EP0411282A2 - Use of precipitation hardening ferritic-perlitic steels as material for valves of combustion engines - Google Patents

Use of precipitation hardening ferritic-perlitic steels as material for valves of combustion engines Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0411282A2
EP0411282A2 EP90110888A EP90110888A EP0411282A2 EP 0411282 A2 EP0411282 A2 EP 0411282A2 EP 90110888 A EP90110888 A EP 90110888A EP 90110888 A EP90110888 A EP 90110888A EP 0411282 A2 EP0411282 A2 EP 0411282A2
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Prior art keywords
steels
valves
steel
combustion engines
precipitation hardening
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EP90110888A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0411282B1 (en
EP0411282A3 (en
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Volker Dipl.-Ing. Schüler
Klaus E. Dipl.-Ing. Richter
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Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbH
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Thyssen Edelstahlwerke AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/02—Selecting particular materials for valve-members or valve-seats; Valve-members or valve-seats composed of two or more materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of precipitation hardening ferritic-pearlitic steels, so-called AFP steels, as a material for gas exchange valves of internal combustion engines.
  • Gas exchange valves are intake and exhaust valves in internal combustion engines that regulate the gas exchange in the engine and seal the working area of the cylinder to the outside.
  • valve manufacturers take into account the different material properties of the valve materials when designing the differently loaded valves.
  • lightly loaded inlet valves as single metal valves (“mono valves") are often made from steel 1.4718 (x 45 CrSi 93).
  • tempered, ground rods are partially conductively heated and at the same time compressed in a pear shape. Then the valve plate is forged in the die, then tempered or tempered and finally the final machining takes place.
  • the valve manufacturer is often forced to combine valve materials with one another in a sensible manner. As shown in Fig. 1 using the example of a bimetal valve, e.g.
  • valve disc made of steel 1.4871 (X 53 CrMnNi N 21 9) with a steel 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 93) the high heat resistance and hot gas corrosion resistance of the hardenable austenitic steel can be combined with the high wear resistance and the good sliding properties of the hardenable martensitic steel.
  • valve materials made of steel 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 9 3) or modifications are made for intake valves and low-stress exhaust valves and for stems of intake and exhaust bimetallic valves.
  • These steels are processed by the steel manufacturer and valve manufacturer in accordance with the main production sequences as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the invention is based on the object, instead of the previously used martensitic-carbidic steels, which have to be heat-treated several times according to the production sequence both at the steelmaker and at the valve manufacturer, to use steels which achieve the required valve properties as far as possible without heat treatment and require less machining effort.
  • AFP steels both after rolling to wire and after upsetting and drop forging with controlled cooling of hot-forming temperature in air (“state BY”), have mechanical-technological values which are comparable to those of steel 1.4718.
  • Table 1 shows the chemical composition
  • Table 2 and Fig. 4 the strength properties at room temperature and elevated temperatures.
  • Table 3 and Fig. 5 indicate the creep rupture strength of the comparison materials 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 9 3) and an AFP steel.
  • AFP steels in the BY condition are a sensible alternative to the well-known steel 1.4718.
  • the intake valves made from the AFP steel to be used according to the invention at a valve manufacturer were cooled in still air after upsetting and drop forging and tested in engine test benches without tempering and other heat treatment. The results found are also positive and sufficient compared to the previously used steel 1.4718.
  • Steels to be used according to the invention have the advantage over the materials previously used for gas exchange valves that they can be simplified according to the production sequences shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 and can thus be produced more cost-effectively.
  • the first thing that is noticeable when using AFP steels is the absence of heat treatments at the steelmaker and valve manufacturer.
  • the lower crack and decarburization sensitivity of AFP steels compared to steel 1.4718 and the lack of decarburization due to the absence of heat treatment processes mean that the semi-finished product that is required today for further rolling in steel 1.4718 due to partial stain grinding on AFP steels be replaced.
  • the machining allowance for centerless grinding of bar steel can be reduced or even saved entirely by using drawn bars instead of ground bars in AFP steels as the raw material for the production of gas exchange valves.
  • AFP steels compared to martensitic-carbide valve steels are, in addition to less crack and decarburization sensitivity: . low alloy expenditure . better strand castability . less sensitivity to coarse-grained recrystallization . better machinability.
  • Plate 1 Comparative steels 1.4718 (X45CrSi93) and AFP steel Chemical composition - melt analysis (data in mass%) element Steel 1.4718 AFP steel A B C.

Abstract

The invention relates to the use of precipitation-hardenable ferritic-perlitic steels, consisting of 0.20 to 0.60% of carbon 0.20 to 0.95% of silicon 0.50 to 1.80% of manganese 0.004 to 0.04% of nitrogen and 0.05 to 0.20% of vanadium and/or niobium, the remainder being iron and impurities from the smelting process, as a material for gas reversing valves of combustion engines.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von ausscheidungshärtenden ferritisch-­perlitischen Stählen, sog. AFP-Stählen, als Werkstoff für Gaswechselventile von Verbrennungsmotoren.The invention relates to the use of precipitation hardening ferritic-pearlitic steels, so-called AFP steels, as a material for gas exchange valves of internal combustion engines.

Gaswechselventile sind Ein- und Auslaßventile in Verbrennungsmotoren, die den Gaswechsel im Motor regeln und den Arbeitsraum des Zylinders nach außen abdichten.Gas exchange valves are intake and exhaust valves in internal combustion engines that regulate the gas exchange in the engine and seal the working area of the cylinder to the outside.

Die Motorentwicklung zu immer höheren Leistungen führt zu einer stetig größer werdenden Wärmebelastung der Ventile, wobei die von heißen Verbrennungsgasen umspülten Auslaßventile Betriebstemperaturen bis ca. 850 °C erreichen. Einlaß­ventile werden dagegen durch das Frischgas gekühlt und erreichen selten Temperaturen über 550 °C.
1). V. Schüler, T. Kreul, S. Engineer: "Edelbaustähle im Automobil", Thyssen Technische Berichte 2 (1986), S. 233-240The engine development to ever higher performance leads to a steadily increasing thermal load on the valves, whereby the exhaust valves flushed with hot combustion gases reach operating temperatures of up to approx. 850 ° C. In contrast, intake valves are cooled by the fresh gas and rarely reach temperatures above 550 ° C.
1). V. Schüler, T. Kreul, S. Engineer: "Precious structural steels in automobiles", Thyssen Technical Reports 2 (1986), pp. 233-240

Neben hohen Warmfestigkeitseigenschaften der Ventilwerkstoffe sind weitere Gebrauchseigenschaften gefordert, wie sie schematisch in Fig. 1 wiedergegeben sind 1).
2). DIN 17480: "Ventilwerkstoffe", Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 30 (September 1984)In addition to the high heat resistance properties of the valve materials, further use properties are required, as are shown schematically in FIG. 1 1).
2). DIN 17480: "Ventilwerkstoffe", Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 30 (September 1984)

Für diese Eigenschaften sind spezielle Ventilwerkstoffe entwickelt worden, die in DIN 17480 2) genormt sind. Werkstoffkundlich werden drei Gruppen unterschieden:
- martensitisch-carbidische Stähle, wie die Werkstoffe Nr. 1.4718, 1.4731, 1.4748
- austenitisch-carbidische Stähle, z.T. aushärtbar, wie die Werkstoffe Nr. 1.4873, 1.4875, 1.4882, 1.4785 und
austenitisch-aushärtbare Legierungen, wie die Werkstoffe Nr. 2.4955, 2.4952.Special valve materials have been developed for these properties, which are standardized in DIN 17480 2). In terms of materials, there are three groups:
- Martensitic-carbidic steels, such as materials No. 1.4718, 1.4731, 1.4748
- austenitic-carbidic steels, partly hardenable, like the materials no. 1.4873, 1.4875, 1.4882, 1.4785 and
austenitic-hardenable alloys, such as materials No. 2.4955, 2.4952.

Die Ventilhersteller berücksichtigen bei der Auslegung der unterschiedlich belasteten Ventile die unterschiedlichen Werkstoffeigenschaften der Ventilwerk­stoffe. So werden gering belastete Einlaßventile als Einmetallventile ("Mono­ventile") häufig aus dem Stahl 1.4718 (x 45 CrSi 93) hergestellt. Dabei werden beispielsweise vergütete, geschliffene Stäbe partiell konduktiv erwärmt und gleichzeitig birnenförmig gestaucht. Danach wird im Gesenk der Ventil­teller geschmiedet, dann wird vergütet oder angelassen und schließlich erfolgt die Fertigbearbeitung. Bei hoch beanspruchten Auslaßventilen ist der Ventil­hersteller häufig gezwungen, Ventilwerkstoffe sinnvoll miteinander zu kombinieren. Wie in Fig. 1 am Beispiel eines Bimetallventiles dargestellt, kann z.B. durch Reibschweißen eines Ventiltellers aus dem Stahl 1.4871 (X 53 CrMnNi N 21 9) mit einem Stahl 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 93) die hohe Warmfestigkeit und Heißgaskorro­sionsbeständigkeit des aushärtbaren austenitischen Stahles mit dem hohen Verschleißwiderstand und den guten Gleiteigenschaften des härtbaren martensi­tischen Stahles kombiniert werden.The valve manufacturers take into account the different material properties of the valve materials when designing the differently loaded valves. For example, lightly loaded inlet valves as single metal valves ("mono valves") are often made from steel 1.4718 (x 45 CrSi 93). For example, tempered, ground rods are partially conductively heated and at the same time compressed in a pear shape. Then the valve plate is forged in the die, then tempered or tempered and finally the final machining takes place. When exhaust valves are subject to high loads, the valve manufacturer is often forced to combine valve materials with one another in a sensible manner. As shown in Fig. 1 using the example of a bimetal valve, e.g. by friction welding a valve disc made of steel 1.4871 (X 53 CrMnNi N 21 9) with a steel 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 93) the high heat resistance and hot gas corrosion resistance of the hardenable austenitic steel can be combined with the high wear resistance and the good sliding properties of the hardenable martensitic steel.

Nach dem heutigen Stand der Technik werden für Einlaßventile und gering beanspruchte Auslaßventile sowie für Schäfte von Ein- und Auslaßbimetallventilen mehr als die Hälfte des Gesamtbedarfs an Ventilwerkstoffen aus dem Stahl 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 9 3) oder Modifikationen hergestellt. Diese Stähle werden beim Stahlhersteller und Ventilhersteller entsprechend den Haupt-Fertigungs­folgen, wie sie in den Figuren 2 und 3 dargestellt sind, verarbeitet.According to the current state of the art, more than half of the total requirement for valve materials made of steel 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 9 3) or modifications are made for intake valves and low-stress exhaust valves and for stems of intake and exhaust bimetallic valves. These steels are processed by the steel manufacturer and valve manufacturer in accordance with the main production sequences as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, anstelle der bisher eingesetzten martensitisch-carbidischen Stähle, die entsprechend der Fertigungsfolge sowohl beim Stahlerzeuger als auch beim Ventilhersteller mehrfach wärmebehan­delt werden müssen, Stähle einzusetzen, die möglichst ohne Wärmebehandlung die geforderten Ventileigenschaften erreichen und einen geringeren Bearbei­tungsaufwand erfordern.The invention is based on the object, instead of the previously used martensitic-carbidic steels, which have to be heat-treated several times according to the production sequence both at the steelmaker and at the valve manufacturer, to use steels which achieve the required valve properties as far as possible without heat treatment and require less machining effort.

Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe werden erfindungsgemäß AFP-Stähle der Zusammensetzung nach einem oder mehrerer der Ansprüche vorgeschlagen.To achieve this object, AFP steels of the composition according to one or more of the claims are proposed.

Es wurde festgestellt, daß AFP-Stähle sowohl nach dem Walzen zu Draht als auch nach dem Stauchen und Gesenkschmieden mit gesteuerter Abkühlung von Warmformgebungstemperatur an Luft ("Zustand BY") mechanisch-technologische Werte aufweisen, die denen des Stahles 1.4718 vergleichbar sind. Tafel 1 zeigt die chemische Zusammensetzung, Tafel 2 und Fig. 4 die Festigkeitseigen­schaften bei Raumtemperatur und erhöhten Temperaturen. Tafel 3 und Fig. 5 kennzeichnen die Zeitstandfestigkeit der Vergleichswerkstoffe 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 9 3) und eines AFP-Stahles. Demnach sind AFP-Stähle im Zustand BY eine sinnvolle Alternative zu dem bekannten Stahl 1.4718.It has been found that AFP steels, both after rolling to wire and after upsetting and drop forging with controlled cooling of hot-forming temperature in air ("state BY"), have mechanical-technological values which are comparable to those of steel 1.4718. Table 1 shows the chemical composition, Table 2 and Fig. 4 the strength properties at room temperature and elevated temperatures. Table 3 and Fig. 5 indicate the creep rupture strength of the comparison materials 1.4718 (X 45 CrSi 9 3) and an AFP steel. AFP steels in the BY condition are a sensible alternative to the well-known steel 1.4718.

Die aus dem erfindungsgemäß zu verwendenden AFP-Stahl bei einem Ventilhersteller hergestellten Einlaßventile wurden nach dem Stauchen und Gesenkschmieden an ruhender Luft abgekühlt und ohne Vergütung und sonstige Wärmebehandlung in Motorprüfständen erprobt. Die gefundenen Ergebnisse sind auch im Vergleich zu dem bisher eingesetzten Stahl 1.4718 positiv und ausreichend.The intake valves made from the AFP steel to be used according to the invention at a valve manufacturer were cooled in still air after upsetting and drop forging and tested in engine test benches without tempering and other heat treatment. The results found are also positive and sufficient compared to the previously used steel 1.4718.

Erfindungsgemäß zu verwendende Stähle haben gegenüber den bisher eingesetzten Materialien für Gaswechselventile den Vorteil, daß sie nach den in den Figuren 6 und 7 wiedergegebenen Fertigungsfolgen vereinfacht und damit kostensparender erzeugt werden können.Steels to be used according to the invention have the advantage over the materials previously used for gas exchange valves that they can be simplified according to the production sequences shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 and can thus be produced more cost-effectively.

Beim Vergleich der Hauptvertigungsfolgen nach den Fig. 6 und 7 mit den bisher üblichen Hauptfertigungsfolgen in den Figuren 2 und 3 fällt zunächst beim Einsatz von AFP-Stählen der Wegfall von Wärmebehandlungen beim Stahlerzeuger und Ventilhersteller auf. Als weiterer Vorteil kann wegen der geringeren Riß- und Entkohlungsempfindlichkeit der AFP-Stähle im Vergleich zum Stahl 1.4718 und wegen der fehlenden Entkohlung durch wegfallende Wärmebehandlungsvorgänge das heute notwendige 100 %ige Blankschleifen des Halbzeuges zum Weiterwalzen beim Stahl 1.4718 durch partielles Fleckschleifen bei den AFP-Stählen ersetzt werden. Darüber hinaus kann das Bearbeitungsaufmaß zum Centerless-Schleifen von Stabstahl reduziert oder sogar ganz eingespart werden, indem man bei AFP-Stählen als Vormaterial für die Herstellung von Gaswechselventilen gezogene Stäbe anstelle von geschliffenen Stäben einsetzt.When comparing the main conversion sequences according to FIGS. 6 and 7 with the previously usual main production sequences in FIGS. 2 and 3, the first thing that is noticeable when using AFP steels is the absence of heat treatments at the steelmaker and valve manufacturer. As a further advantage, the lower crack and decarburization sensitivity of AFP steels compared to steel 1.4718 and the lack of decarburization due to the absence of heat treatment processes mean that the semi-finished product that is required today for further rolling in steel 1.4718 due to partial stain grinding on AFP steels be replaced. In addition, the machining allowance for centerless grinding of bar steel can be reduced or even saved entirely by using drawn bars instead of ground bars in AFP steels as the raw material for the production of gas exchange valves.

Weitere Vorteile der AFP-Stähle gegenüber martensitisch-carbidischen Ventil­stählen sind neben geringerer Riß- und Entkohlungsempfindlichkeit:
. geringer Legierungsaufwand
. bessere Strangvergießbarkeit
. geringere Empfindlichkeit gegenüber grobkörniger Rekristallisation
. bessere Zerspanbarkeit.Other advantages of AFP steels compared to martensitic-carbide valve steels are, in addition to less crack and decarburization sensitivity:
. low alloy expenditure
. better strand castability
. less sensitivity to coarse-grained recrystallization
. better machinability.

Insgesamt ergibt sich bei Verwendung der AFP-Stähle für Gaswechselventile von Verbrennungsmotoren durch diese Vorteile eine erhebliche Kosteneinsparung beim Stahlerzeuger und auch beim Ventilhersteller. Tafel 1 Vergleichsstähle : 1.4718(X45CrSi93) und AFP-Stahl Chemische Zusammensetzung - Schmelzanalysen (Angaben in Mass.-%) Element Stahl 1,4718 AFP-Stahl A B C 0,44 0,43 Si 2,78 0,66 Mn 0,32 1,38 P 0,015 0,008 S 0,003 0,027 Cr 8,93 0,15 Mo 0,12 0,02 Ni 0,20 0,08 V 0,03 0,12 W 0,02 < 0,01 Al 0,027 0,047 B - < 0,0004 Co 0,06 0,008 Cu 0,04 0,10 N 0,018 0,016 Nb < 0,005 < 0,005 Ti < 0,003 < 0,003 Sn < 0,003 0,012 As 0,008 0,010

Figure imgb0001
Tafel 3 Vergleichsstähle 1.4718 (X45CrSi93) und AFP-Stahl Zeitstandfestigkeit bei 450, 500 und 550 °C für 10² und 10³ h Beanspruchungsdauern Stahl A = 1.4718, 17,5 mm Dmr.; Standardvergütung Stahl B = AFP-Stahl 9,32 mm Dmr.; BY / gezogen / geschliffen Stahl Prüftemperatur °C Zeitstandfestigkeit für 10² h N/mm² 10³ h N/mm² A 450 500 380 500 330 230 550 210 130 B 450 410 310 500 260 150 550 140 70 Overall, when using AFP steels for gas exchange valves of internal combustion engines, these advantages result in considerable cost savings for the steelmaker and also for the valve manufacturer. Plate 1 Comparative steels: 1.4718 (X45CrSi93) and AFP steel Chemical composition - melt analysis (data in mass%) element Steel 1.4718 AFP steel A B C. 0.44 0.43 Si 2.78 0.66 Mn 0.32 1.38 P 0.015 0.008 S 0.003 0.027 Cr 8.93 0.15 Mon 0.12 0.02 Ni 0.20 0.08 V 0.03 0.12 W 0.02 <0.01 Al 0.027 0.047 B - <0.0004 Co 0.06 0.008 Cu 0.04 0.10 N 0.018 0.016 Nb <0.005 <0.005 Ti <0.003 <0.003 Sn <0.003 0.012 As 0.008 0.010
Figure imgb0001
 Comparative steels 1.4718 (X45CrSi93) and AFP steel Creep rupture strength at 450, 500 and 550 ° C for 10² and 10³ h stress periods Steel A = 1.4718, 17.5 mm diameter; Standard remuneration Steel B = AFP steel 9.32 mm diameter; BY / drawn / ground stole Test temperature ° C Creep resistance for 10² h N / mm² 10³ h N / mm² A 450 500 380 500 330 230 550 210 130 B 450 410 310 500 260 150 550 140 70

Claims (4)

1. Verwendung von ausscheidungshärten ferritisch-perlitischen Stählen, bestehend aus
0,20 bis 0,60 % Kohlenstoff
0,20 bis 0,95 % Silicium
0,50 bis 1,80 % Mangan
0,004 bis 0,04 % Stickstoff
0,05 bis 0,20 % Vanadium und/oder Niob
Rest Eisen und erschmelzungsbedingte Verunreinigungen als Werkstoff für Gaswechselventile von Verbrennungsmotoren.1. Use of precipitation hardening ferritic-pearlitic steels consisting of
0.20 to 0.60% carbon
0.20 to 0.95% silicon
0.50 to 1.80% manganese
0.004 to 0.04% nitrogen
0.05 to 0.20% vanadium and / or niobium
The rest iron and melting-related impurities as a material for gas exchange valves of internal combustion engines. 2. Verwendung eines Stahls nach Anspruch 1, der zusätzlich noch bis 0,20 Schwefel, bis 0,70 % Chrom, bis 0,10 % Aluminium, bis 0,05 % Titan einzeln oder zu mehreren enthält, für den Zweck nach Anspruch 1.2. Use of a steel according to claim 1, which additionally contains up to 0.20 sulfur, up to 0.70% chromium, up to 0.10% aluminum, up to 0.05% titanium individually or in groups, for the purpose according to claim 1 . 3. Verwendung eines Stahls nach Anspruch 1 und 2 mit
0,35 bis 0,50 % Kohlenstoff
0,40 bis 0,80 % Silicium
1,00 bis 1,60 % Mangan
0,05 bis 0,50 % Chrom
0,01 bis 0,05 % Aluminium
0,008 bis 0,03 % Stickstoff
0,05 bis 0,12 % Vanadium,
Rest Eisen und erschmelzungsbedingte Verunreinigungen für den Zweck nach Anspruch 1.3. Use of a steel according to claim 1 and 2 with
0.35 to 0.50% carbon
0.40 to 0.80% silicon
1.00 to 1.60% manganese
0.05 to 0.50% chromium
0.01 to 0.05% aluminum
0.008 to 0.03% nitrogen
0.05 to 0.12% vanadium,
Balance iron and melting-related impurities for the purpose of claim 1. 4. Verwendung eines Stahls nach Anspruch 3, der zusätzlich noch bis 0,05 % Schwefel, bis 0,05 % Niob, bis 0,025 % Titan einzeln oder zu mehreren enthält, für den Zweck nach Anspruch 1.4. Use of a steel according to claim 3, which additionally contains up to 0.05% sulfur, up to 0.05% niobium, up to 0.025% titanium individually or in groups, for the purpose according to claim 1.
EP90110888A 1989-06-09 1990-06-08 Use of precipitation hardening ferritic-perlitic steels as material for valves of combustion engines Expired - Lifetime EP0411282B1 (en)

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AT90110888T ATE93549T1 (en) 1989-06-09 1990-06-08 USE OF PRECIPITATION HARDENING FERRITIC-PERLITIC (AFP -) STEELS AS MATERIAL FOR GAS EXCHANGE VALVES OF COMBUSTION ENGINES.

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DE3918869 1989-06-09
DE3918869 1989-06-09
DE4014072 1990-05-02
DE4014072A DE4014072A1 (en) 1989-06-09 1990-05-02 USE OF ELIGIBLE FERRITIC-PERLITIC (AFP) STEELS AS A MATERIAL FOR GAS EXCHANGE VALVES OF COMBUSTION ENGINES

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DE102007026018B4 (en) 2007-06-04 2023-01-19 Scania Cv Ab Bimetallic valve with a truncated cone-shaped area of the valve stem
DE102008061237A1 (en) * 2008-12-09 2010-06-10 Man Diesel Se Gas exchange valve and method for its production
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CN104895695A (en) * 2015-05-18 2015-09-09 夏志清 Diesel engine cylinder cover
CN104895695B (en) * 2015-05-18 2017-09-19 宏远石油设备股份有限公司 A kind of diesel engine cylinder head

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FI96327B (en) 1996-02-29
CA2018636C (en) 2000-10-24
CA2018636A1 (en) 1990-12-09
ES2045652T3 (en) 1994-01-16
FI96327C (en) 1996-06-10
JP2820776B2 (en) 1998-11-05
JPH03219045A (en) 1991-09-26
DE4014072C2 (en) 1991-12-05
KR910001081A (en) 1991-01-30
FI902899A0 (en) 1990-06-11
KR0151154B1 (en) 1998-11-16
DE59002456D1 (en) 1993-09-30
EP0411282B1 (en) 1993-08-25
EP0411282A3 (en) 1991-07-31
DE4014072A1 (en) 1990-12-20

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