EP0371463B1 - Verfahren zum Setzen eines Ankers und Injektionsbohranker zur Durchführung des Verfahrens - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Setzen eines Ankers und Injektionsbohranker zur Durchführung des Verfahrens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0371463B1
EP0371463B1 EP89121946A EP89121946A EP0371463B1 EP 0371463 B1 EP0371463 B1 EP 0371463B1 EP 89121946 A EP89121946 A EP 89121946A EP 89121946 A EP89121946 A EP 89121946A EP 0371463 B1 EP0371463 B1 EP 0371463B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bore
anchor
mortar
mortar suspension
rock
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89121946A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0371463A2 (de
EP0371463A3 (de
Inventor
Heinz Gruber
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GD-ANKER GmbH
Original Assignee
GD-ANKER GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=6368060&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0371463(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by GD-ANKER GmbH filed Critical GD-ANKER GmbH
Priority to AT89121946T priority Critical patent/ATE103355T1/de
Publication of EP0371463A2 publication Critical patent/EP0371463A2/de
Publication of EP0371463A3 publication Critical patent/EP0371463A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0371463B1 publication Critical patent/EP0371463B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
    • E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
    • E02D5/76—Anchorings for bulkheads or sections thereof in as much as specially adapted therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
    • E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
    • E21D21/0053—Anchoring-bolts in the form of lost drilling rods

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention further relates to an injection drill anchor according to the preamble of claim 2 for performing this method.
  • a rock bolt is known from EP 0 259 755 A1, which can also be used as a boring bar and which consists of a tubular base body, at the front end of which there is a drill bit.
  • These rock anchors are also known as injection drill anchors.
  • Said base body is profiled to produce a composite effect with a mortar casing, in the form of a comparatively coarse round thread and has in its casing area a series of bores which are provided in an area adjacent to the drill bit.
  • a flushing agent e.g. Water led, whereby after drilling is completed, the borehole created in this way is filled with a mortar suspension, which enters the borehole through the aforementioned body. Under these conditions, however, sufficient penetration of the rock surrounding the borehole with cement mortar cannot be achieved in many cases, which results in inadequate adhesion of the anchor.
  • pile foundations consisting of individual piles with anchors. If, for example, there are alternately cohesive or non-cohesive layers on the one hand and comparatively solid layers along a route that corresponds to the length of the pile, special measures must be taken to ensure that the pile has a minimum cross-section along its entire length, through which the the static load-bearing capacity of the respective pile foundation is determined. In these cases, for example, it is not possible to create a hole that is then filled with concrete, since the cross-sectional profile of the hole in the area of the solid layers is always constricted, so that the presence of the minimum cross-section - apart from that of the constriction - cannot be guaranteed over the entire length of the pile.
  • Boring bars that can be used in the above context require at their end facing away from the drill bit an adapter part, via which the boring bar is driven during drilling operation and via which a flushing agent is introduced into the central longitudinal bore of the boring bar.
  • an adapter part is from DE-PS 377 021 known which is intended for connection to flexible tubular shafts.
  • This adapter part consists of a stationary sleeve with an annular space, through which extends a hollow shaft piece which is open at its one end intended for connection to the tubular shaft and closed at its other end.
  • the hollow shaft piece is rotatably mounted within the sleeve and is used for coupling with a drill drive.
  • the said annular space is used to introduce a detergent, here water, via radial bores in the hollow shaft piece.
  • the part of the hollow shaft piece intended for connection to the tubular shaft is provided with an internally threaded section which merges into a section which has a reduced diameter and which at the same time forms a stop for a screw connection.
  • the latter section is provided with the radial bores mentioned, which are used to introduce the detergent through the annular space.
  • this known adapter part is only intended for guiding a flushing agent and for driving the boring bar or a tubular shaft.
  • an injection drill anchor known per se can be used in the context of this method, which is only provided in its front region, ie the region adjacent to the drill bit, with outlet openings, which, like its central flushing hole, already exist during the drilling of the guide of a mortar suspension or serve a comparable substance. It is thus immediately during the drilling process, in synchronism with the progress of the drilling, the mountains surrounding the borehole pressed with a mortar suspension, so that any measures to stabilize a borehole wall are omitted. As a result of this procedure, small particles that are released as a result of the drilling process are washed out by the mortar suspension, so that a large-volume mixture consisting of coarser, detached particles and the mortar suspension forms in the vicinity of the boring bar.
  • An advantage also lies in the gapless and therefore reliable coating of the rock anchor with a mortar suspension, so that the alkaline atmosphere in the immediate vicinity of the anchor provides reliable corrosion protection.
  • Another advantage of this process which comes into play both when installing rock anchors and when laying foundation piles for foundations, is the one-step procedure, as drilling and mortar are carried out in one work step. This eliminates the need to create a hole beforehand using a detergent.
  • the radial dimensions of the mortar casing of the anchor are controlled via the drilling speed and thus the drilling progress. This opens up simple options for adapting to different mountain types.
  • the tearing tools rotating counter to the drilling drive are effective, which in this case have the effect of mixing elements through which the mixing of dissolved coarse-grained material and mortar suspension is effected.
  • a largely homogeneous mixture of mortar suspension and dissolved material is available, which is displaced towards the rear side of the drill bit by the displacement effect of the side webs mentioned in connection with the tearing tools.
  • the side bars are also appropriate dimensioned a radius which is adapted to such a cross section, in which there is a penetration of the rock or the ground with mortar suspension.
  • claims 4 to 6 are directed to different configurations and arrangements of the side webs. These configurations concern, among other things, the suitability of the side webs as conveying elements for displacing the material loosened on the front side onto the back of the drill bit.
  • the side webs can be designed to be helically wound in the direction of rotation of the drill drive of the boring bar and can also be designed to be wound around their longitudinal axis, if appropriate with a suitable cross-sectional profile. The consequence of this is that the movement of the side webs in the mixture consisting of mortar suspension and dissolved material exerts a conveying effect in the direction of the rear end of the drill bit.
  • the design of the tearing tools according to the features of claim 7 is basically arbitrary - however, they should be equipped with a large number of cutting edges, preferably made of a hard metal and dimensioned such that their areas of influence affect the mixture to be mixed.
  • FIG. 1 denotes the boring bar to be used in the process according to the invention, which is also used as an anchor, both in rock anchors serving to stabilize the walls of cavities and in piles serving to stabilize the ground.
  • the boring bar 1 is formed by a hollow cylindrical base body, the outside is provided over its entire length with a thread-like deformation in the manner of a round thread, which is advantageously produced by a cold-forming process, for example by rolling or rolling.
  • the boring bar 1 carries at one end a drill bit 2 which is provided in a manner known per se with a central flushing bore 3 which runs coaxially with the boring bar 1 and which runs coaxially with the boring bar 1 or its central axial bore 4.
  • the drill bit 2 is designed as a plate-like, here square base body, which extends perpendicular to the axis of the boring bar 1 and the peripheral sides of which are provided with cylindrical indentations 5. These recesses 5 are dimensioned in such a way that their deepest points just touch an outer circle circumscribing the external thread.
  • the drill bit has on its side facing the bottom of the borehole a star-shaped arrangement of prism-like projections 6 which act as cutting edges and extend in the direction of the corners of the square base body.
  • the projections 9 are formed around the lateral boundary edges of the base body mentioned and end at a short distance from the point at which the boring bar 1 is attached. In this way, the projections 9 or cutting edges are effective not only in the end but also in the peripheral region.
  • the projections 6 end on the bottom of the borehole in the central region of the base body in beveled surfaces 7 which are designed to be inclined in the direction of the mouth opening of the flushing bore 3.
  • the drill bit 2 is dimensioned as short as possible in its axial dimensions, ie in the direction of the arrows 8.
  • the connection between the drill bit 2 and the boring bar 1 is preferably designed to be detachable.
  • the drill bit 2 By making the drill bit 2 as short as possible in the direction of the arrows 8, it is achieved that during operation of the drill rod, the rock material loosened in the front end area of the drill head is conveyed in the shortest possible way and with the least possible flow resistance in the side area of the drill bit facing away from the bottom of the borehole can.
  • the drill bit 2 By releasably attaching the drill bit 2 to the drill rod 1, it is achieved that the drill bit can be exchanged for the purpose of adapting the drill rod to different ground or mountain conditions or borehole diameters.
  • the drill rod in its area adjacent to the drill bit 2, i.e. starting from the drill bit, for example in a length of 0.5 m, provided with holes 9 through which a connection between the outer space and the central hole 4 of the drill rod 1 is made.
  • An adapter part 10 which is shown schematically in FIG. 3, is located on the end of the drill rod 1 which is turned away from the drill bit 2, possibly extended in the above-described sense.
  • This adapter part 10 is provided with a connection part 11, to which a feed line (not shown in the drawing) for anchor mortar or a mortar suspension is connected.
  • a coupling part also not shown in the drawing, for connecting a conventional drilling drive, which can be designed for rotating and / or striking operation.
  • the 3 consists of a sleeve part 13, which is provided on the inside with an internal thread adapted to the external thread of the boring bar 1.
  • the sleeve part 13 is - as indicated at point 14 - closed on the inside and provided at point 12 with an internal thread, which forms the coupling member for the drilling drive, not shown in the drawing.
  • 15 with a fixed on the shell of the sleeve part 13 stop body is designated, the function of which will be explained in the following.
  • the sleeve part 13 is surrounded by a fixed housing part 16, to which the connection part 11 is attached and which is provided with an annular space 17 arranged on the inside.
  • the annular space 17 is connected to the connecting part 11 in a manner not shown in the drawing, so that a mortar suspension can be introduced into the annular space 17 in the direction of the arrow 18.
  • a radial recess 19, which is provided with a series of radial bores 20, is machined into the outer jacket of the sleeve part 13 in the radially opposite direction.
  • the stop means 21 is a stop means, here a comparatively short, externally threaded tube cylinder, which is screwed into the sleeve part 13, up to the point 14 at which the interior of the sleeve part is closed.
  • the stop means 14 is provided with a series of radial bores 22, which run in alignment with the bores 20 so that there is a permeable connection for the mortar suspension between the annular space 17 and the interior of the stop means 21.
  • the stop means 21 ensures that when the end of a boring bar is screwed into the socket part 13, the screwing depth of the boring bar is limited, so that the bores 20 in particular do not overlap.
  • the housing part 16 which surrounds the socket part 13 with little play, is held in its position in contact with the stop body 15 with little play by means of a further stop body 23 which is axially movable with respect to the socket part 13 and which is held on the socket part 13 by means of a series of clamping screws 24 is locked. During operation of the adapter part 10, the housing part 16 is thus held stationary between the stop bodies 15, 23 rotating with the socket part.
  • the device described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 is preferably used according to the invention for setting rock anchors in low-cohesion to non-cohesive, unused mountains, whereby during drilling, instead of a conventional washing-up liquid, a mortar suspension or cement milk is used, which via the connecting part 11 under pressure is fed.
  • this mortar suspension emerges from both the flushing hole 3 of the drill bit 2 and the holes 9 of the drill rod 1, whereby relatively fine-grained material which has been loosened as a result of the drilling process is washed away, whereas relatively coarser material remains in the borehole, but a mixture is immediately present forms the mortar suspension in order to harden together with it at a later point in time.
  • the anchor is surrounded by a concrete-like casing, consisting of a mixture of mortar suspension and relatively coarse rock particles, the stabilization of the surrounding rock and mortar suspension resulting from the large-volume penetration of the surrounding rock and secure attachment of the anchor.
  • a drill bit 2 specially designed for certain applications is shown. These are cases in which - seen across the depth of a borehole - layers of unused or non-cohesive rock and relatively firm load-bearing layers are arranged in alternating succession. It is characteristic of this layer sequence that the walls of the borehole can be expected to collapse in the area of the layers used, but not in the area of the solid layers.
  • a drill head 2 is proposed, which will be described in more detail below.
  • the drill head 2 consists essentially of a tubular attachment part 25 on the outside with a comparatively coarse, preferably round thread, to whose front part facing the drill sole, side webs 26 are fastened.
  • This attachment can be done in any way, preferably by welding to the outer wall of the extension part 25.
  • said side webs 26 extend essentially in a plane containing the axis 27 of the attachment part 25, starting from the latter in the form of an arrow to the rear, ie. H. from the bottom of the drill. According to FIG. 4, they each form an angle of approximately 45 ° with the axis 27 and can be, for example, square in cross section, but also rectangular.
  • the extension part 25 is intended for screwing with boring bars 1 according to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3, so that in the assembled state of the boring head 2, the axis 27 extends coaxially with the central axial bore 4 (FIG. 1) of the boring bar 1.
  • tearing tools 31 designating tearing tools designed as rotary bodies, each of which is freely rotatable about axes 32 which extend perpendicular to the side webs 26 and lie in their plane.
  • the tearing tools 31 are arranged on the side of the side webs 26 facing the drilling sole.
  • the design of the rotatable mounting of the tearing tools 31 on the side webs 26 can in principle be of any design, provided the strength required for the drilling operation is given.
  • the ripping tools 31 each consist of rotationally symmetrical ring bodies 33, on the peripheral outside of which a number of cutting bodies 34 are arranged in a preferably uniform distribution.
  • the cutting bodies 34 have a parallelepiped shape and in particular have on their front side, i.e. on its side facing the bottom of the borehole on pronounced cutting edges 35.
  • the remaining edges of the cutting bodies also act as cutting edges.
  • Both tear tools 31 are preferably of identical design.
  • the system of side webs 26 and tearing tools 31 is dimensioned in such a way that - seen in an axial projection according to FIG. 6 - it only makes up a maximum of 50% of the area with the radius 36 within which in any case a drilling or Loosening effect is developed.
  • the result of this is that a sufficient cross-section is available in the region of the rotating drill head during the drilling progress, via which the torn, ground or loosened material can be conveyed to the rear of the drill head 2, namely to the side facing away from the bottom of the borehole.
  • a cross-sectionally triangular, prismatic cutting body is designated 37, which extends diametrically over the ring body 33 on the side facing the drilling sole of each ripping tool 31 and here also contributes to the cutting, tearing and loosening effect during the drilling progress.
  • the use of the drill head 2 shown in FIGS. 4 to 6 is basically similar to that described at the beginning. While creating the hole, preferably working with an exclusively rotating drill drive, a mortar suspension is immediately introduced into the drill rod, which thus passes through the axial bore 4 into the bore 28 of the drill head 2 and finally exits through the outlet bores 30, 30 ' . As a result of the drilling process, the unused mountain range is loosened, causing fine or very fine concrete parts to wash out, whereas the coarser components mix with the escaping mortar suspension in order to finally harden together with it.
  • the tearing tools 31 in addition to tearing up the rock, partially crushing the loosened coarse particles, in particular causing the loosened particles to mix with the mortar suspension emerging from the bores 30, 30 'during the drilling progress.
  • the ripping tools thus simultaneously fulfill the task of mixing elements, so that a mixture of mortar suspension and coarser rock particles forms behind the drill bit 2 during the drilling progress, as a result of which the zone of the rock or the hole loosened by the drilling process always remains filled, so that a Cavity does not even arise.
  • the anchor formed by the system of boring bar and drill bit is integrated over its entire length into a mortar interspersed with rock particles, with the corresponding consistency of the surrounding mountains and the insertion pressure of the mortar suspension leading to a more or less deep penetration of mortar suspension and the surrounding mountains.
  • the area of the rock or ground penetrated by the emerging mortar, which after hardening forms a concrete, stabilized zone around the anchor, has a minimum cross-section, which is determined by the radius 36, regardless of the layer sequence of the ground.
  • the drill bit shown can be varied in many ways.
  • any tearing tools that can be rotated about axes can in principle be used, which at the same time have a certain mixing effect on the mixture of rock particles and mortar suspension that forms.
  • the side webs 26 - seen in a view according to arrow VI - can also have a helical winding and, in addition - with respect to their longitudinal axis and their cross-sectional shape - have a profiling, from which an additional promotional effect on the rock loosened by the tearing tools Direction from the bottom of the borehole is developed.
  • more than two tearing tools 31 can also be provided.
  • two side webs 26 instead of two side webs 26, several can also be arranged insofar as the condition mentioned at the beginning can be met.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Processing Of Stones Or Stones Resemblance Materials (AREA)
EP89121946A 1988-11-29 1989-11-28 Verfahren zum Setzen eines Ankers und Injektionsbohranker zur Durchführung des Verfahrens Expired - Lifetime EP0371463B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89121946T ATE103355T1 (de) 1988-11-29 1989-11-28 Verfahren zum setzen eines ankers und injektionsbohranker zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3840158A DE3840158A1 (de) 1988-11-29 1988-11-29 Verfahren zum setzen eines ankers und vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
DE3840158 1988-11-29

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0371463A2 EP0371463A2 (de) 1990-06-06
EP0371463A3 EP0371463A3 (de) 1991-04-17
EP0371463B1 true EP0371463B1 (de) 1994-03-23

Family

ID=6368060

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89121946A Expired - Lifetime EP0371463B1 (de) 1988-11-29 1989-11-28 Verfahren zum Setzen eines Ankers und Injektionsbohranker zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US5044832A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0371463B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JP2732687B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) ATE103355T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU623198B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA2003979A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE3840158A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES2050208T3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA899048B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023285831A1 (en) * 2021-07-16 2023-01-19 Hypertunnel Ip Limited Integrated drilling injection and extraction device and method

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DE4432472C2 (de) * 1994-09-13 1997-09-18 Reburg Patentverwertungs Gmbh Adapterteil zum Verbinden eines Bohrantriebs mit einem selbstbohrenden Anker
DE19607988A1 (de) * 1996-03-01 1997-09-04 Reburg Patentverwertungs Gmbh Kupplungseinrichtung
AUPP955399A0 (en) * 1999-03-31 1999-04-29 Hydramatic Engineering Pty. Ltd. Method and apparatus for insertion of rockbolts
AU2005201548B2 (en) * 1999-03-31 2007-03-22 Hydramatic Engineering Pty Ltd Method and Apparatus For insertion of Rock Bolts
SE525690C2 (sv) * 2003-05-12 2005-04-05 Atlas Copco Rock Drills Ab Anordning för bergbultning jämte för automatiserad bergbultning samt förfarande för bergbultning
US8556558B1 (en) 2006-07-31 2013-10-15 Christopher M. Hunt Fastener for cementitious materials
CA2802913C (en) 2010-06-24 2019-09-10 Nucor Corporation A tensionable threaded rebar bolt
US9010165B2 (en) 2011-01-18 2015-04-21 Nucor Corporation Threaded rebar manufacturing process and system
DE102011087178A1 (de) * 2011-11-28 2013-05-29 Hilti Aktiengesellschaft Anker, insbesondere Gesteinsanker
CN105114109A (zh) * 2015-09-18 2015-12-02 洛阳中岩工程材料有限公司 一种自钻式中空锚杆注浆接头
CN105604593B (zh) * 2016-03-17 2018-05-04 天津大学 一种三阶段锚固组合式中空注浆锚杆
CN106121697A (zh) * 2016-08-19 2016-11-16 中国葛洲坝集团第三工程有限公司 一种快速提升涨壳锚头初始锚固力的装置及方法
CN111501764B (zh) * 2020-05-07 2021-05-18 深圳市地铁集团有限公司 一种大角度摆喷高压喷射注浆机械
CN112726595A (zh) * 2020-12-29 2021-04-30 成都瑞阳机械有限公司 一种高压耐磨钻打注浆组合旋转接头
CN113153354B (zh) * 2021-04-24 2022-03-01 淮北市平远软岩支护工程技术有限公司 一种基于稳压留压注浆的支护方法及注浆控制设备
TWI831580B (zh) * 2023-01-18 2024-02-01 謝啟萬 可增加嵌固在混凝土內之延伸構件和混凝土間的嵌固強度之結構

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023285831A1 (en) * 2021-07-16 2023-01-19 Hypertunnel Ip Limited Integrated drilling injection and extraction device and method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3840158C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1992-08-06
JP2732687B2 (ja) 1998-03-30
AU623198B2 (en) 1992-05-07
ES2050208T3 (es) 1994-05-16
DE3840158A1 (de) 1990-05-31
ATE103355T1 (de) 1994-04-15
JPH02210115A (ja) 1990-08-21
AU4564289A (en) 1990-06-07
CA2003979A1 (en) 1990-05-29
EP0371463A2 (de) 1990-06-06
EP0371463A3 (de) 1991-04-17
US5044832A (en) 1991-09-03
ZA899048B (en) 1990-09-26
DE58907289D1 (de) 1994-04-28

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