only positive connection between the pyrolysis material and hammer has the significant advantage that no inadmissibly high forces can occur in the loading area, which are otherwise inevitable in the case of a positively driven tamping device. In particular, solid components in the pyrolysis material, such as metal parts or the like, could otherwise overload the stuffing device. This is excluded in the device as described above. The pyrolysis tube 1, which picks up unsorted pyrolysis material, which is moved intermittently through it over its entire length, has a length / diameter ratio of greater than 1:10. With tubes of this geometry, the feed rate of the pyrolysis material can be particularly advantageously adapted to the compression state of the pyrolysis material in the pyrolysis tube 1 and thus the pressure on the walls of the pyrolysis tube. The pyrolysis material leaves the mouth of the pyrolysis tube 1 completely pyrolyzed with an optimized throughput.

The pyrolysis tube 1 is expediently heated by gas burners 9 which act from the outside and which are arranged distributed along the tube within the heating jacket 16. External heating with gas burners has the great advantage that the pyrolysis gases can be used directly for this. The interposition of a control device 8 between the gas outlets 6 from the pyrolysis tube 1 and the burner 9 allows the process control in a simple manner. The pyrolysis tube 1 is heated to temperatures between 250 ° C and 500 ° C, the charging area of the pyrolysis tube being excluded from the heating. In this area, when the plug is plugged, a solid stopper is formed, which reliably prevents gas from escaping from the mouth of the pyrolysis tube and which is constantly renewing itself. This is a major advantage, since gas-tight feed locks, which have proven to be fault-prone in pyrolysis systems, are completely unnecessary. The exhaust gases from the gas burners 9 are collected in the jacket 16 and fed to an exhaust gas chimney through an outlet 7, possibly via a filter system. The outlet openings 6 for the pyrolysis gases from the pyrolysis tube 1 are located in the vicinity of the mouth region of the pyrolysis tube. They are collected in a ring line and fed to the control device 8 for distribution. Not shown in FIG. 1 is the advantageous possibility of preheating the combustion air for the operation of the gas burners, for example by guiding it along the outer surfaces of the heating jacket 16, and / or enriching the combustion air with oxygen. The increase in the flame temperature of the burners associated with these measures guarantees the decomposition of organic pollutants in the pyrolysis gas and thus the absence of pollutants in the exhaust gases.

The outlet region of the pyrolysis tube 1 has a conical narrowing part 14, the cross section of which can be regulated if necessary. With this constructive measure it is achieved that the remaining solids of the pyrolysis are post-compressed, whereby the outlet area of the pyrolysis tube 1 is also sealed against gas leakage. The back pressure in the pyrolysis material associated with this post-compression favors its compression when plugging and improves the overall process of pyrolysis.

The melt pool container 10 is arranged in alignment under the pyrolysis tube 1. It is provided with a fire-resistant inner lining 11 which can be subjected to a temperature above 1,300 ° C. The melting bath is heated with the help of the gas burners 9 ', which are directed onto the surface of the melting bath. Their effect can be supported by means of a controllable oxygen supply, not shown in FIG. 1. With the help of the oxygen supply, carbon-containing pyrolysis residues can be completely combusted, which on the one hand reduces the amount of solid residues, but on the other hand also adds thermal energy to the melt pool. An oxygen supply is also possible due to excess oxygen in the combustion gas of the burners 9 '. The high melt bath temperature leads to a Mineralization of the pyrolysis residues. The mineralized slag guarantees a leach-proof incorporation of any pollutants and thus turns the residues into environmentally friendly or inert materials for the building materials industry or the like.

Waste glass contents of the pyrolysis material favor these properties. Sorting out the old glass before pyrolysis is not necessary. The physical properties of the melt pool 12 in the melt pool container 10 can be improved by additives which are added to the pyrolysis material before it is introduced into the pyrolysis tube 1. Surcharges of lime or dolomite both bind pollutants during pyrolysis and liquefy the slag in the molten pool.

According to the representation in Fig. 1, the outlet area of the pyrolysis tube 1 is followed by a dip tube 13 immersed in the melt pool 12, which prevents the transfer of dusts from the pyrolysis residues into the gas space of the melt pool container 10 and ensures the direct introduction of the residues into the melt. The exhaust gases from the molten bath container 10 are returned to the pyrolysis gases through an exhaust gas line 18. Your possible pollutant content is made harmless by the afterburning in the gas burner 9 or 9 '. The possible reduction in the calorific values of the pyrolysis gases associated with the gas recirculation is largely compensated for by the higher temperature of the exhaust gases of the melt pool container 10.

The high temperature of the melt pool for the pyrolysis residues not only enables effective pollutant incorporation through mineralization, it also offers the possibility of separating valuable pyrolysis contents. If, for example, the temperature of the molten bath 12 is chosen to be greater than the melting temperature of steel, mineralizable light materials which float on the molten steel can be fractionally discharged through several overflows at different heights of the molten bath container. By separation Recyclable metals not only reduce the landfill space that is then required, but the effectiveness of the process is further increased.

The operation of the device shown in Fig. 1 is as follows: The periodic tamping movement of the device 2, 2 'in the direction of the arrow causes the pyrolysis material to be highly compressed in the unheated mouth region of the pyrolysis tube 1 and forms the desired sealing plug. Due to the continuous pushing through of the pyrolysis material, this plug is always newly formed and results in a maintenance-free, reliable seal. With the entry into the subsequent heating section, the pyrolysis of the compressed material begins from the pipe wall. The constant replenishment of pyrolysis material compensates for the loss of mass through pyrolysis, so that the pressure of the pyrolysis material against the pipe wall, which is necessary for good heat transfer, is maintained until the end. With increasing push-through, the thickness of the pyrolysed ring zone increases inwards from the tube wall, so that shortly before the outlet region, approximately at the level of the outlet bores 6 for the pyrolysis gas, the pyrolysis material is completely pyrolyzed. The remaining solid residues of the pyrolysis finally fall through the immersion tube 13 into the molten bath 12, where they are melted and mineralized.

The compact design of the pyrolysis device, made possible by the principle of reactive compacting, allows the loss of uncontrolled waste heat through effective thermal insulation to be avoided and noise emissions to be suppressed by shielding.

Another embodiment of the device for performing the present method is shown schematically in FIGS. 2 and 3. According to this, the pyrolysis chamber does not consist of a vertical pipe which directly receives the waste to be pyrolyzed, but rather a continuous furnace 23 which has a plurality of Containers 21 in the form of cartridges. The cylindrical cartridges 21 thus take the place of the individual tube of the previously described embodiment as a tube section. The containers or cartridges 21 are filled with the disposal material, such as household waste, in a compacting manner before being introduced into the continuous furnace 23 in an adjacent or remote filling station, and the garbage present in compressed form inside the cartridges 21 is in this form in a lock 22, which forms the feed opening for the pyrolysis chamber, the continuous furnace 23. The pyrolysis gas is prevented from escaping through the airlock when the individual cartridges are inserted and subsequently removed. For this purpose, the individual cartridges 21 are successively brought into position on a suitable transport member 37 under the lock 22 and conveyed from there into the continuous furnace by a lifting movement.

The filling of the cartridges 21 does not have to be connected locally to the plant of the pyrolysis furnace, but rather can be carried out at any location, for example in a municipal waste collection point, to which any waste material is delivered in loose or slightly pre-compacted form. The waste to be disposed of is compacted into place in the empty cartridges provided by means of simple tamping devices. The cartridges, which are provided in standard sizes, are transported from the collection and storage locations to the processing plant with the space-saving compacted waste. The waste material is compacted into the tube cartridges while maintaining its mixed and composite structure, i.e. without prior sorting or separation of certain waste components. The filled tube cartridges can be stored temporarily and can be reused as often as you like after reusable packaging after pyrolysis and emptying.

The pyrolysis chamber in the embodiment according to FIGS. 2 and 3 from a continuous cross-section furnace 23 which is rectangular in cross section and which, separated by a guide wall 33, receives two rows of cartridges which are circulated through the furnace by means of suitable pushing devices 22. For this purpose, a total of four feed devices 24 are practically provided on the diametrically opposite wall sections of the continuous furnace 23 in order to be able to specify the four feed directions of the cartridges 21. The feed is intermittent by one cartridge at a time. The continuous furnace 23 consists of a furnace housing 32 lined with refractory material 31. The interior of the continuous furnace 21, ie the pyrolysis chamber, is kept at a temperature of 400 ° C. to 600 ° C., and the individual cartridges 21 are circulated in the manner shown . Intermittently, they are pushed through the furnace in such a way that each cartridge stays inside the pyrolysis chamber for about 3 hours, which means that the waste is completely degassed or the like. Disposal material is ensured within the cartridges. The passage of the individual cartridges 21 through the continuous furnace 23 begins after the filled cartridges 21 'have been moved through the lock 22 progressively along one half of the continuous furnace between the guide wall 33 and the furnace housing over the longitudinal extension of the pyrolysis chamber to its opposite end wall by means of one Feed device 24, then along the end wall by means of a second feed device and finally in the opposite direction again between the longitudinal wall of the furnace housing and the guide wall 33 by means of the third push device. The fact that the pushing devices intermittently actuate a slide, piston or plunger 35 results in the step movement mentioned. The fourth pushing device 24 pushes the cartridge 21 ″, which has completely passed through the furnace, into an aligned position via the high-temperature furnace 26 arranged at this end of the pyrolysis chamber below the continuous furnace 23. Also in alignment above the cartridge 21 "to be emptied and thus in alignment with the high-temperature furnace 26 is an ejection device 27. This ejection device empties the completely pyrolyzed cartridge 21", so that the pyrolysis products in the form of compressed carbon and inert materials such as metal compounds, glass - And other minerals fall through the opening 28 into the melt 29 of the high-temperature furnace 26. The high-temperature furnace 26 is a melt pool container approximately in the manner of a melt-down gasifier, which is operated like the melt pool container 10 in accordance with the embodiment according to FIG. 1. The ejection device 27 and the molten bath container 29 are in gas-tight connection with the interior of the continuous furnace 23. The molten bath container is connected to the furnace housing 32 via a seal 36 for this purpose. The charging device 34 is also connected in a gas-tight manner to the furnace housing. The high-temperature furnace 26 is indicated schematically in the lateral sectional view according to FIG. 2 only by a furnace wall 39. An integral part of the high-temperature furnace 26 is then a collecting container 30, which communicates via an overflow 38 communicating with the melt 29, so that the fractional tapping of the melt, which may occur, does not have to take place directly above and out of the high-temperature furnace.

The volatile gases which accumulate during the pyrolysis process within the cartridges 21 which pass through the continuous furnace 23 step by step, together with the water vapor, are likewise fed to the molten bath tank 29 via one or more gas outlets 25 and are used here for heating, together with the resulting carbon, with the additional supply of oxygen and keeping the temperature of the melt 29 constant in the high-temperature furnace as well as in the collecting container 30.

By using oxygen propane or oxygen process gas burners for heating the continuous furnace 23 can be particularly advantageous Temperature values in the range of 2,000 ° C can be specified in the high temperature zone of the burner. This makes it possible, on the one hand, to thermally decompose the higher molecular weight organic compounds and pollutants that arise directly in the pyrolysis gas within the pyrolysis chamber, and on the other hand to rid the process gases used for energy generation instead of propane of the traces of pollutants it contains by means of a cracking process and to render them harmless. This procedure thus not only leads to greatly reduced organic pollutant proportions, but there are also greatly reduced process gas quantities for gas cleaning prior to external energy use.

After the cartridge 21 ″ has been emptied in the aligned position to the high-temperature furnace 26, it is guided in the circuit up to the position in alignment over the lock 22 in order to be discharged there by means of the loading device 34 and placed on the transport member 37. The empty cartridges 21 'are either immediately refilled with waste or brought to a distant tamping system by truck. It is also possible to provide separate locks for loading and unloading from or into the continuous furnace.

In the high-temperature furnace 26 by the combustion of the gases resulting from the pyrolysis on the one hand and the combustion of the carbon compressed by the pressure pyrolysis on the other hand with the addition of oxygen, the temperature is maintained so that the upper furnace area has approximately 1,000 ° C, while within the melt in the lower Should prevail around 1,600 ° C. Depending on the waste supply, the melt is composed of liquid slag, glass, metal and other inert substances in different concentrations. The melt, which flows via the overflow 38 into the collecting container 30, is withdrawn from there intermittently or continuously.

In Figures 4 and 5 is a side elevation and a top view reproduced yet another, particularly preferred exemplary embodiment of a device for carrying out the pyrolysis process according to the invention. The pyrolysis chamber then consists of an elongated, essentially horizontally oriented channel-like furnace shaft 40 with an inlet end 41 and an outlet end 42. Via a feed device 51, which in the exemplary embodiment is approximately box-shaped, the material to be pyrolyzed is either in the form of, for example, undensified and unsorted accruing waste or pre-compacted portioned, for example combined in thermally decomposable containers, introduced. For this purpose, the feed device 51 has a compressor 52 and a thrust ram 53. This double pushing stamp device, the stamps of which work mutually, that is, alternately, perpendicularly to one another, as can be seen in particular from the illustration according to FIG. 4, is there from above, that is again perpendicular to the two stamping movements, with waste material, the mixture of which - And composite structure can be arbitrary, fed intermittently. The non-compacted or pre-compacted disposal material undergoes a further compacting by means of the compressor 52, whereupon it is then also intermittently stuffed into the open shaft 40 and thus the actual pyrolysis chamber by means of the pushing stamp 53. On the loading side, a solid, gas-impermeable plug is thus formed at the entry end 41 from the disposal material that is always to be replenished, and at the same time the compressed disposal material 57 is pushed through the entire cross-section of the furnace shaft along the pyrolysis chamber through the intermittent tamping process while maintaining this compressed state it is in pressure contact with the chamber walls over its entire length and also remains in this state. To carry out the low-temperature pressure pyrolysis, a heating jacket 54 is placed around the furnace shaft 40, so that the pyrolysis chamber is heated analogous to the embodiment according to FIG. 1 described above.

The state of compaction of the pyrolysis material within the pyolysis chamber can be regulated both by means of an inlet-side cross-section meter 56 and by means of an outlet-side cross-section meter 55, whereby the outlet-side cross section meter 55 can also be designed, for example, in the form of a flap, so that it simultaneously serves as an ejection device for the pyrolysis material at the discharge end 42 can serve the pyrolysis chamber. The exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 4 and 5 shows that portioned quantities of disposal material are continuously pushed through the furnace shaft 40 here. Otherwise, the pyrolysis process in the channel-like pyrolysis chamber shown corresponds essentially to the pyrolysis process in the tubular pyrolysis chamber according to the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1.

The outlet 43 at the end of the furnace shaft 40 for the pyrolysis product degassed there is located in the bottom of the furnace shaft 40, which is rectangular in cross section, as shown in FIG. 4, and is connected via a gas seal 48 directly to the melt pool container 44 or a melter gasifier arranged below it. The structure or mode of operation of the melt pool container 44 is again comparable to that of the melt pool container 10 of the embodiment according to FIG. 1 or the high-temperature furnace 26 in accordance with the embodiment of FIGS. 2 and 3.

The melt bath container 44 provided with a corresponding ff lining has the bath melt 46 in its lower region, on the surface of which a plurality of oxygen lances 45 are directed, and in the upper recessed region of the melt bath container there is at least one gas vent 47 Exemplary embodiment, a melt bath outlet 49 is drawn in, and the melt product can be drawn off into a melt vessel 50 here.

5 shows the longitudinal sectional illustration of FIG. 4 in a top view, in addition, an end flap 58 for the feed device 51 for the garbage or the like. Disposal material is indicated.

Claims (24)

Process for intermediate storage, transport and / or energy and material recycling of industrial, special and domestic waste and of industrial wrecks of various compositions and similar types of waste,
characterized by
that the material to be disposed is compressed to a fraction of its original volume while maintaining its mixed and composite structure and is subjected to pyrolysis in compressed form, that all of the pyrolysis products under increased pressure are immediately subjected to high-temperature exposure, without intermediate cooling, in which the compressed carbon portions of the pyrolysis products gasified by splitting at least part of the water vapor carried and the gaseous constituents from the total of the pyrolysis products are split into low molecular weight components and likewise gasified, and finally the metallic and mineral constituents are melted out and separated from the remaining total. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the high temperature admission is carried out with the addition of oxygen in such a way that the carbon dioxide from the exothermic reaction of carbon with oxygen is converted into carbon monoxide according to Boudouard's reaction, and that temperatures of more than 1,500 ° C are applied to the totality of the React products react. Method according to claim 1 and claim 2, characterized in that the material to be disposed of is first compacted into packages of approximately the same geometry which are geometrically adapted to a container shape, that the material to be compacted in this way is compressed into such containers with the aid of a stuffing device and that the material to be disposed of is subsequently compacted in it State of pyrolysis is subjected. Prolysis process for the degassing of organic substances, such as domestic, industrial waste and the like, in a heatable pyrolysis chamber, characterized in that the pyrolysis material is introduced into the pyrolysis chamber with compression and, while maintaining the compressed state, passes through the cross-section of the chamber so that the supply of heat to the pyrolysis material through the chamber walls in pressure contact with the compressed pyrolysis material and that the gaseous pyrolysis products which are formed are removed at elevated pressure. A method according to claim 4, characterized in that the pyrolysis chamber is sealed gas-tight in its loading area by the compressed pyrolysis material and that it has an increased flow resistance in the outflow area of the gaseous pyrolysis products by post-compression of the solid pyrolysis residues. Process according to claims 4 and 5, characterized in that the solid pyrolysis residues are post-compressed before they are applied. Process according to claims 4 to 6, characterized in that the pyrolysis material is conveyed through a tubular or channel-like pyrolysis chamber. Process according to claims 6 and 7, characterized in that the supply of the pyrolysis material, its compression and the passage through the pyrolysis chamber take place intermittently. Process for the environmentally friendly preparation of consumer and industrial goods to be scrapped, such as automobile wrecks or the like. according to claims 1 and 4,
characterized by the following process steps: a) large-volume portioning of the scrap material by cutting and / or compressing (pressing) while maintaining its mixed and composite structure; b) intermittent introduction of the largely dismantled scrap into a pyrolysis chamber (smoldering furnace); c) thermal processing of the contents of the pyrolysis chamber until complete degassing and at least partial gasification of the carbon-containing organic components. Process according to Claims 1, 6 and 9, characterized in that the solid, liquid and / or gaseous process products obtained after the pyrolysis and containing the pollutants are passed through a plurality of melt baths which are kept at different temperature values and / or have different compositions will. Process according to Claim 10, characterized in that the process products are passed through melt baths with falling temperature values, so that the temperature of the previous bath is always higher than that of the bath following in the course of the process. Method according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the heat treatment of the disposal material remaining in the compacted state in the container is carried out in a continuous furnace in which a multiplicity of the containers are circulated. Device for carrying out the method according to claims 4 to 8,
characterized in that the pyrolysis chamber consists of a heatable tube (1), with a pre-compression device on its loading side, a stuffing device (2, 2 ') which introduces the pre-compressed pyrolysis material into the pyrolysis chamber with post-compression, at least one gas outlet device (6) in the vicinity of the outlet opening of the pyrolysis chamber and with one the pyrolysis chamber directly downstream of the outlet and connected to this in a gastight manner melt pool container (10). Apparatus according to claim 13, characterized by a predominantly vertically oriented arrangement of the pyrolysis tube (1) above the melt pool container (10). Apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that the stuffing device (2) is a pneumatic, hydraulic or gravity-operated hammer, a stuffing tappet (2 ') being immersed in the upper loading opening of the pyrolysis tube (1). Device according to at least one of claims 13 to 15, characterized by a loading device, consisting of a further pre-compression device, a transport pipe which connects the pre-compression device to a cross conveyor on the loading side of the pyrolysis tube (1), and a feed-through device for the pre-compressed pyrolysis material. Device for carrying out the method according to claims 1 and 12, characterized in that the pyrolysis chamber is a continuous furnace (23) which receives a plurality of containers (21) with compacted waste. Apparatus according to claim 17, characterized in that the containers (21) are moved intermittently in a circuit through the continuous furnace (23). Apparatus according to claim 17, characterized in that the continuous furnace (23) is elongated in rectangular shape in plan. Device for carrying out the method according to claims 1 and 4 to 7, characterized in that the pyrolysis chamber has the shape of a channel-like, predominantly horizontally oriented furnace shaft (40) which is encompassed by a heating jacket (54) over at least a substantial part of its circumferential surface. Apparatus according to claim 20, characterized in that the pre-compression device at the entry end (41) of the furnace shaft (40) is an alternately actuatable, double mutually operating double shear stamp device, consisting of a compressor (52) and thrust stamp (53). Apparatus according to claim 20, characterized in that the molten bath container (44) adjoining the discharge end (42) of the horizontally elongated pyrolysis chamber in a gas-tight seal (48) is arranged below the furnace shaft (40). Device according to claims 20 to 22, characterized in that the cross-section of the pyrolysis chamber at the entry and / or at the discharge end (41, 42) is provided for cross-section dosing devices (55, 56) which regulate the material to be disposed of or pyrolysis. Device according to claims 20 to 23, characterized in that the cross section of the pyrolysis chamber is rectangular.

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