EP0441583B1 - Kathodenstromsammler-Werkstoff für Festkathode-Zelle - Google Patents

Kathodenstromsammler-Werkstoff für Festkathode-Zelle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0441583B1
EP0441583B1 EP91300907A EP91300907A EP0441583B1 EP 0441583 B1 EP0441583 B1 EP 0441583B1 EP 91300907 A EP91300907 A EP 91300907A EP 91300907 A EP91300907 A EP 91300907A EP 0441583 B1 EP0441583 B1 EP 0441583B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
percent
current collector
cathode current
cathode
cell
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP91300907A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0441583A3 (en
EP0441583A2 (de
Inventor
Christine A. Frysz
W. Richard Brown
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Greatbatch Ltd
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Greatbatch Ltd
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Publication of EP0441583A3 publication Critical patent/EP0441583A3/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/669—Steels
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to a cathode current collector for lithium solid cathode cells, and more specifically to a highly alloyed nickel-containing ferritic stainless steel as cathode current collector material.
  • the cathode current collector serves several functions in a cell. First, the cathode current collector conducts the flow of electrons between the cell active material and the cell terminals. Second, the cathode current collector supports the cathode material utilized in the cell. But cathode current collector materials must maintain chemical stability and mechanical integrity in corrosive electrolytes throughout cell life. The availability of materials capable of operating at elevated temperatures are limited. Accordingly, whenever operating conditions are such that passivity is compromised, corrosion occurs.
  • Titanium has proven corrosion resistant as a cathode current collector material. However, at elevated temperatures i.e. 72°C or higher, titanium and other alloys used for fabricating cathode current collectors are known to exhibit corrosion when exposed to agressive cell environments.
  • ferritic stainless steel Another material proposed for use as a cathode current collector in cells is ferritic stainless steel.
  • FR-A-2 611 405 proposes the use of a variety of stainless steels for a current collector to be encapsulated in an electrically conductive polymer intended for use as an anode or cathode. Examples mentioned are austeitic, austens-ferritic and ferritic.
  • Japanese patent publication no. 186467 discloses using a ferritic stainless steel containing about 18-20 percent by weight chromium, 1.8-2.5 percent by weight molybdenum and the sum of interstitial elements titanium and niobium limited to less than 0.45 percent by weight.
  • Japanese patent publication no. 15067 discloses using a ferritic stainless steel containing about 29-31 percent by weight chromium, 1.7-2.3 percent by weight molybdenum and the sum of interstitial elements carbon and nitrogen limited to less than 0.015 percent by weight.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a cathode current collector material that exhibits high corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, such as about 180°C.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a cathode current collector material which is less expensive because it does not require costly melting procedures.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a cathode current collector suitable for lithium solid cathode cells.
  • EP-A-0 118 614 proposes the use of a high chrome stainless steel (i.e. containing more than 23% chromium) for the positive electrode can in an alkaline cell, to increase the resistance of the cell to corrosion by gastric juices.
  • a high chrome stainless steel i.e. containing more than 23% chromium
  • a cathode current collector material is provided for a solid cathode electrochemical cell.
  • the cathode current collector material comprises a highly alloyed nickel-containing ferritic stainless steel.
  • the cathode current collector provides high corrosion resistance particularly where elevated temperature storage and performance is required thereby increasing cell longevity relative to other cathode current collector materials.
  • the highly alloyed nickel-containing ferritic stainless steel comprises by weight:
  • the highly alloyed nickel-containing ferritic stainless steel comprises by weight:
  • the highly alloyed nickel-containing ferritic stainless steels described above further comprises by weight small amounts of trace elements.
  • the trace elements are selected from the group consisting of copper, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur and silicon.
  • the cathode current collector is preferably in the form of a sheet, or a screen.
  • an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a solid cathode material used in conjunction with a cathode current collector, and an ionically conductive electrolyte solution operatively associated with said anode and cathode, characterised in that said cathode current collector is in accordance with the above first aspect.
  • the anode is preferably a lithium anode.
  • the solid cathode is preferably selected from a metal oxide, metal oxide bronze and fluorinated carbon.
  • the metal oxide bronze is preferably silver vanadium oxide.
  • the fluorinated carbon is polycarbon monofluoride (CF x ) wherein x ranges from about 0.5 to about 1.2.
  • the present invention provides a cathode current collector material for lithium solid cathode cells comprising a highly alloyed nickel-containing ferritic stainless steel which provides superior corrosion resistance particularly where elevated temperature storage and performance is required thereby increasing cell longevity relative to other cathode current collector materials. Further, the cathode current collector material of the present invention is less expensive because it does not require costly melting procedures.
  • the highly alloyed nickel-containing ferritic stainless steel material for use as a cathode current collector according to the present invention as will be explained further on and formulated in Tables 1 and 3 is currently available under the name SUPERFERRIT (REMANIT 4575) supplied by Thyssen Brasswerke AG of West Germany. REMANIT is a trade name which may be a Registered Trade Mark in one or more of the territories designated by this application.
  • An alternative highly alloyed nickel-containing ferritic stainless steel material for use as a cathode current collector according to the present invention as will be explained further on and formulated in Tables 2 and 4 is currently available under the name AL 29-4-2 (or UNS S44800 in ASTM and ASME specifications) supplied by Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation of United States.
  • the cathode current collector material of the present invention generally comprises the elements chromium, molybdenum, nickel, carbon, nitrogen, niobium, zirconium and small amounts of other elements and iron.
  • the chromium element of the cathode current collector material confers general corrosion resistance, and resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion to the cathode current collector.
  • the chromium element of the cathode current collector material preferably comprises from about 27.0 percent to about 30.0 percent by weight of the material.
  • the element chromium comprises about 28.67 percent by weight of the material.
  • the molybdenum element of the cathode current collector material also confers general corrosion resistance, and resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion to the cathode current collector.
  • the molybdenum element of the cathode current collector material comprises from about 2.0 percent to about 4.2 percent by weight of the material.
  • the element molybdenum comprises about 2.32 percent by weight of the material.
  • the nickel element of the cathode current collector material improves aspects of corrosion resistance in very aggressive media such as reducing acids and under extreme conditions such as those simultaneously promoting stress corrosion cracking and crevice corrosion. Because these conditions often develop in cell environments, it has been discovered that the nickel element in the formulation does not serve as a detriment as suggested in Japanese patent publication no.'s 186467 and 15067.
  • the Japanese publications suggest with regard to cell performance that a cathode current collector material which includes the element nickel reacts negatively to environmental exposure. That is, stress corrosion cracking and crevice corrosion is noted.
  • the nickel element of the cathode current collector material comprises from about 2.0 percent to about 4.5 percent by weight of the material. For purposes of formulating a cathode current collector material within the scope of the present invention, and for illustration only, not limitation, the element nickel comprises about 3.5 percent by weight of the material.
  • cathode current collector material described herein reflects this advantage.
  • the elements carbon plus nitrogen comprises about .029 percent by weight of the material.
  • the elements niobium plus zirconium present in the cathode current collector material comprise by weight an amount greater than or equal to about ten times the percent of carbon plus nitrogen present in material.
  • the niobium and zirconium are included in the material to stabilize the carbon and nitrogen.
  • the elements niobium plus zirconium comprise about .29 percent by weight of the material.
  • cathode current collector material small amounts of other elements may be present in the cathode current collector material.
  • such elements may comprise by weight from about .03 percent to about .18 percent silicon, from about .01 percent to about .42 percent manganese, an amount less than or equal to about .02 percent sulfur, and amount less than or equal to about .025 percent phosphorus and an amount less than or equal to about .15 percent copper.
  • the cathode current collector material of the present invention may be fabricated by any of the following techniques: mechanical expansion, chemical machining, etching or milling, electrolytic etching, woven fabric, perforation or foil with vapor deposited bonding layer.
  • the following table sets forth a preferred formulation for the cathode current collector material of the present invention wherein the compositional ranges of the various elements are by weight percent of the total material: Table 1 from about 27.0 percent to about 29.0 percent chromium; from about 2.0 percent to about 3.0 percent molybdenum; from about 3.0 percent to about 4.5 percent nickel; the sum of carbon plus nitrogen in an amount less than or equal to .045 percent; the sum of niobium plus zirconium in an amount of at least ten times the percent of carbon plus nitrogen; small amounts of other elements; and the remainder being iron.
  • a cathode current collector material For purposes of formulating a cathode current collector material within the scope of the present invention, and for illustration only, not limitation, the following table sets forth a formulation wherein the composition of the various elements is by weight percent of the total material: Table 3 about 28.67% chromium; about 2.32% molybdenum; about 3.52% nickel; about 0.029% carbon plus nitrogen; about 0.29 niobium plus zirconium about 0.31% silicon; about 0.12% magnesium; about 0.15% phosphorous; and the remainder being iron.
  • the cathode current collector material of the present invention may be used in lithium solid cathode cells such as lithium fluorinated carbon cells, lithium metal oxide bronze cells, and lithium metal oxide cells.
  • lithium fluorinated carbon cells which enable use of the cathode current collector material of the present invention reference is made to U.S. Pat. No.'s 3,536,532, 3,700,502 and 4,271,242, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • An additional lithium fluorinated carbon cell compatible for use of the cathode current collector material of the present invention is the C-size cell designated series PMX-HT of Wilson Greatbatch Limited of Clarence, New York.
  • the PMX-HT cell demonstrates an energy density of from about 0.25 watt hrs./cc to about 0.6 watt hrs./cc to 2V under a nominal load of from about 3ohm to 1k ohm and at a temperature of from about -20°C to 180°C.
  • the cell exhibits consistent operational performance over a temperature range of from about -20°C to about 180°C with an operating life at 180°C of about eighteen days, provides an open circuit voltage output of from about 3.0 volts to about 3.5 volts, a nominal current capacity of 4.0Ah, a continuous discharge rate to 250mA, and an estimate self discharge rate of less than 2% per year.
  • discharge curves at 180°C and 301ohm and 56ohm loads respectively, showing the performance of the PMX-HT cell using the cathode current collector material SUPERFERRIT, as described herein.
  • the cell using this material as the cathode current collector is characterized as a 4 ampere hour cell. Further, it has been discovered that this cell using the SUPERFERRIT material as the cathode current collector exhibits better discharge performance at elevated temperatures i.e. 72°C or higher, than a cell using titanium as a cathode current collector.
  • the second group contained cathode plates in which the screens alone were humidified at 98% relative humidity for 30 hours then placed in a 110°C vacuum oven for 20 hours. Both these groups utilized expanded metal screens.
  • the third group consisted of cathode screens which were titanium screens machined and stamped as indicated in Figure 1. Screens were chemically machined from 304 low carbon austenitic stainless steel screens to a thickness of 0.127 mm (.005 inch). SUPERFERRIT material of 0.203 mm (.008 inch) thickness was obtained from Thyssen Co., Germany. These screens were machined and stamped as depicted in Figure 1.
  • SUPERFERRIT exhibited the better response to elevated temperature exposure in lithium silver vanadium oxide. Pitting corrosion was found on the titanium screen exposed to humidity after cathode plate fabrication but not on the pre-humidified titanium screen nor those having no post-cathode pressing humidity treatment. Examination of the SUPERFERRIT cathode current collector revealed no visual evidence of change in surface condition from that of pre-production surface conditions. Cells having 304L SS screens exhibited variable corrosion performance in the lithium silver vanadium oxide environment.
  • Example I To further evaluate the response of the cathode current collector materials of Example I at longer elevated temperature open circuit exposure, seven 7mm thick case negative lithium silver vanadium oxide cells were selected for 3 month storage at 72°C. Three groups sorted according to cathode material used were three Grade 1 titanium cells: expanded titanium (humidified screen), machined titanium (humidified plate) and machined titanium (as received); two SUPERFERRIT and two 304L SS containing cells. In addition, four of the seven cells, two titanium one SUPERFERRIT and one 304L SS, were submitted for 1k ohm discharge to observe the effect of elevated temperature storage on cell performance.
  • Anode surfaces of the SUPERFERRIT containing cells were fairly clean and bright.
  • the titanium containing cells exhibited small areas of dark grey to black discoloration at the terminal pin upon which small traces of titanium were detected by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) after 72°C storage.
  • EDX energy dispersive X-ray
  • the anode surface of the other was found to be enveloped in a black layer of material.
  • the separator for the cell also exhibited total black discoloration and EDX detected Cr, Fe and Ni on the discolored surfaces.
  • Open circuit voltages remained stable for all cells except one of the 304L SS containing cells which demonstrated a significant open circuit voltage decrease from 3.27V after burn-in to 2.50V.
  • Potentiodynamic polarization at 37°C was used as a qualitative technique to determine material behavior in the electrolyte when scanned at a rate of .2mV/s from 2.0V to 4.0V using a lithium reference electrode and a platinum wire as an auxiliary electrode.
  • the potentiodynamic polarization procedure as outlined in the ASTM method G5-82 entitled "Standard Reference Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements" was followed.
  • An alternate TEFLON test cell with a 35-40 ml capacity was designed for use with this method. (TEFLON is a trade name which may be a Registered Trade Mark in one or more of the territories designated by this application.)
  • Polarization characteristics of these materials were obtained by plotting the current response as a function of the applied potential via a log current function versus a potential semi-log chart.
  • Figures 2, 3 and 4 represent polarization plots for titanium, 304L SS and SUPERFERRIT materials respectively.
  • a superimposition of the three plots shown in Figure 5 provided the overall comparison for the metals tested.
  • Cyclic polarization test was used as a qualitative measure for detecting material tendencies toward pitting corrosion in the electrolyte.
  • the cyclic polarization technique used was in accordance with ASTM G61-78 entitled "Standard Practice". A forward scan from 2V to 4V with a reverse scan from 4V to 2V at 1 mV/s was performed. The current response for the applied potential relative to lithium was recorded.
  • the semi-log plots for titanium, 304L SS and SUPERFERRIT are shown in Figures 6, 7 and 8 respectively. The three metals are compared and shown in the superimposition of Figure 9. It was observed that current densities for 304L SS are greater than for titanium and SUPERFERRIT.
  • Galvanic corrosion studies were conducted to observe the mutual effects on materials relative to each other in the same environment. The current in the system was monitored over a 5.5 hour period. Initial and final potentials between the materials was recorded. Galvanic corrosion experiments were completed for the test samples versus a silver vanadium oxide (SVO) pellet and versus a molybdenum disk. In addition to the standard test sample, each test disk also had a small molybdenum tab spotwelded to the surface, simulating cathode screen to molybdenum pin attachment, and tested versus a SVO pellet. Figures 10, 11 and 12 show the overall test data of the metal/SVO galvanic couple.
  • SVO silver vanadium oxide
  • Micrographs at 600X magnification for cathode current collector materials titanium, SUPERFERRIT and 304L SS before exposure are shown in Figures 15, 16 and 17, respectively.
  • Micrographs at 600X magnification for cathode current collector materials titanium, SUPERFERRIT and 304L SS after a three month exposure at 72°C are shown in Figures 18, 19, and 20 respectively.
  • the results indicate that 304L SS exhibited massive corrosion, the titanium exhibited pitting and the SUPERFERRIT exhibited no change. This indicates that SUPERFERRIT exhibits superior corrosion resistance compared to the other cathode current collector materials.
  • the nickel element in the formulation does not serve as a detriment with respect to corrosion as suggested in Japanese patent publication no.'s 186467 and 15067.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Kathodenstromkollektor für eine elektrochemische Festkathoden-Zelle, der aus einem Material gebildet ist, das einen hochlegierten, nickelhaltigen rostfreien Ferritstahl enthält, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Stahl
    27 bis 29 % Chrom,
    2,0 bis 3,0 % Molybdän und
    3,0 bis 4,5 % Nickel
    jeweils in Gewichtsprozent enthält,
    wobei die Summe von Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff kleiner oder gleich 0,045 % ist, die Summe von Niob und Zirkonium eine Menge von mindestens dem Zehnfachen des prozentualen Gehalts an Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff ausmacht und die Restmenge aus Eisen besteht.
  2. Kathodenstromkollektor für eine elektrochemische Festkathoden-Zelle, der aus einem Material gebildet ist, das einen hochlegierten, nickelhaltigen rostfreien Ferritstahl enthält, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Stahl
    28 bis 30 % Chrom,
    3,5 bis 4,2 % Molybdän und
    2,0 bis 2,5 % Nickel,
    jeweils in Gewichtsprozent enthält,
    wobei die Summe von Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff kleiner gleich 0,025 % ist und die Restmenge aus Eisen besteht.
  3. Kathodenstromkollektor gemäß Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der hochlegierte, nickelhaltige rostfreie Ferritstahl zusätzlich kleine Gewichtsmengen an Spurenelementen aufweist.
  4. Kathodenstromkollektor gemäß Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Spurenelemente aus der aus Kupfer, Magnesium, Phosphor, Schwefel und Silizium bestehenden Gruppe ausgewählt sind.
  5. Kathodenstromkollektor gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4 in Form einer Folie oder eines Maschengitters.
  6. Elektrochemische Zelle, umfassend eine Anode, ein festes Kathodenmaterial, das in Verbindung mit einem Kathodenstromkollektor verwendet wird, sowie eine Ionen leitende Elektrolytlösung, die funktionel mit der Anode und der Kathode in Verbindung steht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Kathodenstromkollektor einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5 entspricht.
  7. Elektrochemische Zelle gemäß Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei der Anode um eine Lithiumanode handelt.
  8. Elektrochemische Zelle gemäß Anspruch 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Festkörperkathode aus einem Metalloxid, einer Metalloxidbronze und einem fluorierten Kohlenstoff ausgewählt ist.
  9. Elektrochemische Zelle gemäß Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei der Metalloxidbronze um Silbervanadiumoxid handelt.
  10. Elektrochemische Zelle gemäß Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der fluorierte Kohlenstoff ein Polycarbonmonofluorid (CFx) darstellt, bei dem x zwischen etwa 0,5 und etwa 1,2 liegt.
EP91300907A 1990-02-05 1991-02-05 Kathodenstromsammler-Werkstoff für Festkathode-Zelle Expired - Lifetime EP0441583B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/475,261 US5114810A (en) 1990-02-05 1990-02-05 Cathode current collector material for solid cathode cell
US475261 1990-02-05

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EP0441583A2 EP0441583A2 (de) 1991-08-14
EP0441583A3 EP0441583A3 (en) 1992-11-04
EP0441583B1 true EP0441583B1 (de) 1996-05-08

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AT (1) ATE137888T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69119256T2 (de)

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US6459566B1 (en) 1998-06-24 2002-10-01 Medtronic, Inc. Implantable medical device having flat electrolytic capacitor with laser welded cover
US6306544B1 (en) 1999-02-25 2001-10-23 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Cobalt-based alloys as positive electrode current collectors in nonaqueous electrochemical cells
US6623886B2 (en) * 1999-12-29 2003-09-23 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Nickel-rich quaternary metal oxide materials as cathodes for lithium-ion and lithium-ion polymer batteries
US7314685B2 (en) * 2001-07-30 2008-01-01 Greatbatch Ltd. Oxidized titanium as a cathodic current collector
US6671552B2 (en) 2001-10-02 2003-12-30 Medtronic, Inc. System and method for determining remaining battery life for an implantable medical device
US6804557B1 (en) 2001-10-11 2004-10-12 Pacesetter, Inc. Battery monitoring system for an implantable medical device
US7465521B2 (en) * 2004-12-08 2008-12-16 Greatbatch Ltd. Nickel-based alloys as positive electrode support materials in electrochemical cells containing nonaqueous electrolytes
GB0601813D0 (en) * 2006-01-30 2006-03-08 Ceres Power Ltd Fuel cell
CN102392189B (zh) * 2011-11-16 2013-05-29 钢铁研究总院 一种高Cr铁素体不锈钢及其制造方法
US9985294B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2018-05-29 Pacesetter, Inc. High energy density and high rate Li battery
US10985407B2 (en) 2017-11-21 2021-04-20 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All-solid-state secondary battery including anode active material alloyable with lithium and method of charging the same
US11824155B2 (en) 2019-05-21 2023-11-21 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All-solid lithium secondary battery and method of charging the same
CN121601668A (zh) * 2024-08-15 2026-03-03 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 集流体、极片、二次电池、用电装置

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US5114810A (en) 1992-05-19
ATE137888T1 (de) 1996-05-15
DE69119256T2 (de) 1996-09-19
DE69119256D1 (de) 1996-06-13
EP0441583A3 (en) 1992-11-04
EP0441583A2 (de) 1991-08-14

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