EP0356627B1 - Operating mechanism for windows, doors or the like - Google Patents

Abstract

There is provided an operating mechanism 1 for windows, doors or the like, for example for moving their opening wings, which is coupled or can be coupled via a rotatable drive spindle (14) to an operating member engaging at least on the wing. It is characterised by the use of a high-speed low-voltage electric motor 2 which is connected to the drive spindle (14) via a multi-step reduction gear 9. <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to an actuator for the operation of windows, doors or the like., In particular for moving the opening sash, which is coupled or can be coupled via a rotatable drive mandrel with an actuator acting at least on the sash, an electric motor with the drive mandrel via a reduction gear a high reduction ratio, and this electric motor is designed as a high-speed low-voltage DC motor.

Actuators of this type are used in windows, doors or the like in order to forcibly adjust the opening leaf between its closed position and its open position, as is evident, for example, from DE-A-32 02 930 and from US-A-4 137 796. On the other hand, how from US-A-3 947 060 and DE-A-30 13 851 results, however, such actuators have also been used to fix the opening sash in windows, doors or the like in their closed position on the fixed frame.

Generic actuators of the type mentioned first are used for the most varied opening movements of the sash of windows, doors or the like, namely for the forced tilting movement, folding movement and rotary movement as well as sliding movement of the opening sash. However, actuators of the generic type have also already been used for tilt and turn sashes of windows, doors or the like.

In the actuator according to DE-A-32 02 930, the high-speed low-voltage DC motor with the reduction gear is structurally combined to form a drive unit and the reduction gear is designed as a planetary gear, which in turn is connected to the drive mandrel by a bevel gear output stage.

This known actuator does not offer the possibility of a layman-friendly and cost-effective remedy of malfunctions, because there the electric motor and planetary gear are designed as a unit that can only be assembled.

The same considerations apply to the actuator according to US-A-4 137 796, according to which the electric motor works on a reduction gear which has a spur gear input stage, which in turn is followed by a screw gear to the drive mandrel. This well-known actuator does not offer the possibility of a layman-friendly and inexpensive remedy of malfunctions.

These known actuators for the operation of windows, doors or the like. Have the common disadvantage that they have a technically relatively complex design and are therefore expensive to purchase and maintain.

The main aim of the invention is to create an actuator of the generic type, which not only ensures the application of sufficiently large actuating forces with a maximum of electrical safety and with minimal installation effort, but also ensures that operational malfunctions that occur at any time - with a technically simple design and low energy requirements. even by laymen - can be easily remedied and consequently the functionality of the actuators can be inexpensively restored.

The set goal and the solution of the task is achieved in that the low-voltage DC motor has a speed range between 83.333 s⁻¹ and 333.333 s⁻¹ [= 5,000 U / min. to 20,000 rpm]], that this low voltage DC motor has a starting torque between 4.905 mN.m and 147, 150 mN.m [50g / cm to 1 500g / cm], that the reduction gear is a multi-stage spur gear with a reduction ratio between 400: 1 and 20,000: 1, and that the drive mandrel has a starting torque between 5N.m and 50N.m [5N / m and 500N / m].

An advantage of such an actuator is that both the extra-low voltage DC motor and the reduction gear connected between them and the drive mandrel manage with a small installation space, which means that the entire actuator can also be used directly on the frame or casement of windows, doors or if necessary. Like. can be assembled

In most cases, low-voltage DC motors can be used according to the invention, the starting torque of which is between 19.62 mN.n and 29.43 mN.m, it being advantageous to counter the reduction gear with a reduction ratio in which the drive mandrel is adjustable between 10 Nm and 30 Nm with a starting torque.

In many cases, it is also advisable according to the invention to design an actuator so that the drive mandrel is connected to the reduction gear via an optional clutch that can be engaged and disengaged.

A structurally simple design for the actuator is further achieved if the extra-low voltage DC motor is connected via a reduction gear stage to a multi-stage spur gear, the gear stages of which are located on two mutually parallel axes, one of which also forms the drive mandrel.

All gear stages of the multi-stage front wall gear unit can have a mutually identical gear ratio, for example of 3: 1.

The clutch which can be engaged and disengaged can be formed by a spring-loaded clutch, in particular a claw clutch which is influenced in the sense of engagement.

It has also proven to be advantageous if the extra-low voltage direct current motor lies parallel to the reduction gear stage within a housing, with its stator only through an axial plug connection is held in the housing in a rotationally fixed manner and its drive shaft engages the reduction gear stage, also by means of an axial plug connection.

The drive pinion of the reduction gear stage advantageously sits firmly on the drive shaft of the extra-low voltage DC motor, while its spur gear is mounted in the housing and constantly meshes with the input stage of the multistage spur gear.

For a permanently correct operation of the actuator, it is also important according to the invention that at least the spur gear and the pinion of the final stage of the reduction gear have a tooth width which is a multiple, z. B. three times the tooth width of spur gears and pinions corresponds to all other gear stages.

Practical tests have shown that in an actuator according to the invention, the overall reduction ratio of the reduction gear between the extra-low voltage DC motor and the drive mandrel should preferably be in the range between 8000: 1 and 15000: 1 around 10000: 1, while at the same time the extra-low voltage DC motor has a nominal speed that is between 133.333 s⁻¹ and 333.333 s⁻¹.

An actuator is characterized according to the invention in that the drive mandrel of an actuating device for espagnolette fittings of windows, doors or the like is held in a rotationally fixed connection with an operating hand lever, via which a drive rod can be shifted longitudinally into several, namely at least two, different switching positions,
the operating hand lever rotatably seated in a bearing plate arranged on the end face of the casement or window frame profile, and engages in a rotary drive element, for example a pinion,
wherein the drive mandrel and the operating hand lever are at least temporarily disconnectable from the reduction gear,
wherein the reduction gear is received in the housing-shaped bearing plate for the operating lever,
the low-voltage direct current motor, which is in drive connection with the reduction gear, is also held on or in the bearing plate for the operating hand lever,
and the angle of rotation of the drive mandrel and of the operating hand lever relative to the housing is limited to less than 360 °, in particular 180 ° or 190 °,
and there is also the possibility of assigning several rotary angle positions of the drive mandrel, in particular its two end positions, to electrical switching contacts for the circuit of the extra-low voltage DC motor.

It has also been found to be expedient if, according to the invention, the electrical switching contacts are in series with a bistable relay which is arranged in the circuit of the low-voltage DC motor for switching the direction of rotation.

However, it has also proven useful to arrange all the electrical switching elements on a printed circuit board, which can not only be operatively connected to the connecting terminals of the extra-low voltage DC motor and the contact actuating elements of the drive mandrel, but can also be connected to the housing, provided that it is made of metal or a other conductive material.

An actuator according to the invention makes it possible in a particularly expedient manner that the extra-low voltage direct current motor can be fed by several monocells and / or accumulators connected in series, which are accommodated on or in the housing.

The batteries can be connected at least temporarily - with the actuator in the rest position - with a mains-powered induction charger or with a photovoltaic element - solar cell - in charge connection.

Finally, it also proves to be advantageous if, according to the invention, the circuit for the low-voltage DC motor has at least a sensor switch that is sensitive to environmental influences can be closed and opened. The sensor switches can be temperature sensors, moisture sensors, gas probes, sound receivers, motion detectors, and infrared receivers, which can be switched on individually or in a suitable combination in the circuit for the low-voltage DC motor.

Fig. 1

in schematisierter Seitenansicht und teilweise im Längsschnitt einen Stellantrieb für die Betätigung von Fenstern, Türen od. dgl.

Fig. 2

den Stellantrieb nach Fig. 1 im Schnitt entlang der Linie II-II,

Fig. 3

den Stellantrieb im Schnitt entlang der Linie III-III in Fig. 1,

Fig. 4

einen der Fig. 1 entsprechenden Längsschnitt durch den einer Betätigungsvorrichtung für Treibstangenbeschläge von Fenstern, Türen od. dgl. zugeordneten Stellantrieb,

Fig. 5

eine Ansicht in Pfeilrichtung V der Fig. 4 und

Fig. 6

eine einem Stellantrieb nach den Fig. 1 bis 4 zuordenbare elektrische Steuer-Schaltungsanordnung.

Exemplary embodiments of the subject matter of the invention are explained in more detail below with the aid of the drawing. It shows

Fig. 1

in a schematic side view and partially in longitudinal section an actuator for the operation of windows, doors or the like.

Fig. 2

1 in section along the line II-II,

Fig. 3

the actuator in section along the line III-III in Fig. 1,

Fig. 4

1 shows a longitudinal section corresponding to FIG. 1 through the actuator assigned to an actuating device for connecting rod fittings of windows, doors or the like,

Fig. 5

a view in the direction of arrow V of FIGS. 4 and

Fig. 6

a to an actuator according to FIGS. 1 to 4 assignable electrical control circuitry.

1 to 3 of the drawing, the basic structure of an actuator 1 for the actuation of windows, doors or the like is shown, which is characterized by relatively small structural dimensions and nevertheless produces actuating forces on the output side in an order of magnitude that for the compulsory movement control of the Opening sashes of windows, doors or the like is sufficient, as for influencing an actuating device for espagnolette fittings, which can usually be brought into several, namely at least two, different switching positions with the aid of an operating hand lever.

The actuator 1 is to be used primarily to enable remote-controlled movement of the opening sash of windows, doors or the like and / or the remote-controlled changeover of the actuating devices for connecting rod fittings with relatively little technical effort.

The actuator 1 works with a low-voltage DC motor 2, which is designed for a nominal working voltage, the lower limit of which is approximately 6 volts, but should not exceed 24 volts. The extra-low voltage DC motor 2 is designed as a high-speed DC motor, the nominal speed of which is e.g. between 83.333 s⁻¹ and 333.333 s⁻¹. while it should have a starting torque between 4.905 mN.m and 147.150 mN.m.

Installation dimensions in which the length can be between 45 mm and 90 mm can be considered for such a low-voltage direct current motor 2, while the diameter should expediently be between 25 mm and 45 mm.

A low-voltage direct current motor 2 for a nominal operating voltage of 6 volts and with a nominal speed of 163.333 s⁻¹, for example, was tested in practice in connection with an actuator 1. which has a starting torque of 26.487 mN.m.

The installation length for this extra-low voltage DC motor 2 is approximately 50 mm, while it has an installation diameter of approximately 28 mm.

The drive shaft 3 of the low-voltage DC motor 2 rotatably supports the pinion 4 of a reduction gear stage 5, which serves as a spur gear is executed, which also includes a spur gear 6 meshing with the pinion 4.

The spur gear 6 of the reduction gear stage 5 is constantly mounted within a gear housing 8, specifically on its housing wall 7, while the extra-low voltage direct current motor 2 can be inserted into the gear housing 8 in a manner fixed against relative rotation by means of an axial plug connection with its stator that its pinion 4 can also be brought into and out of the drive connection by means of an axial plug connection with the spur gear 6 of the reduction gear stage 5.

It has proven useful if a reduction ratio is selected between the pinion 4 and the spur gear 6 of the reduction gear stage 5, which is approximately 3: 1.

In addition to the reduction gear stage 5, the actuator 1 also comprises a multi-stage reduction gear 9, which is preferably designed as a spur gear, the gear stages of which are all located on two axes 10 and 11 which are parallel to one another.

From a structural point of view, it has been found to be particularly advantageous if all the gear stages of the multi-stage spur gear 9 have a corresponding reduction ratio, for example also of 3: 1. A spur gear 12 with a large diameter and a spur gear 13 with a small diameter are rotatably connected to each other to form a reduction gear stage 12/13, with a series of such mutually identical reduction gear stages 12/13 being arranged rotatably relative to one another on each of the two axes 10 and 11 are and mutually in constant engagement.

With the exception of the spur gears 12a and 13a of the output reduction stage 12a / 13a, the spur gears 12 and 13 of all the other reduction gear stages 12/13 have identical dimensions with regard to their diameter and their toothing, in particular their tooth width.

The output or output stage 12a / 13a of the multi-stage reduction gear 9, on the other hand, uses spur gears 12a and 13a which are at least several times larger, e.g. three times the tooth width of the spur gears 12 and 13 of all other reduction gear stages 12/13 correspond. They should also consist of a different, namely wear-resistant material.

The formation of the toothing on the spur gears 12a and 13a of the final or output stage 12a / 13a can also differ from that of the other reduction gear stages 12/13. The reduction ratio of the final or output gear stage 12a / 13a should, however, be the same as that of all the previous reduction gear stages 12/13, that is to say, for example, 3: 1.

The large diameter spur gear 12a of the final or output gear stage 12a / 13a can be coupled on the axis 11 to a drive mandrel 14 which is led out of the gear housing 8 sideways and thereby forms the actual output shaft of the actuator 1.

The total reduction ratio between the drive shaft 3 of the extra-low voltage DC motor 2 and the drive pin 14 of the actuator 1 via the reduction gear stage 5 and the multi-stage reduction gear 9 is selected so that a starting torque is present on the drive pin 14, which is between 5 Nm and 50 Nm.

The actuator 1 according to FIGS. 1 to 3 of the drawing can be designed, for example, so that a starting torque is available on the drive mandrel 14 using a low-voltage direct current motor 2 with the performance data of the above-mentioned, tried and tested motor type, which is available in a range is between and 10 Nm and 30 Nm.

Such a design is sufficient in most cases not only to permanently ensure a positively controlled movement of the opening sash of windows, doors or the like, but also to switch the actuating device for connecting rod fittings for windows, doors or the like.

In this case, for a starting torque of 30 N.m on the drive mandrel 14, a factor of 11,000 would have to be selected, for example. For the starting torque of 10 N.m, on the other hand, the factor 3667 for the gear ratio should be selected.

There would be a speed of 0.0148333 s⁻¹ on drive mandrel 14 in the former case, while in the second case a speed of 0.0445 s⁻¹ would be achieved.

Such drive speeds are sufficient for the actuation of windows, doors or the like, for example for generating the tilting, folding and rotating movement of opening sashes, in most cases. The opening angle for tilting and folding sashes of windows is usually less than 90 °, while the opening angle for rotating sashes of windows, doors or the like generally does not significantly exceed 90 °.

Such speeds of the drive mandrel 14 are also completely sufficient for switching the actuating device for espagnolette fittings of windows, doors or the like, because there are also angular movements with a starting torque of between 10 N.m and 30 N.m, which are a maximum of 180 °.

For the opening movement of sliding sashes or the like on windows, doors or the like. Larger drive speeds of the drive mandrel 14 are generally required, for example at 0.333 s⁻¹. can lie. With a factor of 500 for the total gear ratio of reduction gear stage 5 and multi-stage reduction gear 9, a starting torque can be obtained on the drive mandrel 14, which is approximately 13.5 N.m and is completely sufficient, e.g. via a friction roller to effect the sliding movement of the wing.

For the entire actuator 1, i.e. the extra-low voltage DC motor 2, the reduction gear stage 5 and the multi-stage reduction gear 9, only one installation space is required, the length of which is approximately 100 mm, the height of approximately 50 mm and the width of which is approximately 40 mm. In this case, a clutch 15 can also be accommodated within the transmission housing 8, with which it is possible to put the drive mandrel 14 in and out of the rotary drive connection either with the output or output stage 12a / 13a of the multi-stage reduction gear 9. This clutch 15 is preferably designed as a claw clutch loaded by a spring 16, the claw carrier 17 of which is seated in a rotationally fixed manner on the drive mandrel 14 and can be adjusted in and out of the coupling connection with the driver engagements 18 provided on the spur gear 12a of the output or output stage 12a / 13a.

1, the spring 16 acts on the claw carrier 17 of the clutch 15 in the sense of engagement, it is of course also possible to make the reverse arrangement without further ado such that the claw carrier 17 only engages with the driver against the action of the spring 16 18 can be coupled. It has proven to be particularly expedient if the clutch 15 can be actuated manually, because in this way it is possible in a simple manner to bring the actuator 1 with the functional parts actuated by its drive pin 14 into and out of the drive connection.

It is essential for the actuator 1 that its low-voltage direct current motor 2 is easily replaceable in the transmission housing S by the provided plug connection, so that it is easily accessible and can be handled at any time - even for a layperson - for the purpose of an exchange. Since suitable extra-low voltage direct current motors 2 are available at low cost, any malfunction of the actuator 1 based on a failure of the extra-low voltage direct current motor 2 can be easily remedied if necessary.

Because of the relatively small installation space required, the actuator 1 can be fitted both directly on the wing and also on the stationary one without any problems Mount the frame of a window, a door or the like in such a way that its drive pin 14 is in operative connection with the functional part to be actuated in each case. However, it can equally well be assigned to a functional unit additionally provided between the sash and frame of the window or the door or the like, for example the carriage of a horizontal sliding sash, in order to work together with the stationary running rail, for example via a friction wheel, for the displacement process for the wing to effect.

A particularly preferred design for an actuator 1 is shown in FIGS. 4 to 6 of the drawing.

In this case, namely, the actuator 1 is integrated into an actuating device 19 for espagnolette fittings of windows, doors or the like - essentially while maintaining its type shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, which by means of an operating lever 20 in several, namely at least two different switch positions can be brought. The operating hand lever 20 is rotatably seated in or on a bearing plate 21 which can be attached to the end face of a sash or window frame profile, and is held in a rotationally fixed connection with the drive mandrel 14 of the actuator 1 via an extension shaft 22.

The drive mandrel 14 common to the actuator 1 and the operating hand lever 20 engages in a rotary drive member, for example a pinion 23, of a drive rod fitting (not shown in the rest), which in turn is mounted in a housing 24, in which a (not shown) Push rod leads longitudinally. The housing 24 is accommodated in a conventional manner in a recess on the sash or frame 25 of the window or door, on the end face of which the bearing plate 21 of the actuating device 19 is mounted in the manner already mentioned.

The bearing plate 21 of the actuating device 19 is designed in the manner of a housing, in which the actuator 1 can in turn be completely accommodated with the aid of its gear housing 8.

The operating hand lever 20 is arranged together with the extension shaft 22 and the drive pin 14 relative to the bearing plate 21 and the actuator 1 accommodated therein to be axially displaceable to a limited extent. This makes it possible, therefore, to bring the drive mandrel 14 into and out of the rotary drive connection via the clutch 15 which interacts with it and the multi-stage reduction gear 9.

4, the spring 16 of the clutch 15 is provided so that the clutch 15 assumes its engagement position under the action of the restoring force of the spring 16.

By axial displacement of the operating hand lever 20 in the direction against the bearing plate 21, the clutch 15 can be brought against the restoring force of the spring 16 with the actuator 1 out of operative connection. The drive mandrel 14 can then be moved purely manually, independently of the actuator 1, simply by rotating the operating hand lever 20.

Of course, it would also be possible to arrange the clutch 15 between the drive pin 14 and the multi-stage reduction gear 9 so that it is brought into its engaged position by the spring 16 when the operating hand lever 20 is pushed against the bearing plate 21, while it is then subjected to tensile force on the operating hand lever 20 from the bearing plate 21 away from clutch engagement.

As already mentioned above, the operating hand lever 20 of the actuating device 19 can be brought into at least two different switching positions, which have an angular distance from one another which is less than 360 °, namely at most 180 °, but can also correspond to 90 °.

The angle of rotation limitation for the operating hand lever 20 and thus also for the drive pin 14 is usually mechanical, either by Stops directly between the operating hand lever 20 and the bearing plate 21 or indirectly via the rotary drive member connected to the drive pin 14 - pinion 23 - within the housing 24 of the drive rod fitting.

Actuator 1 must of course also respond to this rotation angle limitation of operating hand lever 20 or drive pin 14, i.e. its low-voltage direct current motor 2 must be switched off as soon as it has moved drive pin 14 into one of the mechanically limited switching positions.

For this purpose, it is possible to place a bistable overcurrent relay in the supply circuit for the extra-low voltage DC motor 2 which can be activated by a main switch and which opens the closed relay contact completely automatically whenever the angle of rotation of the drive pin 14 is mechanically limited and as a result the current consumption of the extra-low voltage DC motor increases suddenly.

Only after the main switch for the supply circuit has been actuated again is the low-voltage DC motor 2 connected to voltage again via the second relay contact, which is now in the closed position, and switched on in the opposite direction of rotation, so that the actuator 1 drives the drive pin 14 from the last effective mechanical angle of rotation limit adjusted.

Instead of a bistable overcurrent relay, a normal, bistable relay 26 can also be placed in the supply circuit for the extra-low voltage DC motor, each of which, when a mechanically limited rotational angle position of the drive mandrel 14 is reached, via a switch contact 27 acting in the manner of a limit switch or 28 is convertible, as shown in FIGS.

With the two switching contacts 27 and 28, a contact spring 29 interacts alternately, which exactly the angular rotation of the drive mandrel 14 participates. With their help, two different current branches 30 and 31 are alternately closed and opened, the respectively closed current branch 30 or 31 activating a relay coil 32 or 33 of the bistable relay 26 and thereby switching the relay contacts 34 and 35 together.

That in such a way that the extra-low voltage direct current motor 2 is separated from the supply circuit for the currently effective direction of rotation, but at the same time the supply circuit is prepared for the opposite direction of rotation.

However, the low-voltage DC motor 2 can only start in the opposite direction of rotation after the prepared supply circuit is activated by actuating the main switch 36 again. If the other, mechanically limited rotational angle end position of the drive mandrel 14 is then approached, the contact spring 29 arrives at the other switching contact 28 or 27, activates the relay coil 33 or 32 via the associated current branch 31 or 30 and thus sets the relay contacts 35 or 34 together in their other situation. On the one hand, the extra-low voltage DC motor 2 is then stopped, while on the other hand the precautions for starting are taken with the opposite direction of rotation.

All the electrical switching elements of the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 6 are expediently provided on a printed circuit board 37, which can be seen with its conductor tracks in FIG. 5 of the drawing, but is also shown schematically in FIGS. 1 and 4.

This circuit board 37 can either be firmly connected to the terminals of the extra-low voltage direct current motor 2, so that when the extra-low voltage electric motor 2 is replaced, all the electrical switching elements are also replaced.

However, a detachable plug connection of the printed circuit board 37 with the connection terminals of the extra-low voltage direct current motor 2 can also be used. On the one hand, it is then possible to use the extra-low voltage DC motor 2 to be replaced independently of the printed circuit board or on the other hand also to replace the printed circuit board 37 independently of the extra-low voltage DC motor 2.

Since the contact spring 29, which interacts with the switching contacts 27 and 28 in the manner of limit switches, acts as part of the drive mandrel 14, it is important to establish a conductive ground connection of the printed circuit board 37 with the gear housing 8 so that the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 6 functions properly is guaranteed.

In the simplest case, the extra-low voltage DC motor 2 of the actuator 1 can be fed by several, for example four, mono cells 38 connected in series, which - as shown in FIG. 4 - can be located directly in the housing-like bearing plate 21 or in the transmission housing 8 the actuator 1 can be accommodated interchangeably.

Instead of these monocells 38 or also in parallel thereto, suitable accumulators can also be used to feed the extra-low voltage direct current motor 2. In this case, the accumulators can then, at least temporarily, be brought into active connection with the mains-powered induction charger in the rest position of the actuator 1 in order to maintain or restore the optimum charge state.

If the actuator 1 with the associated accumulators for supplying its low-voltage DC motor 2 sits, for example, on the opening sash of a window or a door, the mains-powered induction charger can be located on the associated frame, in such a way that it is at least in operative connection with the accumulators Locking position of the opening wing is received.

The main switch 36 for the supply circuit of the extra-low voltage DC motor 2 does not necessarily have to be designed as a manually operable switch contact. Rather, it can also be of one for environmental influences sensitive sensor switch are formed, which responds completely automatically. Several such sensor switches, which are sensitive to different environmental influences, can interact in parallel, but possibly also in series, with one another with the supply circuit for the extra-low voltage DC motor 2 if it is important to have the actuator 1 respond to the presence of different environmental influences .

The sensor switches can be temperature sensors, humidity sensors, gas probes, sound receivers or motion detectors.

If, for example, an infrared receiver is provided as the sensor switch, then wireless remote control of the actuator 1 can also be effected with the aid of an infrared transmitter.

Finally, it should only be mentioned that the extra-low voltage DC motor 2 can of course also be fed from the local network, if necessary, with the interposition of a transformer. It is then only necessary to ensure that there is a permanent connection to the local network.

Claims (10)

1. A drive unit (1) for operating windows or doors or the like, more particularly for moving the opening members thereof, the unit being connected or connectable by way of a rotatable output spindle (14) to a final control element (23) acting at least on the opening member, an electric motor (2) being connected to the output spindle (14) by way of reduction gearing (5, 9) providing a high reduction ratio, the electric motor (2) being in the form of a high-speed extra-low-voltage DC motor,
   characterised in that
   the motor (2) covers a speed range between 83.333 s⁻¹ and 333.333 s⁻¹ [= 5 000 rpm to 20 000 rpm],
   the motor (2) has a starting torque between 4.905 mN.m and 147.150 mN.m [= 50 g/cm to 1 500 g/cm],
   the reduction gearing is in the form of a multistage spur gearing assembly having a reduction ratio between 400 : 1 and 20 000 : 1, and
   the output spindle has a starting torque between 5 N.m and 50 N.m [5 N/m and 50 N/m].
2. A unit according to claim 1,
   characterised in that
   the motor (2) has a starting torque between 19.62 mN.m and 29.43 mN.m [200 g/cm and 300 g/cm] and the output spindle (14) has a starting torque adjustable between 10 N.m and 30 N.m [10 N/m and 30 N/m].
3. A unit according to claim 1 or 2,
   characterised in that
   the output spindle (14) is connected to the reduction gearing (5, 9) by way of a selectively engageable clutch (15).
4. A unit according to any of claims 1 - 3,
   characterised in that
   the motor (2) is connected by way of an intermediate reduction stage (5) to the multistage spur gear assembly (9),
   and all the stages (12, 13, 12a, 13a) of the multistage assembly (9) are disposed on two parallel shafts (10, 11), one of which serves as the output spindle (14), preferably all the stages (12, 13, 12a, 13a) having the same reduction ratio, e.g. 3 : 1, as one another and, conveniently, the end stage (12a, 13a) being connected to the output spindle (14) by way of a spring-loaded (16) clutch (15), more particularly an engagement-biased dog clutch (17, 18).
5. A unit according to any of claims 1 - 4,
   characterised in that
   the motor (2) and its intermediate reduction stage (5) are arranged in a casing (8) with their axes parallel to the axis of the initial stage (12, 13) of the multistage assembly (9),
   its stator being retained in the casing (8) for co-rotation (3) therewith by an axial push connection, the motor shaft (3) also being connectable by an axial push connection to the intermediate reduction stage (5), the drive pinion (4) of the intermediate reduction stage (5) advantageously being rigidly secured to the motor shaft (3) and movable into and out of engagement by the push connection with the spur gear (6) of the intermediate reduction gearing (5), such spur gear being mounted in the casing (8).
6. A unit according to any of claims 1 to 5,
   characterised in that
   the pinion (13a) and the spur gear (12a) of the final stage (12a, 13a) of the reduction gearing assembly (9) have a tooth width which is a multiple of, e.g. triple, the tooth width of the pinions (13) and spur gears (12) of all the other stages (12, 13).
7. A unit according to any of the previous claims 1 - 6,
   characterised in that
   the output spindle (22, 14) is connected co-rotatably to an actuator (19) for positioning bars of windows or doors or the like, the actuator (19) having an operating handle (20) by way of which a positioning bar is movable lengthwise into a number of, viz. at least two, different operative positions,
   the handle being rotatably disposed in a bearing plate (21) disposed on the end face of the frame (25) of the opening member or fixed frame and engaging a final control element (23), e.g. a pinion,
   the output spindle (22, 14) and operating handle (20) being so connected to the reduction gearing (5, 9) as to be at least temporarily disengageable (15 - 18),
   the reduction gearing (5, 9) being received in the casing-like bearing plate (21) for the operating handle (20),
   the motor (2) which is in driving engagement with the reduction gearing (5, 9) also being retained on or in the bearing plate (21),
   and the angle of rotation of the output spindle (22, 14) and handle (20) relatively to the casing (8, 21) being limited to less than 360°, more particularly 180° or 190°,
   it being possible for electrical switching contacts (27, 28) for the motor circuit to be associated with a number of angular positions of the output spindle (22, 14), more particularly the two end positions thereof.
8. A unit according to claim 7,
   characterised in that
   the switching contacts (27, 28) are in series with a bistable relay (26) disposed in the circuit of the motor (2) for reversing its direction of rotation and preferably all the electrical circuit elements (26-28, 32-35) are disposed on a printed circuit board (37) which can be operatively connected not only to the motor terminals and to the contact-operating elements (29) of the output spindle (22, 14) but also to the casing (8).
9. A unit according to any of claims 1 - 8,
   characterised in that
   the motor (2) can be energised by a number of serially connected single cells (38) and/or accumulators disposed on or in the casing (21),
   the accumulators advantageously being either connectable at least intermittently - when the unit is inoperative - to a mains-energised inductive charger or being in permanent charging connection with a photovoltaic element (solar cell).
10. A unit according to any of claims 1 to 9,
    characterised in that
    the circuit for the motor (2) is adapted to be closed and opened by at least one sensor switch (36) sensitive to environmental influences.

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