EP0380388A1 - Quetschwerkzeug mit automatischem Laden - Google Patents

Quetschwerkzeug mit automatischem Laden Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0380388A1
EP0380388A1 EP90400128A EP90400128A EP0380388A1 EP 0380388 A1 EP0380388 A1 EP 0380388A1 EP 90400128 A EP90400128 A EP 90400128A EP 90400128 A EP90400128 A EP 90400128A EP 0380388 A1 EP0380388 A1 EP 0380388A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
crimping
wheel
toothed
feed
axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP90400128A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Philippe Legeret
Dominique Legras
Jean-Marie Millet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Telemecanique SA
Original Assignee
La Telemecanique Electrique SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by La Telemecanique Electrique SA filed Critical La Telemecanique Electrique SA
Publication of EP0380388A1 publication Critical patent/EP0380388A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/01—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for connecting unstripped conductors to contact members having insulation cutting edges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for forming connections by deformation, e.g. crimping tool
    • H01R43/042—Hand tools for crimping
    • H01R43/045—Hand tools for crimping with contact member feeding mechanism

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a crimping tool with automatic loading, in particular for crimping elements such as connection lugs on ends of electrical conductors.
  • the crimping pliers are known, which differ from a pliers quite usual only in that at least one of their jaws has projections intended to locally reinforce the action crimping at certain points along the length of the tubular lug.
  • a tool for crimping on conductor ends of the lugs fixed removably along a supply strip comprises a feed toothed wheel capable of meshing with the band, a rotary disc arranged coaxially with the feed toothed wheel, a pawl acting between the disc and the feed toothed wheel to transmit the drive of the disc to the wheel when rotating in a first direction and to allow the disc to rotate relative to the wheel when the disc rotates in a second direction, the disc being coupled to an actuating handle biased by spring.
  • Another pawl acts between the gear and the frame to prevent the gear from rotating in the second direction while allowing it to rotate in the first direction.
  • the elements to be crimped are thus brought step by step into a crimping region, by successive actions on the handle.
  • the actual crimping is carried out by means of a second handle actuating conventional crimping jaws, such as those of the aforementioned pliers of the prior art.
  • the tool according to FR - A - 1 340 563 has the disadvantage of requiring a large number of parts and of forcing the user to actuate two different handles, one to cause the feeding, the other to cause the crimping.
  • the object of the invention is to remedy these drawbacks by proposing a crimping tool with automatic loading which is simpler and easier to use than the tool according to FR -A- 1 340 563.
  • the crimping tool with automatic loading in particular for crimping elements such as connection lugs on ends of electrical conductors, comprising: - a feed gear wheel; - Movable means back and forth around the axis of the feed toothed wheel, coupled to actuation means; - selective coupling means for, in a first direction of the reciprocating movement, coupling the feed gear wheel with the movable back and forth means so that the feed gear wheel brings the elements to crimp towards a crimping region, and in a second direction of the back-and-forth movement, decouple the moving means back and forth from the feed wheel and immobilize the feed wheel with respect to the rotations around its axis; and - crimping means; is characterized in that: - The means movable back and forth around the axis of the feed toothed wheel comprises a crimping toothed wheel which meshes with the toothed wheel food; - the selective coupling means comprise means for preventing the rotation
  • the crimper wheel in the first direction of the moving means back and forth, the crimper wheel, immobilized around its own axis, rotates the feed wheel around its own, so that the feed wheel brings an element to crimp in the crimping region while the crimper wheel itself moves away from said region.
  • the feed wheel In the second direction of movement of the moving means back and forth, the feed wheel is prevented from turning about its own axis and consequently the element to be crimped remains in the crimping region.
  • the movement of the reciprocating movable means therefore results in a rolling of the crimping wheel towards and beyond the crimping region, while a top of the toothing of the crimping wheel crushes the element to be crimped in a backing of the feed wheel, which performs the crimping.
  • the cycle can then start again to carry out the next crimping.
  • the moving means back and forth and in particular the crimping wheel are means for driving the feed wheel and at the same time crimping means.
  • each terminal comprises a tube of malleable conductive material 1 connected coaxially to a skirt of insulating material 2.
  • the lugs 3, as supplied by the manufacturer, are held in a chain along a removable strip 4 with a U-shaped profile, the two branches of the U being constituted by successive fins 6 which are separated from each other to allow bend the strip around an axis parallel to the axes of the terminals.
  • Each fin 6 is crossed by a circular hole 7.
  • the conductive tube 1 of each terminal 3 is engaged transversely to the longitudinal direction of the strip in the holes 7 of two facing fins 6.
  • the skirt 2 projects sideways with respect to the strip 4.
  • the tool according to the invention is, in the example, produced in the form of a "clamp” comprising a so-called fixed handle 12 and a so-called movable handle 13, provided with grip sheaths 12a and 13a.
  • a feed toothed wheel 14 is rotatably mounted along a geometric axis 16 integral with the fixed handle 12 and close to the end of the handle 12 which is opposite to the grip sheath 12a. All the axes which will be mentioned in the following description are parallel to axis 16.
  • the feed gear 14 is adapted to receive in its toothed recesses 14a the tubes 1 of the lugs 3. This is visible in particular at the lower left of the feed gear in the figure. 4, where the strip 4 and the end pieces 3 have been cut along the median longitudinal plane of the strip.
  • the pitch of the lugs 3 along the strip 4 corresponds to two teeth of the feed wheel 14, so that, along the periphery of the feed gear 14, between a region 17 where the strip begins to mesh with the feed gear 14 and a crimping region 18, there is a lug tube 1 in every second recess.
  • the regions 17 and 18 are in a fixed position relative to the fixed gripper arm 12.
  • the strip 4 Upstream of the meshing region 17, the strip 4 is stored in a spiral in a magazine 19 defining inside it an annular cavity 21. Between the magazine 19 and the meshing region 17, the band 4 passes through a corridor 22 crossing the common plane of the axes 21a of the cavity 21, and 16 of the feed wheel 14 substantially along a tangent common to the cavity 21 and to the feed wheel 14.
  • the strip 4, wound in the magazine 19 with the fins 6 directed radially outwards is wound around the feed wheel 14 with the fins 6 directed towards the axis 16 of the feed wheel 14.
  • the U-shaped profile of the strip 4 overlaps the periphery of the feed wheel 14.
  • a bottom 22a of the corridor 22 carries a longitudinal rib or rail 22b which is overlapped by the U-shaped profile of the strip 4.
  • the tubes 1 of the lugs 3 slide on the top of the rail 22b.
  • a guide 23 (FIG. 4) comprises a wall 23a delimiting radially outward the cavity 21 on a part of its periphery, a wall 22c forming a ceiling for the corridor 22, and a curved wall 23b surrounding the toothed wheel d with little play. feed 14 over a certain peripheral distance from the engagement region 17 to the crimping region 18.
  • a pusher 24 mounted in rotation on the guide 23 along an axis 24a is biased by a return spring 26 towards an active position in which it projects through the ceiling 22c of the corridor 22 and presses on the strip 4 to positively bring the lugs 3 into engagement with the feed gear 4.
  • the magazine 19 On the rest of its periphery, the magazine 19 is delimited radially outwards by a ferrule 27. Radially inwards, the cavity 21 is delimited by a cylindrical mandrel 28.
  • the cavity 21 and the corridor 22 are closed laterally by two plates 29 and 31, the plate 31 being removable, for example by means of screws such as 31a to allow the magazine 19 to be replenished and, after a replenishment, to engage the new strip 4 in the corridor 22 to the engagement region 17.
  • the plunger 24 is retracted against its return spring 26 by acting on a lug 32 which is integral with the pusher 24 and protrudes laterally through the plate 31.
  • the plate 31 has been removed to reveal the constituent elements of the clamp.
  • the plates 29 and 31, the guide 23, the ferrule 27, and the mandrel 28 are integral with the fixed gripper arm 12.
  • the tool according to the invention furthermore comprises an equipment 33 movable back and forth around the axis 16 of the supply toothed wheel 14.
  • the equipment movable back and forth comprises a carrying rod 34 articulated on the arm fixed 12 along the axis 16 of the feed wheel 14.
  • the carrying rod 34 is coupled to the movable arm 13 which is mounted as a reversing lever of movement.
  • the movable arm 13 is articulated on the one hand to the supporting link 34 along an axis 36 and on the other hand to a compensating link 37 itself articulated along an axis 38 to the fixed arm 12.
  • the user grasps in the same hand the two arms 12 and 13 of the tool, so as to urge the arm 13 towards the arm 12, so that the axis 36 of articulation between the carrying rod 34 and the arm 13, due to the effect of inversion of movement around the joint 41 between the compensating link 37 and the arm 13, moves away from the fixed arm 12 as shown in FIGS. 11 (intermediate position) and 12 (position of maximum approach of the arms 12 and 13 of the tool).
  • the articulation 41 around which the movement of the arm 13 is reversed must move, which allows the compensating link 37 in pivoting about its articulation axis 38 with the arm 12.
  • the supporting rod 34 has a V shape whose tip, adjacent to the axis 36, is directed towards the sheaths 12a and 13a of the arms 12 and 13. One end of the V is adjacent to the axis 16. L the other end of the V is adjacent to the axis of rotation 42 of a crimping toothed wheel 43 which meshes with the feeding toothed wheel 14.
  • the two branches of the V embrace the crimping region 18.
  • the tool comprises selective coupling means comprising two pawls 44 and 46 (see FIG. 9) which cooperate respectively with the teeth of the feed wheel 14 and with the teeth of the crimping wheel 43.
  • the pawl 44 is articulated to the fixed arm 12 along an axis 44a and it is urged by a tension spring 44b towards its engagement position with the supply toothed wheel 14.
  • the pawl 44 is arranged so as to allow the rotation of the toothed feed wheel around its axis 16 in the direction of supply of the strip 4 from the magazine 19 to the engagement region 17 and to the crimping region 18, and to prevent the rotation of the supply 14 in the opposite direction.
  • the pawl 46 is articulated to the supporting rod 34 along an axis 46a and it is permanently urged by a spring 46b towards its engagement position with the crimping toothed wheel 43.
  • the pawl 46 is arranged so as to allow the toothed wheel 43 to roll on the toothed wheel 14 when the link 34 moves around the axis 16 in the opposite direction to that allowed by the pawl 44 for the wheel 14, that is to say when the link 34 rotates in the clockwise around the axis 16 in Figures 4, 9, and 10 to 13, and to prevent rotation of the crimping gear wheel 43 around its axis 42 when the link 34 rotates in the opposite direction (anti-clockwise in the figures) , so as to couple the supply toothed wheel 14 in rotation with the movable assembly 33 when the latter moves counterclockwise around the axis 16.
  • the carrier rod 34 is pivoted clockwise, movement during which the crimping toothed wheel 43 rolls on the wheel feed tooth 14 immobilized by the pawl 44.
  • the arm 13 is then released, the latter moves away from the arm 12 under the effect of the tension spring 39, the carrying rod 34 rotates counterclockwise around the axis 16 and drives with it the feed toothed wheel 14 and consequently the strip 4 in the direction bringing the lugs 3 towards the crimping region 18.
  • the supporting rod 34 is extended beyond the crimping toothed wheel 43 to form a spout 47 whose free end is adjacent to the periphery of the feeding toothed wheel 14 very close to a lower end 23c of the guide 23.
  • the spout is engaged between the core 4a of the strip 4 and the tubes 1 of the lugs and causes the core 4a to deviate radially outwards and with it the fins 6 while maintaining the lugs in their toothed recesses respective 14a of the supply toothed wheel 14, which tears the wings 6 of the strip 4 and therefore frees the ends of the latter.
  • the spout 47 has a curved face 47a which matches the toothing top circle of the feed wheel 14 substantially between the end 23c of the guide 23 and the engagement region between the toothed wheels 14, 43.
  • the feed toothed wheel 14 has been turned so that in an intermediate region of its axial length, referenced 14c in the FIG. 18, its crest diameter is reduced over an axial length corresponding to the width of the spout 47 so that the spout 47 can come to bear directly on the tubes 1 of the lugs 3 to prevent them from escaping axially when they are detached from the strip 4.
  • the spout 47 moves along the circumference of the wheel 14 and releases from the strip 4, at each stroke, a lug 3 which it maintains in its toothed recess of the wheel 14.
  • the link 34 pivots counterclockwise around the axis 16
  • the spout 47 continues to hold the lugs separated from the strip 4 in the teeth of the teeth of the wheel 14 since at this stage there is no relative rotation between the link 34 and the wheel 14.
  • the link 34 preferably has two branches 34a which receive between them on the one hand the movable arm 13 and on the other hand the fixed arm 12, which itself comprises two branches 12b between which rotates the supply toothed wheel 14.
  • the spout 47 is constituted by a wear-resistant insert, the two branches 34a being brought close to each other in line with the spout 47 to be welded on either side other from bill 47.
  • the tool further comprises crimping means which are constituted by the toothed recesses 14a of the supply toothed wheel 14 and by the toothed tops 43a of the crimped toothed wheel 43. It is therefore during the rotation of the moving element 33 clockwise around the axis 16 that takes place crimping, by rolling of the crimping toothed wheel 43 on the periphery of the feeding toothed wheel 14, over a corresponding peripheral distance substantially close to the teeth of the wheels 14 and 43.
  • each tooth recess 14a of the toothed wheel 14 is obtained by milling the initial tooth recess 14b of a standard pinion.
  • the crimping gear wheel 43 is rotatably mounted around a shaft 48, of axis 42, which is angularly adjustable relative to the carrier rod 34 around an axis 49 slightly eccentric relative to the axis 48.
  • the adjustment made can be identified by an index 51.
  • a partial actuation of the arm 13, that is to say a relaxation of the arm 13 before the crimping stroke is completed would constitute a very significant cause of deregulation since then the relaxation stroke would itself be incomplete and therefore the feed gear would rotate at an angle of less than two toothing steps.
  • the tool is fitted with non-return means comprising a toothed area 52 fixed to the compensating link 37 and a pawl 53 which is articulated to the movable arm 13 and which is returned by a spring 54 towards the rest position. shown in Figure 4.
  • the pawl 53 can tilt on either side of this neutral position about its axis 56 of articulation to the arm 13.
  • the pad 52 is positioned and dimensioned so that the pawl 53 comes just of exceed one or the other of the ends of the range 52 when the arm 13 is in one or the other of its limit switches respectively with respect to the arm 12.
  • the pawl scans the range 52 and, as shown in FIG.
  • the pawls 44 and 46 by the fact that they cooperate directly with the teeth of the toothed feed wheels 14 and crimper 43, ensure this precision. For this, it is made so that in the vicinity of each of the ends of the reciprocating stroke of the movable assembly 33, the nozzles 44a and 46a of the two pawls 44 and 46 respectively are engaged in a hollow of toothing 14a of the feed wheel 14 and respectively 43d of the crimping wheel 43 (see FIG. 9).
  • the effective movement of each toothed wheel at the end of a back-and-forth movement of the mobile assembly 33 can only correspond to an integer number of steps of toothing.
  • the angular travel of the moving assembly 33 may be slightly greater than two toothing steps and for each end of the reciprocating travel to be located slightly beyond the position of the mobile assembly 33 where the pawl 44 or 46 of the wheel 14 or 43 which is in motion (depending on the direction of movement of the moving element 33) engages in the teeth of said wheel.
  • the pawl 44 or 46 begins to come out of the teeth (see pawl 44 in FIG. 9).
  • the tool further comprises means for adjusting the position of the toothed pad 52 (FIG. 4) relative to the pawl 56 so that the pad 52 is exactly located between the two travel ends of the pawl 53, to ensure that the pawl 53 escapes from the range 52 at each end-to-end travel of the arm 13 relative to the fixed arm 12.
  • the position of the axis 41a (FIG. 8) of the articulation 41 is adjustable at by means of an eccentric device comprising pins 41b with axis 41f eccentric with respect to axis 41a.
  • Trunnions 41b can be immobilized in different positions around their axis 41f by means of a washer 41c of which they are integral and which has notches 41d cooperating with a removable immobilizing pin 41e ( Figure 4).
  • the washer 41c Before insertion of the pin 41e in its hole (not shown) of the arm 13, the washer 41c can be rotated and with it the pins 41b relative to the arm 13 in order to position with precision with respect to the latter the geometrical axis 41 and by Consequently, the range 52 with respect to the arm 13.
  • This adjustment only has a negligible influence on the angular position of the moving element 33 around the axis 16. This influence is completely without effect if the precaution mentioned above has been taken. top, consisting in giving the moving element 33 an angular travel slightly exceeding at each end of travel the engagement position of the two pawls 44 and 46.
  • One of the limit switches is delimited by pressing the end of the arm 13 adjacent to the axis 36 against a region, located opposite, of the arm 12.
  • the plate 31 is removed and, as shown in FIG. 10, the strip 4 is pushed by hand towards the engagement region 17 while maintaining the pusher 24 in the retracted position using the lug 32.
  • the pusher 24 is released and the movable arm 13 is actuated several times back and forth relative to the arm 12 so as to advance the strip 4 and the pods 3 which it carries towards the region of crimping 18.
  • the band 4 meets the spout 47, this necessarily engages between the web of the band 4 and the tubes 1 because, thanks to the region 14c (FIG.
  • the tip of the spout 47 is necessarily radially closer to the axis 16 of the wheel 14 than the web of the strip 4. There is therefore no manual guidance to be done to engage the web of the band 4 on the back of the spout 47. The separation between the band 4 and the terminals 3 is therefore entirely automatic.
  • the tool could be of the type intended to be fixed to a workbench, or the back-and-forth actuation of the mobile assembly 33 could be automated.
  • the supply of the terminals to the feed wheel 14 could also be modified.
  • the bowl then contains a stock of lugs 3 which are free relative to each other and which appear successively, under the effect of vibrations, above a calibrated window under which scroll the teeth of the teeth.
  • the angular travel between the region such as 17 where the wheel 14 receives the lugs, and the crimping region 18 can then be significantly shorter.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
EP90400128A 1989-01-20 1990-01-17 Quetschwerkzeug mit automatischem Laden Ceased EP0380388A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8900672 1989-01-20
FR8900672A FR2642233B1 (fr) 1989-01-20 1989-01-20 Outil de sertissage a chargement automatique

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0380388A1 true EP0380388A1 (de) 1990-08-01

Family

ID=9377914

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90400128A Ceased EP0380388A1 (de) 1989-01-20 1990-01-17 Quetschwerkzeug mit automatischem Laden

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP0380388A1 (de)
KR (1) KR900012389A (de)
FR (1) FR2642233B1 (de)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991014300A1 (de) * 1990-03-16 1991-09-19 Zoller & Fröhlich Gmbh & Co. Kg Crimp-presswerkzeug
DE4130038A1 (de) * 1991-09-10 1993-04-08 Zoller & Froehlich Einrichtung zur erstellung von crimp-verbindungen
EP0562229A2 (de) * 1992-03-24 1993-09-29 Weidmüller Interface GmbH & Co. Zange zum Bearbeiten von Leiterenden
EP0583192A1 (de) * 1992-08-13 1994-02-16 Schneider Electric Sa Abgabevorrichtung für Zubehörteile von elektrischen Kabeln
US5500998A (en) * 1991-11-04 1996-03-26 Weidmu/ ller Interface GmbH & Co. Tongs for dressing conductor ends
EP1041685A1 (de) * 1999-03-31 2000-10-04 Legrand Abgabevorrichtung für Zubehörteile von elektrischen Kabeln und Ladevorrichtung
CN110190489A (zh) * 2019-06-28 2019-08-30 中建二局第二建筑工程有限公司 一种电气跨接线自动化加工机

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1340563A (fr) * 1961-12-04 1963-10-18 Amp Inc Outil presseur à main pour sertir des connecteurs électriques
FR2095518A5 (de) * 1970-06-05 1972-02-11 Bunker Ramo

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1340563A (fr) * 1961-12-04 1963-10-18 Amp Inc Outil presseur à main pour sertir des connecteurs électriques
FR2095518A5 (de) * 1970-06-05 1972-02-11 Bunker Ramo

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991014300A1 (de) * 1990-03-16 1991-09-19 Zoller & Fröhlich Gmbh & Co. Kg Crimp-presswerkzeug
US5307553A (en) * 1990-03-16 1994-05-03 Zoller & Frohlich Gmbh Crimping tool
DE4130038A1 (de) * 1991-09-10 1993-04-08 Zoller & Froehlich Einrichtung zur erstellung von crimp-verbindungen
US5500998A (en) * 1991-11-04 1996-03-26 Weidmu/ ller Interface GmbH & Co. Tongs for dressing conductor ends
EP0562229A2 (de) * 1992-03-24 1993-09-29 Weidmüller Interface GmbH & Co. Zange zum Bearbeiten von Leiterenden
EP0562229A3 (en) * 1992-03-24 1996-07-31 Weidmueller Interface Crimping tool for processing wire terminals
EP0583192A1 (de) * 1992-08-13 1994-02-16 Schneider Electric Sa Abgabevorrichtung für Zubehörteile von elektrischen Kabeln
FR2694844A1 (fr) * 1992-08-13 1994-02-18 Telemecanique Dispositif distributeur d'accessoires de câblage électrique.
EP1041685A1 (de) * 1999-03-31 2000-10-04 Legrand Abgabevorrichtung für Zubehörteile von elektrischen Kabeln und Ladevorrichtung
FR2791862A1 (fr) * 1999-03-31 2000-10-06 Legrand Sa Boite distributrice pour accessoires de cablage, et chargeur correspondant
US6315118B1 (en) 1999-03-31 2001-11-13 Legrand Dispenser box for cabling accessories, and corresponding loader
CN110190489A (zh) * 2019-06-28 2019-08-30 中建二局第二建筑工程有限公司 一种电气跨接线自动化加工机
CN110190489B (zh) * 2019-06-28 2024-01-16 中建二局第二建筑工程有限公司 一种电气跨接线自动化加工机

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2642233A1 (fr) 1990-07-27
KR900012389A (ko) 1990-08-04
FR2642233B1 (fr) 1991-04-05

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