EP0373519A2 - Procédé de fabrication d'un fil texturé par jet d'air - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication d'un fil texturé par jet d'air Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0373519A2
EP0373519A2 EP89122621A EP89122621A EP0373519A2 EP 0373519 A2 EP0373519 A2 EP 0373519A2 EP 89122621 A EP89122621 A EP 89122621A EP 89122621 A EP89122621 A EP 89122621A EP 0373519 A2 EP0373519 A2 EP 0373519A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
thread
zone
texturing
air
stretching
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89122621A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0373519A3 (en
EP0373519B1 (fr
Inventor
Eberhard Krenzer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Oerlikon Textile GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Barmag AG
Barmag Barmer Maschinenfabrik AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Barmag AG, Barmag Barmer Maschinenfabrik AG filed Critical Barmag AG
Publication of EP0373519A2 publication Critical patent/EP0373519A2/fr
Publication of EP0373519A3 publication Critical patent/EP0373519A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0373519B1 publication Critical patent/EP0373519B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G1/00—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics
    • D02G1/16—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics using jets or streams of turbulent gases, e.g. air, steam
    • D02G1/168—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics using jets or streams of turbulent gases, e.g. air, steam including drawing or stretching on the same machine

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing an air-textured thread according to the preamble of claim 1 and an air texturing machine.
  • the method and machine are known from DE-PS 32 10 784 (Bag. 1242).
  • a pre-oriented, thermoplastic thread is presented as the thread to be textured. This thread is drawn in a drawing zone and then blown into loops, loops, arches and the like in an air blowing nozzle.
  • the thread produced has residual shrinkage.
  • Residual shrinkage is the tendency of the thread to shrink when heated, for example by hot air or hot water.
  • Shrinkage is the shortening of the thread that actually occurs when heated, expressed by the formula (L1 - L2) x 100 / L1%, where L1 is the original length and L2 is the shortened length of the thread.
  • the shrinkage cannot be greater than the previous shrinkage. Despite shrinkage, a residual shrinkage may still remain.
  • the residual shrinkage ie the tendency to shrink
  • the post-treatment measures for shrinking treatment.
  • these post-treatment measures have considerable disadvantages. This applies in particular to textured threads, since the post-treatment subsequently affects or even damages the crimp. Above all, it canshrinking treatment can only be carried out intensively if the thread is "contact heated", ie if the thread is passed over a hot plate or a hot godet. However, this is generally not advisable for textured threads because this results in an ironing effect. This means that the thread texture previously inserted is partially removed by contact with the hot surface, especially on one side of the thread.
  • the residual shrinkage could also be reduced before texturing.
  • thermoplastic drawing of thermoplastic threads can be followed by a treatment for reducing the shrinkage in a relaxation zone.
  • This relaxation zone adjoins the actual stretching zone.
  • the relaxation zone is formed between two godets or delivery units, the thread being heated in the relaxation zone. This would increase the length of the thread and thus the height of the air texturing machine.
  • this relaxation treatment results always the problem that the reduction in shrinkage in such a relaxation zone comes up against limits because the thread tension of a thread running between godets cannot be reduced at will and therefore because the shrinkage depends on the limited speed difference of the godets.
  • An air texturing process in the sense of this application means a process in which an endless, synthetic thread, which consists of a large number of individual filaments, is subjected to the action of an air texturing nozzle. An unheated air jet is blown onto the thread in the air texturing nozzle. As a result, the individual filaments are deformed to form loops, loops, arches and the like, without the chemical-physical structure of the filaments being significantly changed thereby.
  • the filaments, which are initially essentially parallel, are therefore only geometrically displaced into an irregular shape. In particular, loops, loops, arches are created.
  • the object of the invention is to produce an air-textured thread which is low in shrinkage, i.e. which has a low residual shrinkage.
  • the solution is a happy integration of the relaxation process into the air texturing process.
  • the heating of the thread can take place at the exit of the drawing zone or in the entrance of the texturing zone. Intensive heating and very low thread tensions in the texturing zone and thus a good shrinking effect can be achieved by the measure according to claim 2.
  • the drafting system is designed as a heating godet.
  • the residual shrinkage tendency of the threads treated according to the invention is less than half. This is due to the fact that the method according to the invention does not have the limitations of the known methods mentioned. Because according to the invention the shrinkage to be set does not depend on the speed difference of the relaxation zone (feed speed minus take-off speed) and the thread tension does not increase due to the triggering of the shrinkage. Rather, the thread tension to be set and thus the shrinkage are based solely on the tensile force of the air texturing nozzle.
  • the process is particularly favored in that the low thread tensions of the texturing zone - as stated in claim 3 - are set differently in front of and behind the air texturing nozzle.
  • the thread becomes strong at the outlet of the air texturing nozzle, preferably at about 90 ° directs. This measure is in contrast to the straight thread run, which is common with tangling (interlacing, entangling) and is also possible with air texturing nozzles.
  • the heat and shrinkage treatment according to the invention also compensates for shortcomings or errors in the previous stretching process.
  • Threads with high strength and the desired properties with regard to elongation and residual shrinkage can be produced.
  • the method according to this invention is particularly suitable for drawing and air texturing pre-oriented threads, in particular polyester threads (see US Pat. No. 3,772,872).
  • the thread tension relevant for the shrinkage arises from the tensile force of the texturing nozzle.
  • the tensile force of the texturing nozzle depends on the thread speed.
  • the thread speed is determined by the circumference Speed of the stretch godet, which is upstream of the texturing nozzle.
  • the difference in the peripheral speed of the stretching godet and the delivery unit, which follows the texturing nozzle, is not decisive for the shrinkage. Because according to the invention this difference - as stated in claim 6 - is always greater than the amount of the desired shrinkage.
  • the amount of shrinkage required is determined solely by the tensile force of the nozzle and the temperature of the stretch godet.
  • the overfeed of the thread into the texturing zone is always greater than the shrinkage set by the tensile force of the nozzle and the temperature of the stretch godet.
  • the fact that the tradition is greater than the set shrinkage means that the thread can be crimped in the desired manner.
  • the difference between tradition and set shrinkage is 1 to 10% for technical threads, in which the texturing serves in particular the purpose of roughening the thread, e.g. improve its runnability (sewing threads) or improve its adhesion to other substances (technical fabrics, tire cord).
  • This invention makes it possible to build the air texturing machine more easily and with a lower overall height than previously available air texturing machines, which do not offer the possibility of reducing the residual shrinkage, despite the additional built-in options for reducing the residual shrinkage.
  • claims 8 to 14 and the following description are examples of the air texturing machine.
  • a pre-oriented thread is drawn from the supply spool 1 via the head thread guide 2 through the input delivery unit 3 and passed through a drawing zone 4.
  • the thread is drawn out of the drawing zone 4 by the drawing device (drawing godet) 5.
  • the thread is passed over the heatable stretching pin 6 with a loop of 360 °.
  • Behind the drafting device 5 the thread passes through the air texturing nozzle 7.
  • the air texturing nozzle 7 is supplied with unheated compressed air.
  • the thread is never heated until it softens during the air texturing treatment.
  • the deformations caused by the air jet treatment are therefore not imprinted on the chemical-physical thread structure. When it hits the thread, the air expands and cools down further. By the expanding air jet will blow the individual filaments of the multifilament chemical thread into loops, loops, arches and the like. These are merely geometrical deformations, which intertwine and get caught together, resulting in the texture of the thread.
  • the air with which the texturing nozzle is fed is unheated and has a temperature which is below the temperature at which the crystal structure of the thread freezes and therefore any shrinkage comes to a standstill.
  • the air temperature is usually below 40 ° C. This air is further cooled by the expansion.
  • the air leaving the nozzle has a temperature of less than 10 °.
  • the texturing nozzle is operated with compressed air at a pressure between 6 and 10 bar. Therefore, the thread, which was previously heated by the stretching godet, is also very strongly quenched in the texturing nozzle, so that its temperature also drops below the temperature at which the crystal structure freezes.
  • the air channels 8, which are directed towards the thread channel 9 in the texturing nozzle 7, have a directional component in the thread running direction.
  • the air texturing nozzle 7 also exerts a conveying action and a tensile force on the thread.
  • the thread leaves the air texturing nozzle 7 essentially without thread tension, the thread being deflected and guided to the delivery mechanism 10.
  • the deflection is 30 to 90 °, preferably 90 °.
  • the deflection is achieved in that the delivery mechanism 10 is not on the axis of the thread channel 9 of the texturing nozzle 7, but laterally offset.
  • the deflection does not take place in that the thread is pulled over a thread guide, but in that the thread is initially conveyed straight ahead by the air jets when it exits the thread channel 9 and then has to change its direction to the feed mechanism 10.
  • This type of deflection results in a substantial reduction in the thread tension. Therefore, the thread tension between the drafting device 5 and the texturing nozzle 7 is higher than the thread tension which builds up behind the texturing nozzle 7 and after the deflection in front of the delivery mechanism 10.
  • the thread tensions in front of and behind the air texturing nozzle were e.g. 6 cN and 5 cN.
  • the thread can be warped in a stabilizing zone between two godets without elastic or plastic deformation without heating.
  • the thread can be passed through a fixing zone at temperatures up to 245 ° C.
  • the series connection of the stabilizing zone and the fixing zone creates a particularly compact thread with low instability.
  • the thread is then moved back and forth through the traversing device 11 transversely to its running direction and wound on the spool 12.
  • the spool 12 is driven by the drive roller 13 at a constant peripheral speed.
  • the godet 5 is heated. It should be emphasized that the temperature of the stretching godet 5 is in any case higher than the temperature of the stretching pin 6.
  • the temperature of the drafting unit 5 is 200 ° to 245 ° C.
  • the stretching pin 6 is heated, its temperature is approximately 80 to 140 ° C.
  • the thread properties in particular breaking strength, elongation at break and residual shrinkage
  • the draw ratio With the setting of the draw ratio and the temperature of the draw godet 5, it is possible to produce threads with very different properties, in particular breaking strength, elongation at break, residual shrinkage, even when using a non-heated drawing pin.
  • the invention therefore creates the possibility of using one and the same texturing machine without change to produce different threads.
  • technical and textile threads can be produced with the same machine.
  • Technical threads are threads that are used for technical purposes, e.g. Sewing threads, reinforcing threads for fabric sheets, plastic sheets, rubber sheets, tire cord. Textile threads are in particular those that are of direct human use, in particular clothing.
  • FIG. 1 A suitable device for rapid measurement of the residual shrinkage is shown schematically in FIG.
  • Such a device is commercially available under the trade name testrite. This device is used in particular for comparison tests. The device determines what percentage (L1 - L2 / L1 x 100) of a pretreated thread shrinks when it is exposed to shrinkage treatment on the testrite device with the same clamping length, the same heating length, the same heating temperature and heating time and the same thread tension becomes.
  • the thread is firmly clamped at one end 15 and passed over a measuring roller 16 at the other end.
  • the thread end behind the measuring roller 16 is loaded by a weight 17.
  • the measuring roller 16 is connected to a pointer 18 so that the change in the thread length is displayed on a scale.
  • the thread is fed through a heater 19 with a thread slot 20 heated. It follows from general experimental principles that when carrying out an experiment, the treatment time, the clamping length of the thread between the clamping 15 and the measuring roller 16, the length of the heater 19, the temperature of the heater 19 and the weight 17 remain constant.
  • the device according to FIG. 3 was used to carry out comparative tests. In doing so, a polyethylene terephthalate thread was drawn between the delivery plants 3 and 5 to a final titer of 167 dtex and then air-textured. In the first case, the drawing - as indicated schematically in FIG. 3 - took place between the delivery mechanisms 3 and 5 in that the thread was first passed over the hot pin-heated drawing pin 6 - and then over a heating plate 21. The stretching pin was heated at a temperature in the range from 90 to 120 ° C. and the heating plate at a temperature in the range from 240 ° C.
  • the same thread was air-textured in a process sequence like FIG. 1. This means that the thread was only guided in the drawing zone over the drawing pin 6 heated to 140 ° C., but not over a heating plate.
  • the godet 5 was heated, with a temperature of 240 ° C.
  • the thread was wrapped around the godet so often that a heated thread length of 1 m resulted.
  • the thread was taken up by the heated godet with a thread tension of 6 cN Air texturing nozzle withdrawn and then withdrawn from the area of the air texturing nozzle at a correspondingly reduced speed with a tensile force of 5 cN from the delivery mechanism 10.
  • An air-textured thread was produced which had essentially the same strength values (breaking strength and elongation at break) as the thread treated by the conventional method. However, the test shrinkage was reduced to less than 1%.
  • FIG. 4 the cross section, ie a location of a multi-digit air texturing machine is shown schematically.
  • the invention is implemented in this air texturing machine.
  • the special feature is that a very simple design of the stretching zones is possible through the application of the invention and that a low overall height of the machine can be achieved as a result.
  • the machine has a gate for supply spools 1.1 and 1.2.
  • Preoriented thread material is wound on the supply spools. These are polyester threads, especially polyethylene terephthalate threads.
  • the threads are drawn off via the head thread guides 2.1 and 2.2 by means of the delivery mechanisms 3.1 and 3.2 and fed to the stretching zones 4.1 and 4.2.
  • the drawing zones each consist of the delivery unit 3.1 or 3.2 already mentioned, a drawing pin 6.1 and 6.2 and the drawing unit 5.1 and 5.2.
  • the speeds of the delivery units 3.1, 3.2 and the drafting units 5.1, 5.2 can be set differently from one another. It is therefore possible to draw the threads with different draw ratios.
  • the stretching zones 4.1 and 4.2 are arranged one above the other with the thread running in the opposite direction but in alignment. The two threads that come from their supply spools are passed between the two drawing zones and then on the one hand to the delivery unit 3.1 and on the other hand to the delivery unit 3.2. One thread runs from the delivery unit 3.1 downward over the drafting pin 6.1 to the drafting unit 5.1.
  • the other thread runs upwards from the delivery unit 3.2 over the stretch pin 6.2 on the drafting system 5.2.
  • each thread wraps around the stretching pin 6.1 or 6.2 with 360 ° in each case.
  • the drawing pin 6.1 is cold. That is, no heater is provided to heat the stylus.
  • the stretching pin 6.2 has a larger diameter and can be heated.
  • the godet 5.1 has a heating device and can be used to heat it to suitable temperatures up to 300 ° C. Suitable godets are shown, for example, in US Pat. No. 3,435,171 (Lohest, Bag. 599), US Pat. No. 3,487,187 (Schippers et al., Bag. 634).
  • the thread run shown has the advantage that the delivery mechanisms 3.1 and 3.2 are not very low on the ground. Therefore, the thread can easily be put on these supplying plants. Another advantage is also that the thread running from the heated godet 5.1 has a long run length to the following texturing nozzle 7.
  • the two threads running from the godets 5.1 and 5.2 are now guided into the texturing nozzle 7, which lies above the stretching zone 4.2.
  • At least one of the threads is previously passed through a water nozzle or moistened in another suitable manner, for example a water bath.
  • the water nozzle and air texturing nozzle are located in a water box that can be opened for operation.
  • the two threads are combined with one another in the air texturing nozzle and an air stream is blown onto the two threads, which at the same time has a component in the conveying direction.
  • the filaments of the two threads are cooled and mixed with one another and become loops, loops, arches and the like. deformed. Since the speed of the drafting devices 5.1 and 5.2 can be different, the threads can be fed into the air texturing nozzle with different overfeed. This allows fancy yarns with very different properties to be produced.
  • the composite thread produced in the air texturing nozzle 7 is subjected to stretching between the delivery unit 10 and the further delivery unit 21, as is described in US Pat. No. Re 32047.
  • the stabilization zone is arranged essentially horizontally above the service aisle, since the delivery mechanism 10 on one side and the delivery mechanism 21 on the other side of the service aisle are arranged at the same height.
  • the speed ratio of the delivery mechanisms 21 and 10 determines the ratio with which the composite thread is stretched in the stabilization zone 25.
  • the stretch is in any case in the elastic range and should not lead to plastic deformation of the thread.
  • the speed of the delivery unit 21 can be up to 15% greater than the speed of the delivery unit 10.
  • the composite thread runs through the heating tube 23 of a heater 22.
  • the thread is drawn off from the fixing zone 26 by the delivery mechanism 24.
  • the heating tube 23 is located essentially vertically below the feed mechanism 21, so that the thread runs vertically from top to bottom.
  • the speeds of the delivery unit 24 and of the delivery unit 21 are coordinated such that the take-off speed of the delivery unit 24 is preferably somewhat less than the speed of the delivery unit 21, namely approximately 2 to 10% less. In this way, a controlled shrinkage of the thread, limited by the speed difference, can be brought about again in the fixing zone, if this is necessary.
  • the thread is then wound up to the bobbin 12.
  • the winder is arranged at a convenient operating height on the side of the heater 22 which faces the operating aisle.
  • the coil is driven at its periphery by the drive roller 13 driven at a constant speed. With 11 a traversing device is designated.
  • the speed of the delivery plants 21 and 24 and the speed of the Driving roller 13 can be adjusted independently of one another. As a result, different thread tensions can be set in the stabilizing zone 25 and in the fixing zone 26.
  • the delivery mechanisms 10 and 21 can be driven at the same speed. In this case, the stabilization is omitted. It is also possible to put the heater 22 out of operation. In this case there is no heat fixation.
  • the drafting system 5.2 can be unheated or heated. If the drafting system 5.2 is heated, the drafting pin 6.2 can also be unheated.
  • the delivery mechanisms 10 and 21 are so high that they can be operated from the ground.
  • the stretching zones 4.1 and 4.2 are only equipped with godets and stretching pin.
  • the thread passed over the heated stretch godet 5.1 has a long path to the texturing nozzle. As a result, the thread has sufficient time to shrink before it is quenched in the texturing nozzle and the shrinkage is brought to a standstill.
  • Test results for the production of a textile and a technical thread are shown in the table below.
  • the measuring points I to IX given here are shown in FIG. 1.
  • the speeds of the delivery plants 3, 5, 10 are related to each other by specifying the percentages. It was the thread properties residual shrinkage, elongation before the Shrinkage or without shrinkage and at the measuring point IX reproduced the same values with the shrinkage treatment according to the invention. It turns out that even when using a non-heated stretching pin, it is possible to set the required properties for both a textile and a technical thread, although the stretching itself, ie without the residual shrinkage treatment, does not yet lead to useful thread properties. TABLE POY PES Measuring point Measurand textile thread technical thread I.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
EP89122621A 1988-12-13 1989-12-07 Procédé de fabrication d'un fil texturé par jet d'air Revoked EP0373519B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3841837 1988-12-13
DE3841837 1988-12-13
DE3900568 1989-01-11
DE3900568 1989-01-11

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0373519A2 true EP0373519A2 (fr) 1990-06-20
EP0373519A3 EP0373519A3 (en) 1990-10-31
EP0373519B1 EP0373519B1 (fr) 1993-10-20

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ID=25875062

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89122621A Revoked EP0373519B1 (fr) 1988-12-13 1989-12-07 Procédé de fabrication d'un fil texturé par jet d'air

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5054174A (fr)
EP (1) EP0373519B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH02191732A (fr)
DE (1) DE58905974D1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0443390A1 (fr) 1990-02-15 1991-08-28 Barmag Ag Procédé pour la fabrication d'un fil texturé par jet d'air
EP0670920B1 (fr) * 1992-11-04 2001-04-04 J. & P. Coats, Limited Fabrication de fils de textiles
DE10301925A1 (de) * 2003-01-17 2004-07-29 Deutsche Institute für Textil- und Faserforschung Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Multifilamentgarnen
CN105887258A (zh) * 2014-09-18 2016-08-24 江苏宝丽斯新材料有限公司 空气变形丝喷嘴

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DE4004721C2 (de) * 1988-12-13 2002-09-26 Staehle Gmbh H Verfahren zur Herstellung eines lufttexturierten Fadens
DE4013946A1 (de) * 1990-04-30 1991-10-31 Hoechst Ag Verwirbeltes multifilamentgarn aus hochmodul-einzelfilamenten und verfahren zum herstellen eines solchen garnes
JPH0516606A (ja) * 1991-07-09 1993-01-26 Bridgestone Corp 空気入りラジアルタイヤ
US6397444B1 (en) * 1994-05-24 2002-06-04 University Of Manchester Institute Of Science & Technology Apparatus and method for texturing yarn
GB2299348A (en) * 1995-02-02 1996-10-02 Barbour Campbell Threads Limit Producing textured thread
DE19809600C1 (de) * 1998-03-03 1999-10-21 Heberlein Fasertech Ag Garnbehandlungseinrichtung
TW538153B (en) * 1998-03-03 2003-06-21 Heberlein Fibertechnology Inc Process for air-jet texturing of frill yarn and yarn-finishing device and the application thereof
GB0008304D0 (en) 2000-04-06 2000-05-24 Univ Manchester Precision delivery system
US6807347B2 (en) * 2001-06-25 2004-10-19 Corning Cable Systems Llc High density fiber optic cable
US6848151B2 (en) * 2003-03-31 2005-02-01 Invista Norh America S.à.r.l Air-jet method for producing composite elastic yarns
EP1613798A1 (fr) * 2003-04-15 2006-01-11 Golden Lady Company S.P.A. Procede et dispositif utilises pour le traitement mecanique d'un fil, notamment d'un fil multibrins synthetique, fil produit de cette maniere
CA2846615A1 (fr) * 2011-09-13 2013-03-21 Owens Corning Intellectual Capital, Llc Membrane de toiture impermeable revetue par des granulees
US20150218733A1 (en) * 2012-08-17 2015-08-06 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Melt-spinning process and melt-spinning apparatus for producing a crimped yarn

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EP0032067A1 (fr) * 1980-01-07 1981-07-15 Du Pont Canada Inc. Procédé de texturation par jet d'air pour la production de fil en polyester à rétrécissement restreint
EP0295601A2 (fr) * 1987-06-15 1988-12-21 Amann & Söhne GmbH & Co. Procédé de fabrication d'un fil, et fil comprenant une structure d'âme

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0443390A1 (fr) 1990-02-15 1991-08-28 Barmag Ag Procédé pour la fabrication d'un fil texturé par jet d'air
EP0670920B1 (fr) * 1992-11-04 2001-04-04 J. & P. Coats, Limited Fabrication de fils de textiles
DE10301925A1 (de) * 2003-01-17 2004-07-29 Deutsche Institute für Textil- und Faserforschung Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Multifilamentgarnen
CN105887258A (zh) * 2014-09-18 2016-08-24 江苏宝丽斯新材料有限公司 空气变形丝喷嘴

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EP0373519A3 (en) 1990-10-31
JPH02191732A (ja) 1990-07-27
DE58905974D1 (de) 1993-11-25
US5054174A (en) 1991-10-08
EP0373519B1 (fr) 1993-10-20

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