Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
  • D06C29/00—Finishing or dressing, of textile fabrics, not provided for in the preceding groups
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
  • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
  • D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H18/00—Needling machines
  • D04H18/04—Needling machines with water jets

Definitions

• This invention generally relates to a textile finishing process for upgrading the quality of woven and knit fabrics. More particularly, it is concerned with a hydroentangling process which enhances woven and knit fabrics through use of dynamic fluid jets to entangle and cause fabric yarns to bloom. Fabrics produced by the method of the invention have enhanced surface finish and improved characteristics such as cover, abrasion resistance, drape, stability as well as reduced air permeability, wrinkle recovery, seam slippage, and edge fray.
• the quality of a woven or knit fabric can be measured by various properties, such as, the yarn count, thread count, abrasion resistance, cover, weight, yarn bulk, yarn bloom, torque resistance, wrinkle recovery, drape and hand.
• Yarn count is the numerical designation given to indicate yarn size and is the relationship of length to weight. Thread count in woven or knit fabrics, respectively, defines the number ends and picks, and wales and courses per inch of fabric. For example, the count of cloth is indicated by enumerating first the number of warp ends per inch, then the number of filling picks per inch. Thus, 68 x 72 defines a fabric having 68 warp ends and 72 filling picks per inch.
• Abrasion resistance is the ability of a fabric to withstand loss of appearance, utility, pile or surface through destructive action of surface wear and rubbing.
• Cover is the degree to which underlying structure in a fabric is concealed by surface material.
• a measure of cover is provided by fabric air permeability, that is, the ease with which air passes through the fabric. Permeability measures fundamental fabric qualities and characteristics such as filtration and cover. Yarn bloom is a measure of the opening and spread of fibers in yarn.
• Fabric weight is measured in weight per unit area, for example, the number of ounces per square yard.
• Torque of fabric refers to that characteristic which tends to make it turn on itself as a result of twisting. It is desirable to remove or diminish torque in fabrics. For example, fabrics used in vertical blinds should have no torque, since such torque will make the fabric twist when hanging in a strip.
• Wrinkle recovery is the property of a fabric which enables it to recover from folding deformations.
• Hand refers to tactile fabric properties such as softness and drapability. It is known in the prior art to employ hydroentangling processes in the production of nonwoven materials. In conventional hydroentangling processes, webs of nonwoven fibers are treated with high pressure fluids while supported on apertured patterning screens. Typically, the patterning screen is provided on a drum or continuous planar conveyor which traverses pressurized fluid jets to entangle the web into cohesive ordered fiber groups and configurations corresponding to open areas in the screen. Entanglement is effected by action of the fluid jets which cause fibers in the web to migrate to open areas in the screen, entangle and intertwine.
• Prior art hydroentangling processes for producing patterned nonwoven fabrics are represented by U.S. Patent Nos. 3,485,706 and 3,498,874, respectively, to Evans and Evans et al., and U.S. Patent Nos. 3,873,255 and 3,917,785 to Kalwaites.
• Hydroentangling technology has also been employed by the art to enhance woven and knit fabrics. In such applications warp and pick fibers in fabrics are hydroentangled at cross ⁇ over points to effect enhancement in fabric cover.
• conventional processes have not proved entirely satisfactory in yielding uniform fabric enhancement.
• the art has also failed to develop apparatus and process line technology which achieves production line efficiencies.
• a more specific object of the invention is to provide a hydroenhancing process for enhancement of fabrics made of spun and spun/filament yarn.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a hydroenhancing process having application for the fabrication of novel composite and layered fabrics.
• a further object of the invention is to provide a hydroenhancing production line apparatus which is less complex and improved over the prior art. Disclosure of the Invention
• a hydroenhancing module is employed in the invention in which the fabric is supported on a member and impacted with a fluid curtain under controlled process energies. Enhancement of the fabric is effected by entanglement and interwining of yarn fibers at cross-over points in the fabric weave or knit. Fabrics enhanced in accordance with the invention have a uniform finish and improved characteristics, such as, edge fray, drape, stability, wrinkle recovery, abrasion resistance, fabric weight and thickness.
• the woven or knit fabric is advanced on a process line through a weft straightener to two in-line fluid modules for first and second stage fabric enhancement.
• Top and bottom sides of the fabric are respectively supported on members in the modules and impacted by fluid curtains to impart a uniform finish to the fabric.
• Preferred support members are fluid pervious, include open areas of approximately 25%, and have fine mesh patterns which permit fluid passage without imparting a patterned effect to the fabric. It is a feature of the invention to employ support members in the modules which include fine mesh patterned screens which are arranged in offset relation with respect to the process line. This offset orientation limits fluid streaks and eliminates reed marking in processed fabrics.
• First and second stage enhancement is preferably effected by columnar fluid jets which impact the fabric at pressures within the range of 200 to 3000 psi and impart a total energy to the fabric of approximately .10 to 2.0 hp-hr/lb.
• the fabric is advanced to a tenter frame which dries the fabric to a specified width under tension to produce a uniform fabric finish.
• the first and second enhancement stations include a plurality of cross-directionally ("CD") aligned and spaced manifolds.
• Optimum fabric enhancement results are obtained in fabrics woven or knit of yarns including fibers with deniers and staple lengths in the range of 0.5 to 6.0, and 0.5 to 5 inches, respectively, and yarn counts in the range of .5s to 50s.
• Preferred yarn spinning systems of the invention fabrics include cotton spun, wrap spun, wool spun and friction spun.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a production line including a weft straightener, flat and drum hydroenhancing modules, and tenter frame, for the hydroenhancement of woven and knit fabrics in accordance with the invention
• Figs. 2A and B are photographs at 10X magnification of 36x29 90° and 40x40 45° mesh plain weave support members, respectively, employed in the flat and drum enhancing modules of Fig. 1;
• Figs. 3A and B are photomicrographs at 10X magnification of a fine polyester woven fabric before and after hydroenhancement in accordance with the invention
• Figs. 4A and B are photomicrographs at 16X magnification of the control and processed fabric of Figs. 3A and B;
• Figs. 5A and B are photomicrographs at 10X magnification of a control and hydroenhanced woven acrylic fabric
• Figs. 6A and B are photomicrographs at 10X magnification of a control and hydroenhanced acrylic fabric woven of wrap spun yarn;
• Figs. 7A and B are photomicrographs at 10X magnification of a control and hydroenhanced acrylic fabric woven of wrap spun yarn;
• Figs. 8A and B are photomicrographs at 10X magnification of a control and hydroenhanced acrylic fabric including open end wool spun yarn;
• Figs. 9A and B are photomicrographs at 16X magnification of a control and hydroenhanced wool nylon (80/20%) fabric; Figs. 10A and B are photomicrographs at 16X magnification of a control and hydroenhanced spun/filament polyester/cotton twill fabric; Figs. 11A and B are photomicrographs at 16X magnification of a control and hydroenhanced doubleknit fabric- Figs. 12A and B are front and back side photomicrographs at 16X magnification of a control wall covering fabric; Figs. 13A and B are front and back side photomicrographs at 16X magnification of the wall covering fabric of Figs. 12A and B hydroenhanced in accordance with the invention;
• Fig. 14 is a photomacrograph at 0.09X magnification of a control and hydroenhanced acrylic fabric strips, the fabric of Figs. 7A and B, showing the reduction in fabric torque achieved in the invention process;
• Figs. 15 A-C are photomacrographs at 0.23X magnification, respectively, of the woven acrylic fabrics of Figs. 5, 7 and 8, comprised of wrap spun and open end wool spun yarns, showing washability and wrinkle characteristics of control and processed fabrics;
• Fig. 16 is a schematic view of an alternative production line apparatus for the hydroenhancement of woven and knit fabrics in accordance with the invention
• Fig. 17 illustrates a composite fabric including napped fabric components which are bonded into an integral structure employing the hydroenhancing process of the invention.
• Fig. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a production line of the invention, generally designated 10, for hydroenhancement of a fabric 12 including spun and/or spun/filament yarns.
• the line includes a conventional weft straightener 14, flat and drum enhancing modules 16, 18, and a tenter frame 20.
• Modules 16, 18 effect two sided enhancement of the fabric through fluid entanglement and bulking of fabric yarns. Such entanglement is imparted to the fabric in areas of yarn cross ⁇ over or intersection. Control of process energies and provision of a uniform curtain of fluid produces fabrics having a uniform finish and improved characteristics including, edge fray, torque, wrinkle recovery, cupping, drape, stability, abrasion resistance, fabric weight and thickness.
• Fabric is advanced through the weft straightener 14 which aligns the fabric weft prior to processing in enhancement modules 16, 18. Following hydroenhancement, the fabric is advanced to the tenter frame 20, which is of conventional design, where it is dryed under tension to produce a uniform fabric of specified width.
• Module 16 includes a first support member 22 which is supported on an endless conveyor means including rollers 24 and drive means (not shown) for rotation of the rollers.
• Preferred line speeds for the conveyor are in the range of 10 to 500 ft/min. Line speeds are adjusted in accordance with process energy requirements which vary as a function of fabric type and weight.
• Support member 22 which preferably has a flat configuration, includes closely spaced fluid pervious open areas 26.
• Support member 22 is a tight seamless weave which is not subject to angular displacement or snag. Specifications for the screen, which is manufactured by Albany International, Appleton Wire Division, P.O. Box 1939, Appleton, Wisconsin 54913 are set forth in Table I.
• Module 16 also includes an arrangement of parallel and spaced manifolds 30 oriented in a cross-direction ("CD") relative to movement of the fabric 12.
• the manifolds which are spaced approximately 8 inches apart each include a plurality of closely aligned and spaced columnar jet orifices 32 which are spaced approximately .5 inches from the support member 22.
• the jet orifices have diameters and center-to-center spacings in the range of .005 to .010 inches and .017 to .034 inches, respectively, and are designed to impact the fabric with fluid pressures in the range of 200 to 3000 psi.
• Preferred orifices have diameters of approximately .005 inches with center-to-center spacings of approximately .017 inches.
• This arrangement of fluid jets provides a curtain of fluid entangling streams which yield optimum enhancement in the fabric.
• Energy input to the fabric is cumulative along the line and preferably set at approximately the same level in modules 16, 18 (two stage system) to impart uniform enhancement to top and bottom surfaces of the fabric.
• Effective first stage enhancement of fabric yarn is achieved at an energy output of at least .05 hp-hr/lb and preferably in the range of .1 to 2.0 hp-hr/lb.
• the fabric is advanced to module 18 which enhances the other side of the fabric.
• Module 18 includes a second support member 34 of cylindrical configuration which is supported on a drum.
• the member 34 includes closely spaced fluid pervious open areas 36 which comprise approximately 36% of the screen area.
• a preferred support member 34, shown in Fig. 2B, is a 40x40 45° mesh stainless steel screen, manufactured by Appleton Wire, having the specifications set forth in Table I.
• Module 18 functions in the same manner as the planar module 16.
• Manifolds 30 and jet orifices 32 are provided which have substantially the same specifications as in the first stage enhancement module. Fluid energy to the fabric of at least 0.5 hp-hr/lb and preferably in the range of .1 to 2.0 hp-hr/lb effects second stage enhancement.
• Figs. 3A and 4A are photomicrographs at 10X and 16X magnification of a polyester LIBBEY brand fabric style no. S/X-A805 (see Table II) .
• Reed marks in Figs. 3A and 4A are designated by the letter "R".
• the invention overcomes this defect in conventional weaving processes through use of a single and preferably two stage hydroenhancement process.
• Advantage is obtained in the invention process by orienting the drum support member 34 in offset relation, preferably 45°, relative to machine direction ("MD") of the hydroenhancing line. See Figs. 2A and B.
• Support members 22 and 34 are preferably provided with fine mesh open areas which are dimensioned to effect fluid passage through the members without imparting a patterned effect to the fabric.
• the preferred members have an effective open area for fluid passage in the range of 17 - 40%.
• Figs. 3 - 15 illustrate representative woven and knit fabrics enhanced in accordance with the method of the invention, employing test conditions which simulate the line of Fig. 1.
• test manifolds 30 were spaced approximately 8 inches apart in modules 16, 18, and provided with densely packed columnar jet orifies 32 of approximately 60/inch.
• Orifices 32 each had a diameter of 0.005 inches and were spaced approximately .5 inches from the first and second support members
• the process line of Fig. 1 includes enhancement modules 16,
• modules 16, 18 were each fitted with two manifolds 34.
• Fabrics were hydroenhanced at process pressures of approximately 1500 psi.
• Line speed and cumulative energy output to the modules were respectively maintained at approximately 30 fp and 0.46 hp-hr/lb. Adjustments in the line speed and fluid pressure were made to accommodate differences in fabric weight for uniform processing and to maintain the preferred energy l vel.
• Fabrics processed in the Examples exhibited marked enhancement in aesthetic appearance and quality including, characteristics such as cover, bloom, abrasion resistance, drape, stability, and reduction in seam slippage, and edge fray.
• Tables III - XI set forth data for fabrics enhanced in accordance with invention on the test process line. Standard testing procedures of The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) were employed to test control and processed characteristics of fabrics. Data set forth in the Tables was generated in accordance with the following ASTM standards:
• Hydroenhancement caused fabric yarns to bloom and entangle at cross-over points, filling in open areas to improve cover and reduce air permeability in the fabrics.
• Figs. 12 and 13 are photomicrographs of a HYTEX brand wall covering fabric, manufactured by Hytex, Inc, Randoph,
• Massachusets A multi-textured surface appearance of the fabric is provided by yarns which are woven through discrete areas of the front fabric surface. Free floating weave stitches, designated by the letter "S" in Figs. 12B and 13B, are formed on the backside of the fabric.
• Fiber 3 denier - 1.5 inch acrylic Yarn : Open end cotton spun 9s 28 ends per inch
• Fiber 3 denier - 3 inch acrylic Yarn : Open end wool spun 4s
• Fiber 3 denier-3 inch acrylic Yarn : Wrap spun w/100 den textured polyester 4s 14 ends x 16 picks per inch
• Fiber 3 denier - 1.5 inch acrylic Yarn : Open end cotton spun 9s 28 ends per inch
• Fiber 3 denier - 3 inch acrylic Yarn : Hollow spun 6 twists/inch 4s
• Fiber 3 denier - 2.5 inch acrylic Yarn : Open end cotton spun 4s 14 ends per inch
• Fiber 3 denier - 3 inch acrylic Yarn : Open end wool spun 2.6s 14, 16 or 18 picks per inch
• Thread Count 120x38 50% Polyester/50% cotton Doubleknit 11A,B
• LIBBEY is a trademark of W. S. Libbey Co., One Mill Street, Lewiston, ME 04240. **NOMEX is a trademark of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del. *** H YTEX is a trademark of Hytex, Inc., Randoph, MA.
• Air Perm. (ft 3 /ft 2 457.2 188.5 -58.8 min) Grab Tensile (lbs/in) warp 80.2 89. .3 11.4 fill 105.0 111. ,4 6.1
• Air Perm. (Ft 3 /ft 2 113.1 95.1 -15.9 min) Abrasion 1.0 0.6 -40.0 ASTM (D-3884-80) : 250 Cycles, H-18 wheel Pilling (1-5 rating) 4.3 4.3 4.3
• Figs. 14A, B are photomacrographs of control and processed acrylic vertical blind fabric, manufactured by W.S. Libbey, style designation S/406. Enhancement of the fabric reduces fabric torque which is particularly advantageous in vertical blind applications.
• the torque reduction test of Figs. 14A, B employed fabric strips 84" long and 3.5" wide, which were suspended vertically suspended without restraint. Torque was measured with reference to the angle of fabric twist from a flat support surface. As can be seen in the photographs, a torque of 90° in the unprocessed fabric, Fig. 14A, was eliminated in the enhancement process.
• Figs. 15A-C are macrophotographs of control and processed acrylic fabrics, LIBBEY style nos. 022, 406 and 152, respectively, which were tested for washability. Unprocessed fabrics exhibited excessive fraying and destruction, in contrast to the enhanced fabrics which exhibit limited fraying and yarn (weight) loss. Table XI sets forth washability test weight loss data.
• Fig. 16 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention apparatus, generally designated 40.
• the apparatus includes a plurality of drums 42a-d over which a fabric 44 is advancement for enhancment processing. Specifically, the fabric 44 traverses the line in a sinuous path under and over the drums 42 in succession. Rollers 46a and b are provided at opposite ends of the line adjacent drums 42a and d to support the fabric. Any or all of the drums can be rotated by a suitable motor drive (not shown) to advance the fabric on the line.
• a plurality of manifolds 48 are provided in groups, Fig. 16 illustrates groups of four, which are respectively spaced from each of the drums 42a-d.
• An arrangement of manifold groups at 90° intervals on the sinuous fabric path successively positions the manifolds in spaced relation with respect to opposing surfaces of the fabric.
• Each manifold 48 impinges columnar fluid jets 50, such as water, against the fabric.
• Fluid supply 52 supplies fluid to the manifolds 48 which is collected in liquid sump 54 during processing for recirculation via line 56 to the manifolds.
• the support drums 42 may be porous or non-porous. It will be recognized that advantage is obtained through use of drums which include perforated support surfaces. Open areas in the support surfaces facilitate recirculation of the fluid employed in the enhancement process.
• Enhancement is a function of energy which is imparted to the fabric.
• Preferred energy levels for enhancement in accordance with the invention are in the range of .1 to 2.0 hp- hr/lb.
• Variables which determine process energy levels include line speed, the amount and velocity of liquid which impinges on the fabric, and fabric weight and characteristics.
• Fluid velocity and pressure are determined in part by the characteristics of ' the fluid orifices, for example, columnar versus fan jet configuration, and arrangement and spacing from the process line. It is a feature of the invention to impinge a curtain of fluid on a process line to impart an energy flux of approximately 0.46 hp-hr/lb to the fabric.
• Preferred specifications for orifice type and arrangement are set forth in description of the embodiment of Fig. 1. Briefly, orifices 16 are closely spaced with center-to-center spacings of approximately 0.017 inches and are spaced 0.5 inches from the support members. Orifice diameters of .005 inches and densities of 60 per manifold inch eject columnar fluid jets which form a uniform fluid curtain.
• Example XIV A plain woven 100% polyester fabric comprised of friction spun yarns having the following specifications was processed in accordance with the invention: count of 16 x 10 yarns/in 2 . weight of 8 ounces/yd 2 , an abrasion resistance of 500 grams (measured by 50 cycles of a CS17 abrasion test wheel) and an air permeability of 465 ft 3 /ft 2 /min.
• the fabric was processed on a test line to simulate a speed of 300 ft/min. on process apparatus including four drums 42 and eighteen nozzles 16 at a pressure of approximately 1500 psi. Energy output to fabric at these process parameters was approximately .46 hp-hr/lb. Table XII sets forth control and processed characteristics of the fabric.
• Example XIV The process conditions of Example XIV were employed to process a plain woven cotton osnaburg and plain woven polyester ring spun fabrics yielding the results set forth in Tables XIV and XV. TABLE XV
• Fabrics processed in Examples XIV-XVI are characterized by a substantial reduction in air permeability and increase in abrasion resistance.
• Process energy levels in these Examples were approximately .46 hp-hr/lb. It has been discovered that there is a correlation between process energy and enhancement. Increased energy levels yield optimum enhancement effects.
• the foregoing Examples illustrate applications of the hydroenhancing process of the invention for upgrading the quality of single ply woven and knit fabrics.
• Fig. 17 illustrates a composite flannel fabric 60 including fabric layers 62, 64. Hydrobonding of the layers is effected by first napping a opposing surfaces 62a, 64a of each of the layers to raise surface fibers. The opposing surfaces 62a, 44a are then arranged in overlying relation and processed on the production line of the invention. See Figs. 1 and 16.
• Enhancement of the layers 62, 64 effects entanglement of fibers in the napped surfaces and bonding of the layers to form a integral composite fabric 60. Exterior surfaces 62b, 64b are also enhanced in the process yielding improvements in cover and quality in the composite fabric.
• Napped surfaces 62a, 62b are provided by use of conventional mechanical napping apparatus.
• Such apparatus include cylinders covered with metal points or teasel burrs which abrade fabric surfaces.
• composite fabric 60 is manufactured without requirement of conventional laminating adhesives. As a result, the composite fabric breaths and has improved tactile characteristics than obtained in prior art laminated composites. It will be recognized that such composite fabrics have diverse applications in fields such as apparel and footware.
• Optimum enhancement in single and multi-ply fabrics is a function of energy. Preferred results are obtained at energy levels of approximately .46 hp-hr/lb. Energy requirements will of course vary for different fabrics as will process conditions required to achieve optimum energy levels. In general, process speeds, nozzle configuration and spacing may be varied to obtain preferred process energy levels.
• Enhanced fabrics of the invention are preferably fabricated of yarns including fibers having deniers and lengths, respectively, in the ranges of 0.3 to 10.0 and 0.5 to 6.0 inches, and yarn counts of .5s to 80s.
• Optimum enhancement is obtained in fabrics having fiber deniers in the range of .5 to 6, staple fibers of .5 to 6.0 inches, and yarn counts in the range of .5s to 50s.
• Preferred yarn spinning systems employed in the invention fabrics include cotton spun, wrap spun and wool spun. Experimentation indicates that preferred enhancement results are obtained in fabrics including low denier, short lengths fibers, and loosely twisted yarns.
• the invention advances the art by recognizing that superior fabric enhancement can be obtained under controlled process conditions and energy levels.
• the art has not recognized the advantages and the extent to which hydroenhancement can be employed to upgrade fabric quality. It is submitted that the results achieved in the invention reflect a substantial and surprising contribution to the art.
• Figs. 1 and 16 respectively illustrate two and four stage enhancement process lines.
• System configurations which include one or more modules having flat, drum or other support member configuration may be employed in the invention. It will be recognized that the process of the invention has wide application for the production of a diversity of enhanced fabrics. Thus, the Examples are not intended to limit the invention.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Woven Fabrics (AREA)
• Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
• Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

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  • 1989-04-14 AT AT89905247T patent/ATE142290T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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