EP0420835B1 - Door for communication passages in railway carriages - Google Patents

Door for communication passages in railway carriages Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0420835B1
EP0420835B1 EP90890250A EP90890250A EP0420835B1 EP 0420835 B1 EP0420835 B1 EP 0420835B1 EP 90890250 A EP90890250 A EP 90890250A EP 90890250 A EP90890250 A EP 90890250A EP 0420835 B1 EP0420835 B1 EP 0420835B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
door
flap
communicating
door leaf
brace
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90890250A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0420835A3 (en
EP0420835A2 (en
Inventor
Gerhard Gemeinböck
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
WIENER METALLWERK GESMBH.
Original Assignee
WIENER METALLWERK GESMBH
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Publication date
Application filed by WIENER METALLWERK GESMBH filed Critical WIENER METALLWERK GESMBH
Publication of EP0420835A2 publication Critical patent/EP0420835A2/en
Publication of EP0420835A3 publication Critical patent/EP0420835A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0420835B1 publication Critical patent/EP0420835B1/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
    • B61D17/00—Construction details of vehicle bodies
    • B61D17/04—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies of metal; with composite, e.g. metal and wood body structures
    • B61D17/20—Communication passages between coaches; Adaptation of coach ends therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
    • B61D17/00—Construction details of vehicle bodies
    • B61D17/04—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies of metal; with composite, e.g. metal and wood body structures
    • B61D17/20—Communication passages between coaches; Adaptation of coach ends therefor
    • B61D17/22—Communication passages between coaches; Adaptation of coach ends therefor flexible, e.g. bellows
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
    • B61D19/00—Door arrangements specially adapted for rail vehicles
    • B61D19/02—Door arrangements specially adapted for rail vehicles for carriages

Definitions

  • the object of the invention is a transfer door for railway wagons with pivotable door leaves.
  • Double swing doors or sliding doors are usually used as transition doors in railway wagons. Sliding doors have the disadvantage that they only allow a smaller width for the passage, since there must still be space in the side of the car for stowing the doors in the open state. Double swing doors open a larger width as a passage opening when open, but they protrude far into or out of the wagon. Since there is usually not enough space in the wagon to accommodate the opened swinging doors without presenting a hindrance to the user, they will be pivoted outwards in the direction of the next coupled wagon. If the wagons are not on a level track surface, as is the case when driving over a change or when driving onto a curve ramp, the doors graze on the floor of the transition ramp between the doors of the coupled wagons.
  • a transfer door according to the invention for railway wagons with a pivotable door wing (s) and a step-over ramp in such a way that a flap which can be pivoted about an approximately horizontal axis is fastened to the door wing on its side facing the wagon floor and in the opening path of the door wing a strut between the car floor and the horizontal axis is arranged in the direction of movement in front of the flap, in particular touching it.
  • a strut between the car floor and the horizontal axis is arranged in the direction of movement in front of the flap, in particular touching it.
  • the flap is raised during the opening process, so that the door can be opened trouble-free even in the most varied positions of the wagons.
  • an apron or the like can thereby be avoided, whereby a complete sealing of the door can be achieved, which can also be designed to be fire-retardant.
  • an entrance door for road and rail vehicles is known, but which is provided in front of steps arranged inside the vehicle.
  • the door has a flap in the lower area, which can either be articulated on a horizontal or vertical axis or can also be displaced along a sliding guide. The flap is actuated directly by the stage itself.
  • the diameter of the hemisphere is larger than the diameter of the strut, a structural attachment of the strut is particularly easy to carry out, which enables the struts to be assembled and disassembled with little effort.
  • the strut is arranged on the floor of the wagon, it can be used not only to lift the flap, but also to protect the open door from damage. Another advantage is that the strut is only loaded in the direction of its longitudinal axis when the door is open, so that it only has to be dimensioned smaller.
  • the flap is in the closed state of the door wing on its side facing away from the door opening direction against a stop arranged on the wagon floor, the flap is particularly easily fixed in the closed state of the door, so that the door flap can be precisely positioned in the closed state even under high pressure loads is possible.
  • the transition door can withstand particularly high pressure loads, such as occur at high speeds, for example when encountering trains, when closed.
  • a flap 2, 2 'made of an aluminum profile is pivotally arranged by means of pins 6 on the lower edge of the door leaves 1 and 1'.
  • a thermally insulating filler 18 is arranged in the aluminum hollow profile.
  • the strut 3, which is hemispherical at its upper end 11, is fastened to the wagon floor 5 that has been walked on.
  • the flap 2 slides along the spherical end and lies horizontally on the end of the opening process.
  • the flap 2 ′ is thus fixed in position by the stop 4 and by the spherical end 11 of the strut 3, which end also abuts the flap.
  • the hollow profile 15 also has a thermally insulating filler 18.
  • inflatable seals 8 and 9 are provided in the flap, which seal against the seal in the state in which a pressure medium is applied form the bottom edge of the door 15 or the floor 5 of the wagon.
  • the bolt 14, which in the closed state can be pushed through the flap 2 and can snap into a recess 13 in the floor of the wagon, allows the door leaves to be fixed, the flap being locked in its rest position at the same time.
  • the exact position of the rest position is predetermined by the stop 4 and the end 11 of the strut 3.
  • the door panel 16 can consist of flame-retardant transparent material and can be connected to the hollow profile 15 by snapping or sliding into one another.
  • expansion strips 17 are arranged on the hollow profile, which swell when heated, so that the door forms a smoke-tight barrier.

Abstract

Door for communication passages in railway carriage, an approximately horizontally swivellable flap being attached to the side of the door pointing towards the carriage floor for walking on and a brace which, viewed in the opening direction of the door, contacts the front side of the flap is arranged in the axis of rotation of the door between the flap swivel axis and the carriage floor for walking on. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung hat eine Übertrittstüre für Eisenbahnwaggons mit schwenkbaren Türflügeln zum Gegenstand.The object of the invention is a transfer door for railway wagons with pivotable door leaves.

Bei Eisenbahnwaggons werden als Übertrittstüren meist Doppelschwenktüren oder Schiebetüren eingesetzt. Schiebetüren weisen den Nachteil auf, daß sie nur eine geringere Breite für den Durchtritt ermöglichen, da im Waggon noch seitlich der Platz für das Verstauen der Türen im geöffneten Zustand vorhanden sein muß. Doppelschwenktüren geben zwar im geöffneten Zustand eine größere Breite als Durchtrittsöffnung frei, jedoch ragen sie weit in oder aus dem Waggon. Da im Waggon meist nicht der Platz ist, die geöffneten Schwenktüren unterzubringen, ohne eine Behinderung für den Benützer darzustellen, werden sie nach außen in Richtung zum nächsten angekuppelten Waggon geschwenkt werden. Falls die Waggons sich nicht auf einer ebenen Gleisfläche befinden, wie das beim Überfahren eines Wechsels oder beim Auffahren auf eine Kurvenrampe der Fall ist, streifen die Türen am Boden der Übertrittsrampe zwischen den Türen der aneinandergekuppelten Waggons. Um dies zu vermeiden, sind Türen mit einem großen Spalt zwischen Waggonboden und Türunterkante bekannt. Der Luftzug während der Fahrt soll über Gummischürzen, die über den Waggonboden bzw. Übertrittsrampe gleiten und an der Türunterkante befestigt sind, verhindert werden. Solche Schürzen unterliegen einem hohen Verschleiß und müssen daher besonders gewartet werden.Double swing doors or sliding doors are usually used as transition doors in railway wagons. Sliding doors have the disadvantage that they only allow a smaller width for the passage, since there must still be space in the side of the car for stowing the doors in the open state. Double swing doors open a larger width as a passage opening when open, but they protrude far into or out of the wagon. Since there is usually not enough space in the wagon to accommodate the opened swinging doors without presenting a hindrance to the user, they will be pivoted outwards in the direction of the next coupled wagon. If the wagons are not on a level track surface, as is the case when driving over a change or when driving onto a curve ramp, the doors graze on the floor of the transition ramp between the doors of the coupled wagons. To avoid this, doors with a large gap between the floor of the wagon and the lower edge of the door are known. Drafts during the journey should be prevented by means of rubber aprons that slide over the floor of the wagon or the ramp and are attached to the bottom edge of the door. Such aprons are subject to high wear and therefore require special maintenance.

Weiters kann keine hohe Dichtheit erzielt werden. Bei Begegnung mit entgegenkommenden Zügen in Tunnels ist der auftretende Luftdruck bzw. Luftsog so stark, daß die Schürzen vom Boden abgehoben werden und es somit erneut zu einem Luftzug kommt.Furthermore, a high level of tightness cannot be achieved. When encountering oncoming trains in tunnels, the air pressure or air suction that occurs is so strong that the aprons are lifted off the ground, resulting in a new draft.

Auch kann bei diesen bekannten Türkonstruktionen eine feuersichere Ausführung nicht erreicht werden, womit z. B. bei einem Unfall mit Brand in einem Tunnel kein Schutz vor dem Übergreifen des Feuers von einem Waggon zum anderen gegeben ist.Even with these known door constructions, a fire-safe version cannot be achieved, B. in an accident with fire in a tunnel there is no protection against the spread of fire from one wagon to another.

Die dargestellten Nachteile werden durch eine erfindungsgemäße Übertrittstüre für Eisenbahnwaggons mit schwenkbarem(n) Türflügel(n) und einer Übertrittsrampe derart behoben, daß am Türflügel an seiner zum begangenen Waggonboden weisenden Seite eine um eine etwa horizontale Achse schwenkbare Klappe befestigt ist und im Öffnungsweg des Türflügels eine Strebe zwischen begangenem Wagenboden und horizontaler Achse in Bewegungsrichtung vor der Klappe, insbesondere diese berührend, angeordnet ist. Durch die Strebe wird die Klappe während des Öffnungsvorganges angehoben, so daß auch bei unterschiedlichsten Lagen der Waggons ein störungsfreies Öffnen der Türe ermöglicht ist. Weiters kann dadurch eine Schürze od. dgl. vermieden werden, womit eine vollkommene Abdichtung der Türe erreichbar ist, die auch feuerhemmend ausgebildet sein kann.The disadvantages illustrated are overcome by a transfer door according to the invention for railway wagons with a pivotable door wing (s) and a step-over ramp in such a way that a flap which can be pivoted about an approximately horizontal axis is fastened to the door wing on its side facing the wagon floor and in the opening path of the door wing a strut between the car floor and the horizontal axis is arranged in the direction of movement in front of the flap, in particular touching it. Through the strut, the flap is raised during the opening process, so that the door can be opened trouble-free even in the most varied positions of the wagons. Furthermore, an apron or the like can thereby be avoided, whereby a complete sealing of the door can be achieved, which can also be designed to be fire-retardant.

Aus der GB-A-664.862 wird eine Eintrittstüre für Straßen- und Schienenfahrzeuge bekannt, die aber vor im Fahrzeuginneren angeordneten Stufen vorgesehen ist. Um eine vollständige Öffnungsbewegung der Türe zu ermöglichen, weist dieselbe im unteren Bereich eine Klappe auf, die entweder an einer horizontalen oder vertikalen Achse angelenkt sein kann oder auch entlang einer Schiebeführung verschiebbar ist. Die Betätigung der Klappe erfolgt jeweils unmittelbar durch die Stufe selbst.From GB-A-664.862 an entrance door for road and rail vehicles is known, but which is provided in front of steps arranged inside the vehicle. In order to enable a complete opening movement of the door, the door has a flap in the lower area, which can either be articulated on a horizontal or vertical axis or can also be displaced along a sliding guide. The flap is actuated directly by the stage itself.

Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Übertrittstüre ist ein besonders günstiges Gleiten der Klappe an der Oberfläche der Strebe dann verwirklicht, wenn dieselbe an ihrem Ende halbkugelförmig ausgeführt ist. Der Kraftaufwand für den Fahrgast bzw. das Servogerät zur Öffnung der Türe kann dadurch besonders gering gehalten werden.In the transition door according to the invention, a particularly favorable sliding of the flap on the surface of the strut is realized when the flap is hemispherical at its end. The effort required for the passenger or the servo device to open the door can thus be kept particularly low.

Ist der Durchmesser der Halbkugel größer als der Durchmesser der Strebe, so ist eine konstruktive Befestigung der Strebe besonders einfach durchzuführen, womit die Montage und Demontage der Streben mit geringem Aufwand ermöglicht ist.If the diameter of the hemisphere is larger than the diameter of the strut, a structural attachment of the strut is particularly easy to carry out, which enables the struts to be assembled and disassembled with little effort.

Ist die Strebe am begangenen Waggonboden angeordnet, so kann sie neben ihrer Funktion zum Heben der Klappe auch als Beschädigungsschutz für die geöffnete Türe zum Einsatz gelangen. Ein weiterer Vorteil besteht darin, daß die Strebe bei geöffneter Türe nur in Richtung ihrer Längsachse belastet ist, so daß dieselbe nur geringer dimensioniert werden muß.If the strut is arranged on the floor of the wagon, it can be used not only to lift the flap, but also to protect the open door from damage. Another advantage is that the strut is only loaded in the direction of its longitudinal axis when the door is open, so that it only has to be dimensioned smaller.

Liegt die Klappe im geschlossenen Zustand des Türflügels an ihrer zur Türöffnungsrichtung abgewandten Seite an einem am Waggonboden angeordneten Anschlag an, so ist eine besonders einfache Lagefixierung der Klappe im geschlossenen Zustand der Türe erreicht, womit selbst bei hohen Druckbeanspruchungen eine exakte Positionierung der Türklappe im geschlossenen Zustand möglich ist.If the flap is in the closed state of the door wing on its side facing away from the door opening direction against a stop arranged on the wagon floor, the flap is particularly easily fixed in the closed state of the door, so that the door flap can be precisely positioned in the closed state even under high pressure loads is possible.

Sind zwischen Klappe und Türflügel und zwischen Türrahmen Türblatt und Klappe aufblasbare Dichtungen angeordnet, so kann die Übertrittstüre im geschlossenen Zustand besonders hohen Druckbeanspruchungen, wie sie mit hohen Geschwindigkeiten, beispielsweise bei begegnenden Zügen, auftreten, druckdicht standhalten.If inflatable seals are arranged between the flap and the door leaf and between the door frame and the door leaf, the transition door can withstand particularly high pressure loads, such as occur at high speeds, for example when encountering trains, when closed.

Rastet ein Zapfen vom Türflügel durch die Klappe gehend im geschlossenen Zustand des Türflügels im begangenen Waggonboden ein, so ist die Klappe zusätzlich gegen Pendeln gesichert.If a pin engages from the door leaf through the flap in the closed state of the door leaf in the floor of the wagon, the flap is additionally secured against swinging.

Die erfindung wird anhand der Zeichnungen näher erläutert:
Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 den unteren Teil einer Übertrittstüre mit zwei Türflügeln und
  • Fig. 2 einen Schnitt gemäß II-II in Fig. 1.
The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the drawings:
Show it:
  • Fig. 1 shows the lower part of a transition door with two door leaves and
  • FIG. 2 shows a section according to II-II in FIG. 1.

Bei der in Fig. 1 dargestellten Übertrittstüre sind zwei Türflügeln vorgesehen, wobei der linke Türflügel 1 in voll geöffneter Stellung und der rechte Türflügel 1' in geschlossener Darstellung dargestellt ist. Eine Klappe 2, 2' aus einem Aluminiumprofil ist mittels Zapfen 6 an der unteren Kante der Türflügel 1 bzw. 1' schwenkbar angeordnet. Im Aluminiumhohlprofil ist ein thermisch dämmendes Füllstück 18 angeordnet. Am begangenen Waggonboden 5 ist die Strebe 3 befestigt, welche an ihrem oberen Ende 11 halbkugelförmig ausgebildet ist. Während des Öffen- und Schließvorganges gleitet die Klappe 2 entlang des kugelförmig ausgebildeten Endes und liegt am Ende des Öffenvorganges horizontal auf diesem auf. In Geschlossenstellung des Türflügels liegt die Klappe 2' am Anschlag 4 an. Wie besonders deutlich in Fig 2 ersichtlich, ist somit eine Lagefixierung der Klappe 2' durch den Anschlag 4 und durch das weiters an der Klappe anliegende kugelförmige Ende 11 der Strebe 3 gegeben.In the transition door shown in FIG. 1, two door leaves are provided, the left door leaf 1 being shown in the fully open position and the right door leaf 1 'in the closed representation. A flap 2, 2 'made of an aluminum profile is pivotally arranged by means of pins 6 on the lower edge of the door leaves 1 and 1'. A thermally insulating filler 18 is arranged in the aluminum hollow profile. The strut 3, which is hemispherical at its upper end 11, is fastened to the wagon floor 5 that has been walked on. During the opening and closing process, the flap 2 slides along the spherical end and lies horizontally on the end of the opening process. In the closed position of the door leaf, the flap 2 'abuts the stop 4. As can be seen particularly clearly in FIG. 2, the flap 2 ′ is thus fixed in position by the stop 4 and by the spherical end 11 of the strut 3, which end also abuts the flap.

Die Zapfen 6, durch welche die horizontale Achse für die Klappe 2' gebildet wird, ist in Halterungen 7 gelagert, die an der Türunterkante, die durch ein Hohlprofil 15 gebildet ist, befestigt sind. Das Hohlprofil 15 weist ebenfalls ein thermisch dämmendes Füllstück 18 auf.The pin 6, through which the horizontal axis for the flap 2 'is formed, is mounted in brackets 7 which are fastened to the lower edge of the door, which is formed by a hollow profile 15. The hollow profile 15 also has a thermally insulating filler 18.

Wie besonders deutlich der Fig. 2 zu entnehmen, sind in der Klappe aufblasbare Dichtungen 8 und 9 vorgesehen, die in mit einem Druckmedium beaufschlagten Zustand die Abdichtung gegenüber der Türunterkante 15 bzw. dem begangenen Waggonboden 5 bilden. Durch den Riegel 14, welcher im geschlossenen Zustand durch die Klappe 2 geschoben werden kann und in einer Ausnehmung 13 im begangenen Waggonboden einrasten kann, ist eine Fixierung der Türflügel ermöglicht, wobei gleichzeitig die Klappe in ihrer Ruhestellung arretiert ist. Die exakte Lage der Ruhestellung wird durch den Anschlag 4 und das Ende 11 der Strebe 3 vorgegeben.As can be seen particularly clearly from FIG. 2, inflatable seals 8 and 9 are provided in the flap, which seal against the seal in the state in which a pressure medium is applied form the bottom edge of the door 15 or the floor 5 of the wagon. The bolt 14, which in the closed state can be pushed through the flap 2 and can snap into a recess 13 in the floor of the wagon, allows the door leaves to be fixed, the flap being locked in its rest position at the same time. The exact position of the rest position is predetermined by the stop 4 and the end 11 of the strut 3.

Zur flammhemmenden und rauchdichten Ausbildung der Übertrittstüre kann die Türfüllung 16 aus flammhemmendem durchsichtigem Material bestehen und mit dem Hohlprofil 15 durch Verschnappen oder Ineinanderschieben verbunden sein. Im Bereich zwischen Klappe 2 und Hohlprofil 15 sind am Hohlprofil Blähstreifen 17 angeordnet, die bei Erhitzung aufquellen, so daß die Türe eine rauchdichte Sperre bildet.For the flame-retardant and smoke-tight design of the transition door, the door panel 16 can consist of flame-retardant transparent material and can be connected to the hollow profile 15 by snapping or sliding into one another. In the area between the flap 2 and the hollow profile 15, expansion strips 17 are arranged on the hollow profile, which swell when heated, so that the door forms a smoke-tight barrier.

Claims (7)

  1. Communicating door for railway carriages with a pivoting door flap or flaps (1, 1') and a communicating ramp, characterised in that a flap (2, 2') pivotable about a roughly horizontal axis is fixed to the door leaf (1, 1') on its side facing towards the carriage floor (5), and a brace (3) is disposed in the opening path of the door leaf (1, 1') between the carriage floor and the horizontal axis in the direction of movement in front of the flap (2, 2'), in particular touching it.
  2. Communicating door according to claim 1, characterised in that at its end (11) the brace (3) is hemispherical.
  3. Communicating door according to claim 2, characterised in that the diameter of the hemisphere is greater than the diameter of the brace (3).
  4. Communicating door according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the brace (3) is disposed on the carriage floor (5).
  5. Communicating door according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that in the closed state of the door leaf (1, 1') the flap (2, 2') rests against a stop (4) disposed on the carriage floor (5) on its side facing away from the door opening direction.
  6. Communicating door according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that inflatable seals (8, 9) are disposed between the flap (2, 2') and the door leaf, between the door frame, door leaf and flap (2, 2').
  7. Communicating door according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that a bolt (14) running from the door leaf (1, 1') through the flap (2, 2') engages in the carriage floor (5) in the closed state of the door leaf (1, 1').
EP90890250A 1989-09-11 1990-08-27 Door for communication passages in railway carriages Expired - Lifetime EP0420835B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT2121/89 1989-09-11
AT0212189A AT399482B (en) 1989-09-11 1989-09-11 TRANSITION DOOR FOR RAILWAY WAGONS

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0420835A2 EP0420835A2 (en) 1991-04-03
EP0420835A3 EP0420835A3 (en) 1991-11-06
EP0420835B1 true EP0420835B1 (en) 1994-11-09

Family

ID=3528219

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90890250A Expired - Lifetime EP0420835B1 (en) 1989-09-11 1990-08-27 Door for communication passages in railway carriages

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0420835B1 (en)
AT (2) AT399482B (en)
DE (1) DE59007687D1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT12515U1 (en) * 2011-05-12 2012-06-15 Siemens Ag Oesterreich RAIL INTERIOR DOOR
AT14843U1 (en) * 2015-04-01 2016-07-15 Teufl Manfred swinging-sliding
JP6804344B2 (en) * 2017-03-08 2020-12-23 ナブテスコ株式会社 Vehicles with door devices and door devices

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB664862A (en) * 1949-06-24 1952-01-16 Arthur Charles Needs Improvements in doors and entrances for passenger vehicles
DE1580988A1 (en) * 1967-05-12 1971-02-11 Linke Hofmann Busch Swing door with split wing for vehicles in the lower door area
US3456389A (en) * 1968-01-29 1969-07-22 Budd Co Hinge and door apparatus
AU497070B2 (en) * 1974-03-21 1978-11-23 Westinghouse Brake And Signal Compan'i Limited Vehicle door arrangements
FR2372710A1 (en) * 1976-12-02 1978-06-30 Soule Ets Ind Folding door for railway carriage - has two halves sliding and hinging with window lock and handgrip in one half
DE2723995A1 (en) * 1977-05-27 1978-12-07 Linke Hofmann Busch FOLDING STEP FOR RAIL-MOUNTED PASSENGER VEHICLES
DE3870243D1 (en) * 1988-11-09 1992-05-21 Effertz Rolladenwerk WAGON FOR TRANSPORTING VEHICLES.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT399482B (en) 1995-05-26
EP0420835A3 (en) 1991-11-06
ATA212189A (en) 1994-10-15
DE59007687D1 (en) 1994-12-15
ATE113910T1 (en) 1994-11-15
EP0420835A2 (en) 1991-04-03

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