EP0401058B1 - Binäres Bildreduzierungsverfahren - Google Patents

Binäres Bildreduzierungsverfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0401058B1
EP0401058B1 EP90400498A EP90400498A EP0401058B1 EP 0401058 B1 EP0401058 B1 EP 0401058B1 EP 90400498 A EP90400498 A EP 90400498A EP 90400498 A EP90400498 A EP 90400498A EP 0401058 B1 EP0401058 B1 EP 0401058B1
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Prior art keywords
pixels
original
converted
pixel
picture
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EP90400498A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0401058A3 (de
EP0401058A2 (de
Inventor
Kaoru Wakabayashi
Fumio Adachi
Tadashi Ichikawa
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Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
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Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
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Priority claimed from JP1-119539A external-priority patent/JP3024975B2/ja
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Publication of EP0401058A3 publication Critical patent/EP0401058A3/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/41—Bandwidth or redundancy reduction
    • H04N1/411—Bandwidth or redundancy reduction for the transmission or storage or reproduction of two-tone pictures, e.g. black and white pictures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
    • G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a binary picture reduction method which is free from degradation of image quality of an image expressed by black and white, i.e., binary values and, more particularly, to a binary image reduction method which can prevent thin lines from being lost so that an uneven thin line generated when an image is read by an image reading apparatus such as a facsimile can be prevented from being disconnected.
  • a converted picture when a converted picture : is mapped to an original image, a value of a pixel of the original picture (to be referred to as an original pixel hereinafter) at a position closest to a pixel of the converted picture to be obtained (to be referred to as a converted pixel hereinafter) is substituted in the converted pixel.
  • the value of an original pixel P 0.0 is substituted in a converted pixel Q.
  • the field mapping method four original pixels near a converted pixel are selected, an average density which is projected to the converted pixel position by these four original pixels is calculated, and the calculated density is subjected to threshold value processing to be converted to the value of the converted pixel.
  • the value of a converted pixel Q is obtained based on four original pixels P 0.0 , P 0.1 , P 1.0 , and P 1.1 .
  • TP Thin Line Preservation
  • reference symbols P 0.0 , P 0.1 , P 1.0 , P 1.1 , P 2.0 , and P 2.1 denote original pixels; and Q, a converted pixel.
  • (P m.m ) represents a value of the original pixel
  • ( P m.m ⁇ ) represents an inverse value of (P m.m )
  • (Q) represents a value of the converted pixel
  • (Q) (P 1.0 ) is set.
  • a thin line is determined using original pixel references shown in Fig. 3. More specifically, six original pixels in each of the horizontal and vertical directions (i.e., forming a cross shape) are referred to have an original pixel closest to a target of converted pixels as a central pixel.
  • the present invention relates to binary picture reduction adopted in a facsimile apparatus or the like and has as its object to provide a binary image reduction method which can reduce an image including an uneven pattern read from a scanner without being skipped or battered, and can reduce an image with high quality even if a reduction ratio is as small as, e.g., 1/4.
  • a binary picture reduction method for reducing an original binary picture, wherein each pixel is represented by a binary value, at a conversion ratio ⁇ x smaller than 1 in a horizontal direction and at a conversion ratio ⁇ y smaller than 1 in a vertical direction to obtain a converted binary picture, ⁇ x satisfying 1/n x > ⁇ x ⁇ 1/(n x +1) ⁇ y satisfying 1/n y > ⁇ y ⁇ 1/(n y +1) where n x and n y are natural numbers, wherein said method comprises sequentially determining the binary values of each of the converted pixels by executing repeatedly the steps of :
  • the step of detecting the presence/absence of a line segment includes detecting that a line segment is present in the original picture
  • a difference in characteristic feature between the reduction method of the present invention and a conventional reduction method is that, in the present invention, the length of a thin line is detected so as not to erroneously detect an uneven pattern as a thin line, and a means for referring to original pixels having a size described in step (2) is used to allow detection of the length of a thin line.
  • a thin line can be prevented from being lost, and a converted picture free from degradation can be obtained.
  • a thin line in a horizontal, vertical, or oblique direction can be prevented from being lost, and a satisfactorily converted picture can be obtained.
  • the reduced character can be read, and a character smaller by 30% than the smallest character which can be reduced in a conventional method can be reduced.
  • Fig. 5 is a function block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • reference numeral 1 denotes an original picture reading means for reading out an original picture from a memory or the like; and 2, a converted pixel position calculating means for obtaining the positional relationship between converted pixels and original pixels when a converted picture is mapped to an original picture.
  • the calculating means 2 determines the positional relationship between converted pixels and original pixels on the basis of a conversion ratio.
  • Reference numeral 3 denotes an original pixel reference reading means for reading out values of 2(n x + 1) (horizontal direction) ⁇ 2(n y + 1) (vertical direction) original pixels to have a target of converted pixels as a central pixel; 4, a means for detecting a vertical/oblique thin line having a line width of n x pixels or less and a horizontal/oblique thin line having a line width of n y pixels or less from the values of the original pixel reference read out by the original pixel reference reading means 3, and for obtaining a converted pixel closest to the detected thin line; 5, a thin line length determination means for determining whether or not a thin line has a predetermined length; 6, a means for, when a target of converted pixels is a converted pixel closest to a thin line and the thin line has the predetermined length, substituting the value of the thin line in the converted pixel; 7, a means for, when no thin line is detected, or when the detected thin line has a length shorter than the predetermined length,
  • Fig. 6 shows a flow of binary picture reduction processing according to the present invention.
  • values of converted pixels are sequentially determined in accordance with a predetermined rule, and the determination operation is repeated to form a converted picture.
  • the embodiment shown in Fig. 5 and the binary picture reduction method of the present invention will be described below with reference to the flow chart of Fig. 6.
  • An original picture is read out by the original picture reading means 1, and a converted picture is mapped to the original picture by the converted pixel position calculating means 2, thus the position of a target of converted pixels on the original picture is obtained (S1 in Fig. 6).
  • Fig. 7 exemplifies a case wherein the conversion ratio ⁇ satisfies 1/3 > ⁇ ⁇ 1/4.
  • original pixels to be referred are enclosed in a dotted line 11.
  • Each mark "o” indicates an original pixel
  • a mark "x" indicates the position of a target of converted pixels.
  • n 3
  • the position of the target of converted pixels on an original picture is detected, and 2(n+1) (horizontal direction) x 2(n+1) (vertical direction) original pixels are sequentially read out from the contents of a line memory, having a capacity of 2(n+1) lines, for storing an original picture to have the target of converted pixel as a central pixel.
  • the means 4 for detecting thin lines and calculating a value of a converted pixel detects connected pixels which are vertical/oblique connected pixels having a horizontal width of n x pixels or less, and/or are horizontal/oblique connected pixels having a vertical width of n y pixels or less, and the closest converted pixel of which is the target of converted pixels (S3 in Fig. 6).
  • the thin line length determination means 5 determines whether or not the connected pixels have a predetermined length (S4 in Fig. 6).
  • Figs. 8(a 1 ) to 8(b 4 ) show a detailed execution method of thin line detection of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8(a 1 ) shows an area which defines thin lines detection of a line width of one pixel
  • Fig. 8(a 2 ) shows an area which defines thin lines detection of a line width of two pixels.
  • Fig. 8(b 1 ) shows a thin line detection condition (to be referred to as a window hereinafter) for detecting a vertical line width of one pixel
  • FIG. 8(b 2 ) shows a window for detecting a vertical line width of two pixels
  • Fig. 8(b 3 ) shows a window for detecting a horizontal line width of one pixel
  • Fig. 8(b 4 ) shows a window for detecting a horizontal line width of two pixels.
  • Thin lines are detected using the windows shown in Figs. 8(b 1 ) to 8(b 4 ) by sequentially detecting the presence/absence of thin lines in all the areas of an original pixel reference shown in Fig. 8(a 1 ) or 8(a 2 ).
  • Figs. 8(a 1 ) to 8(b 4 ) show some examples of thin line detection.
  • Windows used in thin line detection may have various formats depending on the line widths and lengths of thin lines and on a case of detection of only orthogonal thin lines or of detection of both orthogonal and oblique thin lines.
  • 9(b 1 ), 9(b 2 ), and 9(b 3 ) show windows for determining the presence of a thin line when a thin line having a line width of m pixels is present and the thin line of the m pixels has a length of two pixels or more in vertical, horizontal, and oblique directions;
  • Figs. 9(c 1 ), 9(c 2 ), and 9(c 3 ) show windows for determining the presence of a thin line when a thin line having a line width of m pixels is present and the thin line of the m pixels has a length of three pixels or more in vertical and horizontal directions; and Figs.
  • 9(d 1 ), 9(d 2 ), and 9(d 3 ) show windows for determining the presence of a thin line when a thin line having a line width of m pixels is present and the thin line of the m pixels has a length of three pixels or more in vertical, horizontal, and oblique directions.
  • the entire area of an original pixel reference read out to have the target of converted pixels as the central pixel is checked to detect the presence/absence of a thin line corresponding to a window, and if a thin line is detected, it is checked if a converted pixel closest to the thin line is the target of converted pixels.
  • the position of thin lines detection (to be referred to as a window position hereinafter) is determined in accordance with conditions of the conversion ratio, the length and width of the thin line, and the extending direction of the thin line (i.e., the vertical, horizontal, or oblique direction). Therefore, the presence/absence of a thin line can be detected from the window position determined as described above. Note that four different window positions are present according to positional relationship among the target of converted pixels and four original pixels surrounding the target of converted pixels.
  • Figs. 10(a) to 10(h) show window positions which are used for detecting orthogonal/oblique thin lines having a line width of one pixel and a line length of three pixels, i.e., window positions adopting the window shown in Fig. 9(d 1 ) when the conversion ratio ⁇ satisfies 1/1 > ⁇ ⁇ 1/2.
  • a portion 21 surrounded by a dotted line corresponds to a window position.
  • 10(a), 10(c), 10(e), and 10(g) show window positions for vertical/oblique thin lines having a line width of one pixel
  • Figs. 10(b), 10(d), 10(f), and 10(h) show window positions for horizontal/oblique thin lines having a line width of one pixel.
  • Figs. 10(a) to 10(h) exemplify four different cases, i.e., a case wherein the position of the target Q 0 of converted pixels is close to the original pixel P 0.0 (Figs. 10(a) and 10(b)); a case wherein the position of the target Q 0 is close to the original pixel P -1.0 (Figs. 10(c) and 10(d)); a case wherein the position of the target Q 0 is close to the original pixel P 0.1 (Figs. 10(e) and 10(f)); and a case wherein the position of the target Q 0 is close to the original pixel P -1.1 (Figs. 10(g) and 10(h)).
  • the four different positions of the target Q 0 of converted pixels correspond to 90°-rotated positions.
  • the target Q 0 of converted pixels may be present at a position separated an equal distance from two adjacent pixels of surrounding four original pixels, or it may be present at a position separated an equal distance from all the four surrounding original pixels. In these cases, the closest original pixel is determined in advance, so that the four different positions of the target of converted pixels can be obtained.
  • Figs. 11(a) to 11(f) show window positions which are used for detecting orthogonal/oblique thin lines having line widths of one and two pixels and a line length of three pixels, i.e., window positions adopting the windows shown in Figs. 9(d 1 ) and 9(d 2 ) when the conversion ratio ⁇ satisfies 1/2 > ⁇ ⁇ 1/3.
  • Figs. 11(a) to 11(f) exemplify only a case wherein the target Q 0 of converted pixels is closest to the original pixel P 0.0 .
  • the target Q 0 takes four different positions like in Figs. 10(a) to 10(f).
  • FIGS. 11(a) and 11(c) show window positions for vertical/oblique thin lines having a line width of one pixel;
  • Figs. 11(b) and 11(d) show window positions for horizontal/oblique thin lines having a line width of one pixel;
  • Fig. 11(e) shows a window position for vertical/oblique thin lines having a line width of two pixels;
  • Fig. 11(f) shows a window position for horizontal/oblique thin lines having a line width of two pixels.
  • Figs. 12(a) to 12(l) show window positions which are used for detecting orthogonal/oblique thin lines having line widths of one, two, and three pixels and a line length of three pixels, i.e., window positions adopting the windows shown in Figs. 9(d 1 ), 9(d 2 ), and 9(d 3 ) when the conversion ratio ⁇ satisfies 1/3 > ⁇ ⁇ 1/4.
  • Figs. 12(a) to 12(l) exemplify only a case wherein the target Q 0 of converted pixels is closest to the original pixel P 0.0 in the same way as Figs. 11(a) to 11(f). Of course, the target Q 0 takes four different positions as in Figs.
  • Figs. 12(a), 12(c), and 12(e) show window positions for vertical/oblique thin lines having a line width of one pixel
  • Figs. 12(b), 12(d), and 12(f) show window positions for horizontal/oblique thin lines having a line width of one pixel
  • Figs. 12(g) and 12(i) show window positions for vertical/oblique thin lines having a line width of two pixels
  • Figs. 12(h) and 12(j) show window positions for horizontal/oblique thin lines having a line width of two pixels
  • Fig. 12(k) shows a window position for vertical/oblique thin lines having a line width of three pixels
  • Fig. 12(l) shows a window position for horizontal/oblique thin lines having a line width of three pixels.
  • window positions shown in Figs. 10(a) to 12(l) are used for a case wherein the thin line has a length of three pixels.
  • the window position for a thin line having a length of two pixels can be determined in the same manner as described above.
  • the windows for thin lines having a length of two pixels adopt those shown in Figs. 9(a 1 ), 9(a 2 ), 9(a 3 ), 9(b 1 ), 9(b 2 ), and 9(b 3 ).
  • the means 6 for substituting the value of the thin line in a converted pixel substitutes the value of the thin line in the value of the target of converted pixels (S5 in Fig. 6).
  • the means 7 for calculating the value of the converted pixel shown in Fig. 5 calculates the value of the converted pixel (e.g., a value of the closest original pixel) in accordance with predetermined logical calculations, and substitutes the calculated value in the target of converted pixels.
  • a method of detecting that the target of converted pixels is closer to a thin line than other converted pixels can be realized in such a manner that the central line of the detected thin line is calculated, distances from the central line to nearby converted pixels are compared to detect the closest converted pixel, and it is checked if the closest pixel is the target of converted pixels.
  • a distance between original pixels is given by 1
  • a distance between converted pixels is given by 1/ ⁇ if the conversion ratio is ⁇ .
  • the center between two converted pixels is separated from both the converted pixels by 1/2 ⁇ .
  • a converted picture may be formed by a method of reading out only original pixels necessary for thin line detection.
  • the number of pixels necessary for thin line detection of the method (1) shown in Figs. 9(a 1 ) to 9(b 3 ) is smaller than that of the method (2) shown in Figs. 9(c 1 ) to 9(d 3 ). For this reason, when thin line detection of the method (1) is realized in a hardware manner, the number of hardware components can be smaller than that in the method (2); when it is realized in a software manner, the program size can be smaller than that in the method (2), resulting in a higher processing speed.
  • thin lines having a length of two or more pixels are detected, if an uneven pattern of one pixel is included in a thin line, the thin line cannot often be prevented from being disconnected. For this reason, image quality of a converted picture in the method (1) is inferior to that in the method (2).
  • the number of pixels necessary for thin line detection in the method (2) is larger than that in the method (1).
  • the number of hardware components is larger than that in the method (1); when it is realized in a software manner, the program size is larger and a processing speed is lower.
  • the method (2) since thin lines having a length of three or more pixels are detected, even if an uneven pattern of one pixel is present in a thin line, the thin line will not be disconnected. For this reason, image quality of a converted image is superior to that in the method (1). Even if an uneven pattern of one pixel is present in a thin line, since the uneven pattern does not have a length of three or more pixels, the uneven pattern is never erroneously detected as a thin line.
  • the above features can provide the following advantages. That is, when the number of hardware components is to be decreased or when a higher processing speed is to be attained, the method (1) is preferably employed. When an importance is put on image quality, the method (2) is preferable. In this manner, a desired method can be selected from the two methods.
  • Fig. 13(b) shows characters obtained by reducing an original picture shown in Fig. 13(a) by conventional reduction methods (the SPC method and the TP method), and Fig. 13(c) shows a character obtained by converting the original picture of Fig. 13(a) by the reduction method of the present invention.
  • Fig. 14(b) shows a pattern obtained by reducing an original picture having vertical, horizontal, and oblique lines shown in Fig. 14(a) by the conventional reduction method (the SPC method), and Fig. 14(c) shows a pattern obtained by converting the original picture of Fig. 14(a) by the reduction method of the present invention.
  • binary image reduction free from loss of thin lines can be realized by the reduction method of the present invention.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Claims (4)

  1. Binärbild-Verkleinerungsverfahren zum Verkleinern eines ursprünglichen Binärbildes, wobei jedes Pixel durch einen binären Wert dargestellt wird, mit einem Umwandlungsverhältnis αx in horizontaler Richtung, das kleiner als 1 ist, und mit einem Umwandlungsverhältnis αy in vertikaler Richtung, das kleiner als 1 ist, um ein umgewandeltes Binärbild zu erhalten, wobei α x die Bedingung 1/n x > α x ≥ 1/(n x + 1) erfüllt,
    Figure imgb0024
     und α y die Bedingung 1/n y > α y ≥ 1/(n y + 1) erfüllt,
    Figure imgb0025
     wobei nx und ny natürliche Zahlen sind,
    wobei das Verfahren ein aufeinanderfolgendes Bestimmen der binären Werte jedes der umgewandelten Pixel durch wiederholtes Ausführen folgender Schritte aufweist:
    a) Erhalten (S1 in Fig. 6, Bezugszeichen 1-2 in Fig. 5) einer positionsmäßigen Beziehung zwischen einem gegebenen der umgewandelten Pixel und der ursprünglichen Pixel auf dem ursprünglichen Bild, wenn das umgewandelte Bild auf das ursprüngliche Bild abgebildet wird;
    b) derartiges Einstellen (S2 in Fig. 6) eines rechteckigen Bereichs (Bezugszeichen 11 in Fig. 7) mit einer Seite von 2(nx + 1) ursprünglichen Pixeln in der horizontalen Richtung und einer Seite von 2(ny + 1) ursprünglichen Pixeln in der vertikalen Richtung, daß das gegebene umgewandelte Pixel an der zentralen Position ist;
    c) unter Verwendung einiger oder aller 4(nx+1)·(ny+1) ursprünglicher Pixel im rechteckigen Bereich, Erfassen (S3, S4 in Fig. 6) eines Liniensegments, dessen horizontale Linienbreite gleich oder kleiner als nx Pixel ist und dessen vertikale Linienbreite gleich oder kleiner als ny Pixel ist, und das eine Länge hat, die gleich oder größer als ein vorbestimmter Wert ist; und
    d) wenn ein solches Liniensegment im rechteckigen Bereich vorhanden ist und das umgewandelte Pixel dem erfaßten Liniensegment am nächsten ist, Zuteilen (S5 in Fig. 6, Bezugszeichen 6 in Fig. 5) des binären Wertes der Pixel des erfaßten Liniensegments zum gegebenen umgewandelten Pixel;
    e) wenn kein solches Linienelement im rechteckigen Bereich vorhanden ist, Bestimmen des binären Wertes des gegebenen umgewandelten Pixels durch ein anderes Verfahren.
  2. Binärbild-Verkleinerungsverfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Schritt zum Erfassen des Vorhandenseins/Nichtvorhandenseins eines Liniensegments ein Erfassen enthält, daß ein Liniensegment im ursprünglichen Bild vorhanden ist,
    (1) wenn im ursprünglichen Bild ein bestimmtes Pixel mit einem bestimmten Wert ein rechts und ein links benachbartes Pixel mit einem vom bestimmten Pixel unterschiedlichen Wert hat, und Pixel mit demselben Wert wie das bestimmte Pixel durch nicht weniger als eine vorbestimmte Anzahl in vertikaler oder schräger Richtung verbunden sind, oder
    (2) wenn im ursprünglichen Bild Pixel mit demselben Wert in der horizontalen Richtung verbunden sind, und Pixel, die in horizontaler Richtung benachbart zu den zwei Enden der horizontal verbundenen Pixel sind, einen Wert haben, der unterschiedlich von den verbundenen Pixeln ist, die Anzahl der horizontal verbundenen Pixel nicht kleiner als 2 und nicht größer als nx ist, und Pixel mit demselben Wert wie die horizontal verbundenen Pixel durch nicht weniger als eine vorbestimmte Anzahl in vertikaler oder schräger Richtung verbunden sind.
  3. Binärbild-Verkleinerungsverfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Schritt zum Erfassen des Vorhandenseins/Nichtvorhandenseins eines Liniensegments ein Erfassen enthält, daß das Liniensegment im ursprünglichen Bild vorhanden ist,
    (1) wenn im ursprünglichen Bild ein bestimmtes Pixel mit einem bestimmten Wert ein oberes und ein unteres benachbartes Pixel mit einem vom bestimmten Pixel unterschiedlichen Wert hat, und Pixel mit demselben Wert wie das bestimmte Pixel durch nicht weniger als eine vorbestimmte Anzahl in horizontaler oder schräger Richtung verbunden sind, oder
    (2) wenn im ursprünglichen Bild Pixel mit demselben Wert in der vertikalen Richtung verbunden sind, und Pixel, die in vertikaler Richtung benachbart zu den zwei Enden der vertikal verbundenen Pixel sind, einen Wert haben, der unterschiedlich von den verbundenen Pixeln ist, die Anzahl der vertikal verbundenen Pixel nicht kleiner als 2 und nicht größer als ny ist, und Pixel mit demselben Wert wie die vertikal verbundenen Pixel durch nicht weniger als eine vorbestimmte Anzahl in horizontaler oder schräger Richtung verbunden sind.
  4. Binärbild-Verkleinerungsverfahren nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, wobei die vorbestimmte Anzahl wenigstens zwei Pixeln auf dem ursprünglichen Bild entspricht.
EP90400498A 1989-02-23 1990-02-22 Binäres Bildreduzierungsverfahren Expired - Lifetime EP0401058B1 (de)

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JP4153389 1989-02-23
JP41533/89 1989-02-23
JP1-119539A JP3024975B2 (ja) 1989-02-23 1989-05-12 縮小変換方法
JP119539/89 1989-05-12

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KR101760343B1 (ko) 2010-08-23 2017-07-21 에스프린팅솔루션 주식회사 화상형성장치 및 그 장치에서 축소 이미지를 인쇄하는 방법

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JPH02290369A (ja) 1990-11-30
DE69029429T2 (de) 1997-07-24
US5054099A (en) 1991-10-01
KR910016186A (ko) 1991-09-30
CA2010637C (en) 1995-04-11
EP0401058A3 (de) 1992-10-28
KR940001049B1 (ko) 1994-02-08
CA2010637A1 (en) 1990-08-23
DE69029429D1 (de) 1997-01-30
EP0401058A2 (de) 1990-12-05

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