EP0407558A1 - Mikrowellen-verstärker oder oszillator-anordnung. - Google Patents
Mikrowellen-verstärker oder oszillator-anordnung.Info
- Publication number
- EP0407558A1 EP0407558A1 EP90902637A EP90902637A EP0407558A1 EP 0407558 A1 EP0407558 A1 EP 0407558A1 EP 90902637 A EP90902637 A EP 90902637A EP 90902637 A EP90902637 A EP 90902637A EP 0407558 A1 EP0407558 A1 EP 0407558A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- circuit
- modulation
- electron beam
- output circuit
- microwave
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 NDI CATIONS Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000003197 Byrsonima crassifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000001546 Byrsonima crassifolia Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/74—Tubes specially designed to act as transit-time diode oscillators, e.g. monotrons
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a microwave amplifier device, as well as an oscillator obtained from the previous device.
- speed modulation electronic tubes such as klystrons or traveling wave tubes.
- This type of tube includes an electron gun, providing an electron beam; the electrons in the beam undergo a periodic change in speed which causes them to regroup in packets in certain areas of space; these packets then excite by impulse, according to their own period, the oscillations of a microwave circuit (resonant cavity or line) by borrowing the energy necessary for their own kinetic energy.
- the effects of space charge are very important.
- vircators which, unlike the previous tubes, take advantage of the space charge effects.
- a current of electrons is injected into a space, most often equal to several times the maximum current that could actually cross this space.
- This virtual cathode is unstable, that is to say it oscillates in space, thus creating electromagnetic fields.
- the signal transmitted is of poor quality, that is to say that the power is transmitted on numerous modes in a series of simultaneous or successive frequencies, and the applications of this type of signals are quite reduced.
- the conversion efficiency is poor (of the order of 2 to 1 at best) compared to the efficiency that it is possible to obtain ⁇ r with speed modulation tubes (often greater than 40%) .
- the present invention has ofciet a device intended to produce hyperfrequency energy from an electron beam, which makes it possible to avoid the preceding limitations, that is to say an efficiency as energy conversion of the electron beam in microwave energy and a quality of the signal emitted comparable to those of speed modulation tubes, with a weight and in -an volume comparable to those of vircators.
- the device according to the inversion comprises:
- an electronic gun capable of producing an electron beam such that the current that i carries is slightly lower than the maximum current likely to be transported in the generator; a so-called modulation microwave circuit, making it possible to apply an alternating voltage whose amplitude is sufficient to trigger, during one of its alter ⁇ nances, the formation of a virtual cathode no longer allowing the passage of electrons, the current carried by the beam thus being modulated at the frequency called modulation of the alternating voltage;
- FIG. 3 a third embodiment of the device according to the invention, in which the electron beam used is a solid cylindrical beam.
- the same references relate to the same elements.
- FIG. 1 therefore represents a first embodiment of the device according to the invention, seen in longitudinal schematic section.
- the generator according to the invention is a structure of revolution around a longitudinal axis ZZ. It comprises an electron gun 1, formed by a cathode 11 and an anode composed of an armature 20 and a screen 21.
- the cathode 11 is in the form of a conductive cylinder of axis ZZ, whose circumference protrudes 10 so that the electrons emitted by this cathode form an annular beam, represented by a dotted area 8 in the figure.
- the direction of propagation of the electrons of the beam 8 is shown by arrows.
- the armature 20 of the anode consists of a hollow cylinder, of the same axis ZZ as the cathode; it is closed by an annular shoulder 23 and a screen 21 in the form of a disc, leaving an annular slot 22 for the passage of the electron beam 8 to remain; the screen 21 is for example fixed by three tabs on the shoulder 23.
- the generator according to the invention also comprises an output microwave circuit 4 which is, in this embodiment, of the coaxial type, formed by an internal conductive cylinder 5 and an external conductor 4, arranged in the extension of the armature 20, between which is defined an annular space 44.
- the output circuit is substantially symmetrical of the electron gun 1 with respect to a plane normal to the plane of the figure, that is to say that the outer conductor 40 has a shoulder 43 annular and a screen 41 bearing, for example by legs, on the shoulder 43 and defining with this shoulder a circular slot 42 for the passage of the electron beam 8; the latter is received by an annular projection 50 of the inner conductor 5.
- the generator according to the invention further comprises a microwave modulation circuit 7, which is in this embodiment of the coaxial type; the central conductor of the circuit is formed by the wall 40 and the external conductor by a wall 70 in the form of a hollow cylinder, always of axis ZZ, defining with the wall 40 an annular space 74, the outer conductor 70 coming to be connected to part 25 of the frame 20.
- the operation of this device is as follows.
- the application to the cathode 11 of a negative voltage with respect to that of the anode causes the emission of the annular electron beam 8.
- the armature 20, the screen 21 and the elements of the output circuit 4 are at ground potential and a voltage -V is applied to the cathode 11.
- a longitudinal magnetic field is preferably applied to the structure, using means not shown.
- the mechanism for forming a virtual cathode is recalled below. Inside an electron beam there is a charge of space: on the axis of the beam, the potential and the speed of the electrons are lower than at the periphery. If the density of electrons and consequently the current transport increase, the potential and the speed of the electrons decrease until zero: the electrons then form a heap, negatively charged, called virtual cathode.
- This electron cluster oscillates on the longitudinal axis, giving rise to an electromagnetic field. The frequency of the oscillations depends in particular on the injection current and it is commonly measured in Gigahertz.
- the maximum current intensity beyond which the electrons form a virtual cathode is a function of the potential of the electron beam as well as of the dimensions of the beam and of the injection region 3; more precisely, the maximum current for a given electron beam is lower when the injection zone 3 is of larger diameter.
- the dimensions of the device (electron gun and injection zone) and the current of the electron beam are chosen so that it is slightly less than the maximum current likely to travel through region 3, current beyond which there is virtual cathode formation.
- the voltage between parts 25 and 45 resulting from this field must be of sufficient amplitude so that, for one of the alternations, the electron beam 8 is stopped by a mechanism of the virtual cathode type and no longer reaches the circuit. outlet 4, the electrons then being absorbed by the walls delimiting the injection zone 3; at the next alternation, the voltage applied between the same elements 25 and 45 restores the beam; the beam current is thus modulated in intensity at the frequency of the modulation signal.
- the output circuit 4 is then excited by the preceding modulated current and thus ensures the transformation into hyper-frequency energy of at least part of the energy of the electrons of the beam.
- Screens 21 and 41 conventionally have the function of absorbing divergent electrons. It should be noted that the modulation (7) and output (4) microwave circuits make it possible, by the choice of their dimensions, to precisely define the frequency of the modulation signal and, which is the aim sought, the frequency of the signal. output, thus obtaining a good quality signal.
- the maximum period of the alternating modulation field may be only a fraction of the beam switching time between the on state and the virtual cathode; in practice it can be of the order of the transit time of the electrons in the structure.
- the generator described here is, like a vircator, particularly compact; the length of the injection region 3, limited by the screens 21 and 41 happens to be in fact, in practice, of the order of the operating wavelength.
- V direct voltage
- MV voltages
- KA currents
- the reinjection means can be produced by any known means, such as a coupling loop produced in an opening in the wall 40 or a circuit outside the generator shown.
- FIG. 2 represents a second embodiment of the device according to the invention, in which means are provided for post-acceleration of the beam after modulation, in order to improve the efficiency of the assembly.
- the output circuit 4 is also formed as in FIG. 1 by the cylindrical inner conductor 5 surrounded by the conductor 40, the shoulder 43 and the screen 41.
- the injection zone is no longer closed by the screen 21 and the shoulder 43 but by a conductive element 61 similar to the screen 41 and an external conductor 60, arranged in the extension of the armature 20 and providing with the latter the slot 71 to which the modulation circuit is connected; the element 60 also houses an annular slot 62 with the screen 61 to allow the passage of the electron beam 8.
- the elements 60 and 61 are therefore electrically isolated both from the barrel 1 and from the output circuit 4.
- a voltage -V is applied to the cathode relative to the anode, the modulation signal via circuit 7 and, in addition, a post-acceleration voltage + V 1 to the output circuit. relative to the wall 60, which is for example at the potential of the anode. From the outlet ⁇ an acceleration of the electrons is carried out from the injection zone 3.
- FIG. 3 represents a third embodiment of the device according to the invention, in which the electron beam is a full cylinder.
- the emitted surface if ve of the cathode, now marked 12, of the barrel 1 is in the form of a disc so as to emit a solid cylindrical electron beam.
- the inner conductor of the output circuit 4, now marked 51 is constituted by a flat surface in the form of a disc.
- the screens 21 and 41 of FIG. 1 have been replaced here by the elements marked 26 and 46, constituted by grids or metallic sheets sufficiently thin for their absorption of electrons to be very low.
- the diameter of the cathode 12 must be substantially less than the wavelength of the energy. microwave obtained at the output, for example of the order of half the wavelength.
Landscapes
- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
- Microwave Tubes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8901007 | 1989-01-27 | ||
FR8901007A FR2642584B1 (fr) | 1989-01-27 | 1989-01-27 | Dispositif amplificateur ou oscillateur fonctionnant en hyperfrequence |
PCT/FR1990/000059 WO1990009029A1 (fr) | 1989-01-27 | 1990-01-26 | Dispositif amplificateur ou oscillateur fonctionnant en hyperfrequence |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0407558A1 true EP0407558A1 (de) | 1991-01-16 |
EP0407558B1 EP0407558B1 (de) | 1995-08-02 |
Family
ID=9378164
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP90902637A Expired - Lifetime EP0407558B1 (de) | 1989-01-27 | 1990-01-26 | Mikrowellen-verstärker oder oszillator-anordnung |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5164634A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0407558B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH03503818A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2026111C (de) |
DE (1) | DE69021290T2 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2642584B1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1990009029A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2830371B1 (fr) * | 2001-09-28 | 2005-08-26 | Thales Sa | Generateur d'ondes hyperfrequences a cathode virtuelle |
SE532955C2 (sv) * | 2006-06-01 | 2010-05-18 | Bae Systems Bofors Ab | Anordning för generering av mikrovågor |
RU2444082C2 (ru) * | 2010-05-24 | 2012-02-27 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Саратовский государственный университет им. Н.Г. Чернышевского" | Генератор свч сигналов на виртуальном катоде |
RU2671915C2 (ru) * | 2017-12-14 | 2018-11-07 | Александр Петрович Ишков | Авторезонансный СВЧ-генератор |
CN113936982B (zh) * | 2021-08-23 | 2023-07-21 | 西北核技术研究所 | 一种束流调控的高效率低磁场相对论返波管 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2252565A (en) * | 1940-03-09 | 1941-08-12 | Rca Corp | Electron discharge device |
US2428622A (en) * | 1942-11-12 | 1947-10-07 | Gen Electric | Tuning and coupling means for highfrequency systems |
DE975093C (de) * | 1944-03-30 | 1961-08-10 | Karl Dr Hausser | Anordnung mit einer Bremsfeldroehre zur Erzeugung sehr kurzer elektrischer Wellen |
GB852421A (en) * | 1956-02-21 | 1960-10-26 | Vickers Electrical Co Ltd | Improvements relating to velocity modulated electron discharge devices |
FR2070322A5 (de) * | 1969-12-01 | 1971-09-10 | Thomson Csf | |
US4345220A (en) * | 1980-02-12 | 1982-08-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | High power microwave generator using relativistic electron beam in waveguide drift tube |
US4422045A (en) * | 1981-03-20 | 1983-12-20 | Barnett Larry R | Barnetron microwave amplifiers and oscillators |
US4751429A (en) * | 1986-05-15 | 1988-06-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | High power microwave generator |
US4745336A (en) * | 1986-05-27 | 1988-05-17 | Ga Technologies Inc. | Microwave generation by virtual cathode with phase velocity matching |
US4730170A (en) * | 1987-03-31 | 1988-03-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Virtual cathode microwave generator having annular anode slit |
-
1989
- 1989-01-27 FR FR8901007A patent/FR2642584B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1990
- 1990-01-26 US US07/576,443 patent/US5164634A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-01-26 EP EP90902637A patent/EP0407558B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-01-26 JP JP2502651A patent/JPH03503818A/ja active Pending
- 1990-01-26 CA CA002026111A patent/CA2026111C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-01-26 WO PCT/FR1990/000059 patent/WO1990009029A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1990-01-26 DE DE69021290T patent/DE69021290T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9009029A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2026111A1 (fr) | 1990-07-28 |
US5164634A (en) | 1992-11-17 |
EP0407558B1 (de) | 1995-08-02 |
JPH03503818A (ja) | 1991-08-22 |
FR2642584A1 (fr) | 1990-08-03 |
DE69021290T2 (de) | 1995-12-21 |
CA2026111C (fr) | 2000-05-30 |
WO1990009029A1 (fr) | 1990-08-09 |
FR2642584B1 (fr) | 1994-05-06 |
DE69021290D1 (de) | 1995-09-07 |
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